فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 93، بهار 1402)

It has been nearly fifty years since the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proposed the idea of registering valuable cultural monuments. This idea is still considered an effective policy in many countries because of the notable effect of a registered monument on the surrounding communities in terms of sustainable economic development. One of the motivations for the world inscription of heritage could be the development of the tourism economy. In this regard, the UNESCO logo is used as a commercial brand and marketing tool. Also, in order to increase the number of visitors, the monument is directly promoted. Tourists should receive more offers from the resources that have become a product in that territory. These resources should indicate the uniqueness of the destination and lead to attracting more visitors. UNESCO is an institution that facilitates the creation or stabilization of tourist market destinations through the world heritage brand and the permission to use it. Therefore, it is necessary to study the principal factors of such expenses by tourists to guide the private sector and those who are responsible for the establishment of tourism policies.In the present study, the effect of the world inscription on the number of domestic and foreign tourists in the historical context of Yazd has been investigated. A comparative method and difference-in-difference (DiD) strategy have been used to control the intervening variables. For this purpose, the historic context of another city, Hamadan, was chosen as a comparable competitor. Also, tourist data of the two cities, considered as control (Hamadan) and treatment (Yazd) have been collected from 2009 to 2019. Then, a linear regression model has been used to analyze the collected data of the two cities before and after the world heritage inscription. The main idea in this method is that if two cases showed a similar trend for some years, and at a certain time, a specific event or policy has been implemented only in one case and the trend starts to change, this variation can be attributed to the effects of that event or policy. However, this conclusion can be drawn only by assuming the stability of all other conditions for both cases.According to the results, the inscription of Yazd historic context as a world heritage has been an effective measure to increase the number of domestic and foreign tourists. It can be concluded that the World Heritage Inscription of a city can provide the required coordination between different factors at both the governance and local community levels to improve tourism conditions. At the same time, World Heritage can create a brand that is decisive for hesitant tourists in choosing a destination. In conclusion, it should be also mentioned that the cases which create the synergy between heritage conservation, community development and tourism on their agenda lead to economic growth.This article was derived from the PhD thesis entitled Fundamentals of cultural heritage economy, submitted to the doctorate program of "Restoration and Conservation of Historic Buildings and Fabric", the University of Tehran.

Providing lighting to the holy shrine of Imam Reza (a.s.) in the city of Mashhad in Iran is one of the requirements that has been the concern of the custodians and caretakers of the holy shrine of Razavi in all historical periods from the beginning of the formation of the holy shrine until now. Many endowments and financial and administrative documents from the Safavid period have remained. Many of these documents are related to how the Holy Shrine was illuminated in the Safavid period. The number of endowments and financial and administrative documents related to lighting from the Safavid period onward shows the importance of providing it in the Razavi shrine.Investigations show that so far, many researches have been conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying the shrine''s lighting devices left over from different historical periods. This is despite the fact that today there are few examples of a large number of these devices left. Various factors such as war and looting and converting gold and silver lighting devices into coins caused that many objects from the Safavid period and before did not remain. Therefore, it is not possible to know the lighting of the Razavi Shrine only by examining the lighting devices in the Astan Quds Museum and Treasury. Lighting devices are types of objects that were placed in different places of the holy shrine and in this way they caused light. Lighting materials also included the types of fuel required for lighting devices, the frequency of their names being repeated in endowments and documents shows that they were used a lot in the Holy Shrine. According to the content of the remaining historical documents, identifying and examining the historical documents and documents related to the lighting of the shrine in the Safavid period will play an important role in understanding how the lighting of the shrine was done from different aspects in this historical period.The purpose of this article is to know how the shrine was lit in the Safavid period, the methods of providing it and the types of lighting materials and devices based on the content of the endowments and financial and administrative documents of Astan Quds.This research is of a qualitative type, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, and the data were collected based on library and documentary studies and the examination of documents and endowment letters left in Astan Quds Razavi. After examining the documents and samples of the remaining lighting objects in the museum and treasury of the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (AS), the results show that the use of lighting was one of the most important and first uses of Astan Quds in the Safavid period. This has led to the development of the administrative structure of Astan Quds and the employment of people in various jobs related to the lighting of the shrine. . Also, in this period, a wide range of lighting devices and materials were used, which were provided from the place of oblation and endowment.

Complexity in contemporary cities and buildings- especially for newcomers- may affect man-environment relations regarding finding the right path to a destination. For many years, architects and urban designers have dealt with a big concern about wayfinding in outdoor and indoor environments. One may discuss wayfinding for a large network of paths associated solely with cities, but research has found buildings as a challenging context for people to find their ways. Romedi Passini and Paul Arthur (1992) developed theories on wayfinding to indoor environments. Through experimental studies, they found environmental and human attributes affecting wayfinding. Research has categorized the findings into classes as strategies extracted from environmental physical aspects used by people in appropriate situations. This study examines wayfinding in healthcare environments (hospital), which serves many people everyday. Having a wide range of healthcare services, hospitals should provide a diverse set of spaces connecting to each other. In addition, time plays an essential role. So, taking patients to the right destination, paths must work effectively. Looking through the researches on wayfinding and considering results in healthcare environments, we found a lack. Emergency conditions, which may change the  findings, were neglected in most researches. So, considering such stressful situations, we designed an experimental research in a hospital in Tehran, Iran. The research had 9 participants (4 men, 5 women) find 3 destinations. Recall that the survey accomplished in pandemic. We selected a hospital from 3 hospitals for its complexity, lots of users, and accessibility to the maps and documents. Participants were requested not to ask others for the address. They should have thought loudly about where they intent to go, why they took a path and which environmental attributes they recorded. To simulate emergency conditions, survey had time limits. The participants had chronometers and should have checked it along the paths. We engaged two persons recording participants’ behavior maps and thoughts. Through a systematic and unsystematic observation, six strategies were examined in all nodes and throughout the paths: straight path, avoiding vertical change, brightest path, wider path, signs, and plenty of probable decision making nodes. Analyses on participants’ wayfinding behavior showed three different interpretations on nodes where people chose strategies to take the paths: a) strategies failed to be ascribed, b) strategies not aligned with the previous findings, and c) strategies aligned with the previous findings. Contrary to the previous results, half of the participants did not take “straight and longer paths” in the potential nodes. The result confirmed people dislike changing floors. Research on how brightness affect wayfinding in hospitals should be repeated since there were no discrepancies on brightness in the paths. In line with previous results, participants’ behavior showed an intention to choose wider paths. They also frequently pointed to the sings- special architectural and functional fixed signs- to find their way. As for the last strategy, participants preferred to have less decision making nodes since conditions had limited time. We concluded that the strategies not aligned with previous findings rooted in the conditions were ignored. Designers could benefit from the findings.

The level of thermal comfort in urban open spaces plays an important role in pedestrian health. Residential environments and open spaces of housing units require more comfortable temperatures. Courtyards as microclimate modifiers and common open spaces between urban and architectural scales can be a good passive strategy to increase thermal comfort and reduce energy demand of buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify their temperature balancing effect in the prevailing summer and winter climates. Different urban forms provide different microclimates with different levels of comfort for pedestrians. The effects of urban microclimates on urban air quality and building energy use make them significant at a larger scale. Urban forms, shaped by the typology of buildings and the open space between them, have different impacts at different seasons. They meet the demand for compactness in summer to provide shelter from the sun and openness in winter to provide access to the sun. Therefore, to design a form that provides the best thermal conditions throughout the year, through the design of openings in the open space openings - height and width and position of the opening. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the design of courtyards for microclimatic improvement of outdoor spaces. However, there is still little knowledge about the thermal performance characteristics of courtyards, especially in cold and semi-arid climates.In this study, we measure the effects of different forms of courtyards on thermal comfort and climatic forces, including wind and radiation, using ENVI-met software by selecting a neighborhood unit in Sabzevar city. To this end, we have kept all design factors constant, including the height of adjacent blocks, vegetation, and materials, except for the openings of the adjacent courtyard. We studied the forms of the interrupted central courtyard, the closed central courtyard, and the U-shaped courtyard, and compared the thermal comfort of the open space in terms of the UTCI and PET indices. These three forms of the inner courtyard were analyzed for the hottest and coldest day so far in the cold and semi-arid climate of Sabzevar. ENVI-met was used to simulate outdoor air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, and to convert these data to Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI).The results show that the air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity are affected by the shape of the courtyard and the openings and play an important role in achieving optimal thermal comfort. The results show that the enclosed courtyard provides better protection from wind and radiation in this cold and semi-arid climate and is more successful from the point of view of thermal comfort. The results show that the enclosed courtyards provide better protection from wind and radiation in this cold and semi-arid climate and is closer to the thermal comfort range than the U-shaped courtyards from the thermal comfort point of view, with 4.88 and 7.73 degrees in the summer solstice and 4.01 and 1.28 degrees in the winter solstice in the UTCI and PET indices, respectively.

On one hand the rapid population growth and increasing demand for housing, and on the other hand the need to reduce the delivery time of construction projects and accelerate capital return, necessitate the transition from traditional construction methods to industrialization. Moving towards industrialization responds to the current demand of the society and it also has a very positive effect on the construction speed, quality and the final cost of the building. It is also capable of increasing the production and establishing a balance between supply and demand. Therefore, by considering the widely expressed advantages of building industrialization and the efforts of governments to take advantage of this, it seems that the effective implementation of this process depends on the identification and application of the effective components in design. Despite manifold empirical studies on these components, the dispersion and lack of a conceptual framework for their classification reveals the necessity of conducting a comprehensive examination in this regard. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective components in the design of prefabricated houses. This paper uses the Sandelowski and Barroso’s Meta-Synthesis to systematic review the sources and analyse all the qualitative data for components identification. By extracting the components and integrating similar cases, a broad classification framework was proposed for categorization of the components into environmental, technical, economic, functional, socio-cultural, aesthetics and climatic groups. Examining the components abundance for internal and external sources has also identified the most frequent ones, which is a guide for designers in prioritizing effective components in the design process. The hierarchies of frequency of groups are almost consistent with each other, and technical, environmental and functional groups have been the most frequent groups among internal and external sources, respectively.In addition to forming an integrated conceptual framework based on the mandatory/recommended hierarchical structure, the number of components and their abundance in each group, this research has applied the use of components and it can be a basis for proposing design improvement strategies in prefabricated housing. An overview to the conceptual framework indicates that: the use of modularity theory for dividing the building components in the technical group, saving energy and materials in the environmental group, providing flexibility in the functional group, saving the Initial costs in the economic group, reducing nuisance for neighbours and passages and considering the market and regional demand for the selection of materials and components in the socio-cultural group, providing appropriate temperature and ventilation in the form of providing environmental comfort in the climatic group and taking advantage of diversity and avoiding monotony in the facade and composition of building components in the group of aesthetics are the most frequent and effective components in the seven groups of prefabricated housing design, and considering them is necessary for design. The reliability and validity of the results were investigated by the use of Cohen's kappa coefficient. In the present study this coefficient is at the significant level of 0.007 equal to 0.750 and this amount confirms the reliability of the research.

Architectural design education depends on the learners and their individual characteristics to get better results in the design studio. One of these characteristics is Learning Style, which expresses learning preferences and differences between people in learning methods.One of the common educational activities in the process of architectural design is referring to the precedents and in general concrete experiences as a strategy to increase the practical ability of students. Despite the documented research about the precedents and methods of using the knowledge of architectural precedents as a common activity in the design process, in the body of this educational method, we come across fewer similarities that the learning method of the learner given a deserved place; Prescriptive teaching methods are presented and followed for familiar learners with the same characteristics.Learners do not act in the same way in dealing with the factors to be learned; Rather, they have different approaches to understanding and processing information. They have different potentials for learning and learn differently in different situations and under various factors; It is not possible to use this shared educational method without knowing the architecture learner and paying attention to their individual differences in the role of the learner and presenting and following up typical educational programs for audiences of the same level with the same characteristics in a coordinated manner. Such a lack causes the education of students to be exposed to the promotion of inefficient teaching methods, originating from theories that consider students to be the only recipients of knowledge, based on Teacher-Centered Education. Therefore, this research focuses on the division of one of the Learning Style Theories belonging to David Kolb in one of these educational methods and explains the different experiences of learning styles using the knowledge of architectural precedents.The research was conducted with a Quasi-Experimental Method (Pre-test-Post-test with a Control group) by conducting standard tests (Functional test and Kolb's Learning Styles Questionnaire) from the students of the Architectural Design Course 3 of Tehran West Azad University. The results, it is descriptive-analytical; in the data analysis, the Chi-square test and analysis Variance are used in SPSS software.The findings show a significant difference between different learning styles in the methodical use of precedents. Different learning styles have a different experience of the pattern of taking knowledge from precedents. The diverging style is more successful in using the knowledge of precedents and contexts using the pattern of perception, while it has the lowest distribution among learning styles. Therefore, diverging learning styles, assimilating, accommodating, and converging are used the most, respectively.According to the above results,it is appropriate that the educational methods by strengthening the objective experiences of the learner by browsing the architectural works, in order to strengthen the divergent style, should match the learning preferences of the students.It is suggested that the traditional Teaching methods of architecture should be reviewed and revised by considering the learning style of the learner to match the learning preferences of the students.