فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 46 (زمستان 1402)

Most of the environmental information is obtained through vision and visual perception. In fact, the environmental understanding is done by a complex process between eyes and brain. On the other hand, the proportions and visual beauty of the human living environment, which will play a major role in formation the behavior and satisfaction of users, is so important in architecture and urban planning. Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, engineering and medical sciences, it has been determined matching the images received by the eye from the surrounding environment with vision and physiological vision standards will play an essential role in the sense of aesthetics and satisfaction of people from their place of residence and accordingly the quality of life of users. In this research, the principles of improving the quality of private residential space, like bedroom, have been developed according to the components of visual quality with the approach of visual perception based on video ecology and visual ecology; The research method in this study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative; the type of research approach is the method of correlation and evaluation of visual quality components related to the physiological mechanisms of vision. The data collection method is based on library studies and questionnaires. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the most important components affecting the visual quality of the residential environment have been identified based on the views of theorists such as Chapman, Rass-Mason, etc;  according to five physiological mechanisms of vision such as On-and-off systems response, reflection function, saccadic automation, spatial frequency and binocular vision mechanism, the theoretical framework of the drawing research and the results of the questionnaires based on digital image processing program, MATLAB, Photoshop, SPSS, etc., The results show that people's preferences for bedroom walls are more towards forms that have Golden Ratio proportions, curved lines compared to broken, have symmetry and order and rhythm in both X and Y axes. Also, the use of natural materials compared to artificials, continuous color rhythm changes on the walls and ceiling, less color contrast due to visual relaxation for the wall in front of the bed and ceiling, and more color contrast for the wall in front of the desk, form Curved windows with regard to the On-and-off systems response mechanism and more activity of the anterior cingulate cortex in the brain are also among the other results of this research.

Islamic architecturereflectsthe cultural diversity of Islamic societies and expresses the cultural movements of such societies, and it should be noted that Islamic architecture has benefited more from the world of thought and,of course,form and concept.Onthe other hand,the systematic process and interactions of people with their physical environment to get better ideas of how humans relate to the built environment is very effective on architecture. It should be considered by the designers that the image that is formed from any space in human perceptions is very subjective in terms of the process of formation.Infact,humanthought and the environment are in constant interaction and communication to create a combination of visual quality. Also, the spatial characteristics of the environment Man-made also affects human perception and its internal visual components. Thus, we find that the human brain contains extensive functional networks, eachof which can be re-described as basic psychological operations that produce arange of mental states, including but not limited to anger, sadness, fear, disgust, etc.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present the meta-analysis of studies in the field of Islamic architecture toimprovehuman perception of the environment, and the research method of the present research is of a hybrid type with an applied objective aspect, and to achieve the goal of the research, meta-analysis strategy wasused and the type of data of this research It is the type of the text of the articles under review. For the review of scientific research studies,the databases of Scholar and Science Direct and the specialized field of art andarchitecture that were published in the period of 2019 to 2023 were used. In these studies, the aim isto discover the relationship between philosophical paradigms, time horizons, approach and nature of research, research and analysis methods and their tools. In the examination of the studies and of course the output of the research findings with the Max Kyuda software, the results show that most of the studies have used the qualitative research method, the positivist paradigm, the method of collecting library documentary information and the content analysis method, so we find that the abundance of studies with avery extensive qualitative research method and quantitative and mixed studies have been welcomedby the authors much less, and of course it should be kept in mind that the lack of modern qualitative analysis tools and examination of the intersection and strategies of these two fields is very visible.

In the architecture of historical Iranian houses, different aspects of life such as social and cultural aspects have been considered. The spaces in a house have been formed next to each other for specific functions for their users. Social interactions in an environment can be measured in the way that environment is arranged. One of the methods that help to read and understand architecture is to know the spatial configuration.

This research is combined (quantitative-qualitative) with a practical purpose and a descriptive-analytical approach; The qualitative part of which has been done in both documentary and field forms. First, it has been studied in the fields of space, spatial organization, historical houses, the space of the pond, and the theory of space syntax. During the study of the houses in Isfahan, 35 historical houses with ponds were found (due to such things as the destruction of historical houses, being uninhabited, changing the use of houses to hotels, museums, and other cases, the lack of documents and maps of some historical houses, 10 historical houses with Hozkhaneh in the city of Isfahan related to the Safavid and Qajar periods, including the Arab house, Angoorstan Malek, Javaheri, Haj Mosvaral-Molki, Habibabadi, Dormian, Sukias, Alafchian, Qadirian and Molabashi, were selected; then, by attending these 10 houses, taking pictures and taking Information has been obtained from the space of its pool houses. In the next step, with a quantitative approach, the map of the selected houses has been analyzed for spatial configuration by Space Syntax software.

The findings of the research showed that there are differences in terms of spatial configuration in pond houses; According to the maps and numbers obtained from the mentioned software, the space of the ponds has the lowest or the highest amount of each variable.

A group of ponds has more connection, choice, and connection, and less depth and another group is different completely and has less connection, choice, and connection, and more depth. In terms of visual access, several pond houses have a view of the yard due to having a sash window. In general, the different interpretation of the choice is related to the two concepts of access and communication. This is well established in the configuration of the houses. The choice is directly related to the number of openings in the space. Also, these changes are related to the way spaces are placed together. Spaces that are located at a greater depth are restricted due to the movement of currents that are assigned to them and have less access and sight lines. Spatial depth is observed due to the multiplicity and creation of spatial and introspective space series. As a result, the visual accessibility of spaces becomes less, which causes privacy.

About a third of the total energy consumption in developed countries is summarized in the housing and building sector, while the provision of cooling, heating, and air ventilation. In this regard, air ventilation is a significant issue and a large part of the energy consumption in the building is dedicated to this issue. Various methods for natural ventilation have been exempted from sustainable architecture, one of which is solar chimneys. A solar chimney is a type of passive solar heating and cooling system that can be used to regulate the temperature of a building as well as provide ventilation. Like a Trombe wall or solar wall, solar chimneys are a way to achieve energy-efficient building design. Essentially, solar chimneys are hollow containers that connect the inside part of the building to the outside part of the building. Various research have been conducted in connection with the analysis of solar chimney performance; meanwhile, there has been no independent research regarding the effective depth of the solar chimney in creating ventilation in a closed space.

Accordingly, in this research, the issue of the effective depth of the space in improving the ventilation performance of a room equipped with a solar chimney is investigated. The research method used in this article includes two qualitative and quantitative parts. In this research, assuming that the depth of the space affects the amount of ventilation, the depth is considered as an independent variable, and the amount of airflow is a dependent variable. For this purpose, 7 rooms with fixed width and variable lengths were selected as case studies. The length of the rooms fluctuated from 3 meters to 9 meters, and the width of the room was considered a fixed value of 3 meters in all cases. A solar chimney with a height of 1.85 m, a width of 1 m, an air gap of 0.28 m, and an angle of 75 degrees is placed on the roof of the chamber in all the case studies. After the samples were selected, they were simulated in the Autodesk CFD soft wear. To measure the accuracy of the calculations, the validation of the software was done, and the result of this part was a 4% error between the numerical results and experimental research.

The results of this research showed that the ventilation speed has a direct relationship with the depth of the room. The most optimal dimensions of the room in terms of room ventilation are 4x3 and 5x3. Also, in the standing height, the minimum ventilation speed is seen in the end part of the spaces, and in the sitting height, except for the beginning and end of the room, the lowest speed is at one-third of the end of the room.

The process of western-style modernization that started in the first Pahlavi period in some areas continued in the second Pahlavi period and left major changes in the social and cultural fields of the society. The influence of western culture and the developments resulting from it left undeniable effects in the field of architecture, and since housing is a platform for life and is in daily contact with humans, it reflects the most cultural influences in the body. The purpose of this research is to identify and how the components of lifestyle modernization affect the architectural spatial Integration of residential houses in Tehran during the second Pahlavi period. The main question that is raised for this research is that according to the transformation in lifestyle, how do the components of lifestyle modernization affect spatial Integration? Also, in line with the main question, these questions are also raised that in houses that have been transformed with emerging spaces and changing patterns of spatial relationships, what spaces are the cause of creating continuity among spaces? What is the effect of the presence of crew members in the house on spatial Integration? In order to get the answers to the questions, a combination of 2 research methods, historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical, has been used, which according to the subject, initially to determine the components of lifestyle modernization based on the opinions of thinkers, from the descriptive-analytical research method and also In order to identify the concrete examples, the components of modernization in the second Pahlavi era, with a view of the transition from tradition to modernity, the interpretive-historical research method has been used. Also, descriptive-analytical research method has been used in order to investigate and study case examples, using syntax-space technique. It is necessary to explain that the extraversion houses that were built during the years of the Pahlavi II regime were selected as study samples. Data and information were collected in the form of library and documents, and for data analysis, the explanatory diagram tool was used. The space syntax technique is used and in the end, the argument and conclusion is in the form of inferential reasoning. The results of this research show that among the components of lifestyle modernization, the components of human, nature, architecture (interactions) and social status are the components that influence the change in the location and function of spaces in the home, which can cause a change in spatial Integration. It can also be said that among the main interior spaces, the Living, Dining room and Family, and among the exterior spaces, the veranda and the courtyard, have created spatial continuity visually and structurally. It was also found in the studies that the presence and accommodation of crew members in some samples has increased the spatial Integration.

This research aims to present an analytical-chronological model of the transformation of contemporary urban design in Iran, i.e., it was formed from the time of the widespread influence of Western urban design thinking and literature into Iran (around 1310 AH, at the same time as the municipal law was re-approved). There are two types of problems in planning, one is related to the better understanding of what we are planning about, and the second is related to the planning method, regardless of its subject, and for this reason, two types of planning theories can be predicted. First, the substantive theory or the subject that deals with the essence and subject of planning, and the second is the process theory or the method that deals with the methods used by planners to perform the task. The separation of urban design into 2 inseparable areas, epistemological and methodological, has been recognized because the analysis of the challenges of contemporary urban design in Iran becomes more possible through the examination of its components. On this basis and with the premise that the contemporary urban design of Iran has undeniable shortcomings in both areas and the most important reasoned objectivity is the inappropriate space/location of Iranian cities.

Methodol: 

This study has investigated the advanced and late theoretical works of urban design in 50 years of the field's literature with the method of meta-analysis and content analysis. 8 domains, including goal, scale, basic expertise, scope of intervention, process, method, product and decisionmaking area, have been identified as the most challenging issues in terms of quantity and quality in urban design literature. In the following, with the method of content analysis, we have analyzed the aforementioned indicators in the 3 realms of laws and regulations, urban design projects and experts' opinions in Iran.

The results show that the current urban design of Iran from the epistemological dimension has a visual-functional goal, micro and regional scale, architectural-planning basic expertise and the range of influence from non-intervention to intervention in the main structures. From the methodological aspect, it also has a rational and feedback-strategic process, an individual-oriented method, and a definitive product and the decision maker is the government sector.

There is an obvious gap between contemporary urban design literature and what is going on practically in Iran. This study, considering the historical continuity of the transformation of urban design in the epistemological and methodological fields that result from environmental conditions, tries to understand the epistemological and methodological challenges of contemporary urban design in Iran. The research begins with the question of what is the state of urban design in Iran, and with a systematic study of the epistemological and methodological analyzes of the literature of valid theories of the field in the last 50 years identifies 2 inseparable areas in urban design. First, the field within the subject, which includes concepts that have an effect on an urban design from within the discipline. Second, the field outside the subject, which are the background factors and structure design, including urban procedures, content and internal methods.

To perceive and recognize the beauty through the artists’ eyes in concert with the life appearance, requires confiding in the artists’ sensibility and paying attention to the intended era historic monuments. Hamedan is a city enjoying such a long historical and cultural continuation. Literature aside, Hamedani artists have adored visual arts more than any other realm of art. This very article strives to consider and classify the latent currents among Hamedan first-generation painters. In other words, it endeavors to introduce, categorize, and analyze the available flows from artists’ artworks from the beginning of painting creation on canvas and cloth for Hamedan artists-painters born (Hijri Shamsi 1280-1330), concentrating on the notion of appearance (far and near). Almost always, the artist seeks refuge in nature to understand himself and the connection between feeling and imagination. Henceforth, art, in a sense, adheres to an understanding of the world that takes humanity away from all its functions at the level of society for a moment to reach a status of imagination and pure feeling with a special sensitivity. Man, therefore, can achieve an understanding and transformation of nature under the umbrella of imagination and explicit sensations.

The article data collection method has been field and library collection method making use of document reading, taking notes, observation, and interviews. The works analysis method has been done through the descriptive method, their critique based on form analysis (composition or structure, form, and color), and the stylistics of some of the artists’ works through comparative content analysis.

The research findings show that almost five parallel flows have loomed in painting art within Hamedan first-generation painters: Kamalolmolk school painters, naturalist painters, miniature and national art, religious painters and coffee house, modernist painters, each of which owes a great deal to their taking notice of Hamedan nature. The common denominator among the intended painters in this article is being affected by Hamedan and affecting Hamedani art fans.

It seems that Kamalolmolk school artists and naturalist painters make use of moderate compositions and presumably classic ones. Although nature can be the main concern of the painting, it would be categorized under the rubric of the modernist painting. The compositions from the vantage point of the naturalist painters and miniaturists obtain consequential plans with circulative forces in the particular pictures and perspectives which are formulated according to the so-called styles. Among religious and coffee house school painters, the intertwined forms and consequential images, in a sense, make attempts to introduce a story within a plan. For a reason as such, there resides no visual breathing in the work and the positional perspective is made use of. Ultimately, the composition type to modernist painters’ viewpoint attains the shallow depth of field and pictures in a closed frame.

After literature, Hamedani artists have adored visual arts more than any other realms of art. This very article strives to consider and classify the latent currents among Hamedan first generation painters. In other words, it endeavors to introduce, categorize and analyze the available flows from artists’ artworks from the beginning of painting creation on canvas and cloth for Hamedan artists-painters born (Hijri Shamsi 1280-1330). But what is very evident is the effect of nature on the works of painters of Hamadan. Often, the artist takes refuge in nature to understand himself and the connection between feeling and imagination. Because art somehow adheres to an understanding of the world that takes humanity away from all its functions at the level of society for a moment to reach a place of imagination and pure feeling with a special sensitivity. Man can achieve an understanding and transformation of nature in this place of imagination and direct feelingThe article data collection method has been of field collection method, observation method, Interview and library collection method. The works analysis method has been done through descriptive method, and their critique based on form analysis, and stylistics of some of artists’ works through comparative content analysis. The data have been formulized through interviewing and the resources of their interviews in the newspapers, and the artistic works have been taken photo of and analyzed by the article author. The research findings show that almost five parallel flows have been loomed in painting art within Hamedan first generation painters. In regard with the analysis of the works of the pioneers of the painting of Hamedan, some parameters have been put into consideration and have been paid attention to from two perspectives of form and content as following: the subject matter of the work, taking notice of objectivity, the role of the observer, the sort of composition, and formalistic features and techniques in Kamalolmolk school painters, naturalist painters, miniature and national art, religious painters and coffee house, modernist painters. Although the artistic works which have been remained or the cultural history of Hamedan minimally has not been taken notice of sufficiently to be considered verbally and persistently in light of visual arts, from the works of the contemporary artists and thinkers of the city, one can discern the impression of this history on the art and culture of this city palpable and considerable.