فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 91 (زمستان 1402)

In the present study, separate findings of research conducted in the field of social welfare in four specialized quarterly journals in the field of social welfare from 2005 to 2017 were combined and compared.

The present study is a systematic review with meta-analysis. The materials included all the articles during the years 2005 to 2017 in specialized social welfare journals, in Iran. Articles with the keyword of well-being or one of the well-being indicators based on the Legatum Institute were searched. Based on the entry and exit criteria, the articles were screened in several stages and finally 46 articles from among  the articles were selected to be examined for systematic review and meta-analysis. The data were analyzed using Stata software by performing meta-analysis (fixed and random model).

Nearly 84% of the research studies made the individual the unit of analysis, which indicates that the holistic approach is neglected in the sociological studies of social welfare. Among the examined indicators, the most common frequency (10 studies) was related to security. The second was the "health" index and the third component was "quality of life". Finally, the concept of social capital as the most frequent variable in the factors affecting social well-being had the highest frequency.
Discussion and

One of the weaknesses of welfare studies is the lack of research with composite indices of welfare. By integrating different aspects of social welfare, composite indicators provide the possibility of more comprehensive and integrated analyzes and are less likely to fall into the trap of reductionism.

Social welfare is one of the most significant besides important issues nowadays. Poverty is a fundamental problem of human societies and an obvious sign of lack of economic, social and cultural development, which endangers political stability and social solidarity and mental health in the society. Therefore, in this research, the non-linear effects of social welfare on multidimensional poverty in developing countries have been investigated.

The econometric method used is the Generalized Method of Moment. The models estimated by the GMM method correctly calculate the possibility of persistence and allow to consider the problems of fitting the effectiveness of multidimensional poverty in the scope of this research. In this research, a selection of developing countries has been selected during the period of 2012-2018 to investigate the subject of the study.

The first break of multidimensional poverty and social welfare is less than the calculated threshold level (27/59) based on the results of model estimation, it has a certain effect on multidimensional poverty, and corruption control, public health and social welfare is more than the threshold level, a negative effect on multidimensional poverty in developing countries.

Considering the reducing effects of social welfare variables (over the calculated threshold level), public health and corruption control on multidimensional poverty, it is suggested that institutional reforms are necessary to improve social welfare, promote transparency and improve factors that strengthen political stability. In order to control corruption and increase the level of health and public health in the field of various activities.

The importance and impact of social security on economic variables is one of the topics studied in recent years. Most of these studies have examined the impact of social security expenditure on economic variables. While social security is made up of two parts, resources and expenditure, the review and comparison of the effectiveness of both parts should be considered. In this study, the impact of social security resources and expenditure on economic growth and employment in Iran during the period of 1988 to 2020 has been investigated.

This study has investigated the impact of social security resources and expenses on economic growth and employment using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model.

In response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance resources, it initially increases and then decreases. The response of economic growth to fluctuations in insurance and unemployment insurance expenditures is positive, but the effect of fluctuations in insurance expenditures is greater. Additionally, employment decreases in response to fluctuations in insurance and expenditure resources, but the effect of insurance resources is greater. In response to fluctuations in insurance expenditure, employment initially increases and then decreases, while in response to fluctuations in unemployment insurance expenditure, it initially decreases and then follows an increasing trend.

Increasing social security resources through insurance premiums should be done with high sensitivity so that it does not have adverse effects on growth and employment, especially in the short term. To increase social security resources, attention to unemployment insurance resources can have a much better effect. The coordination of the social security system with the macroeconomic policies in the adverse economic conditions can increase the efficiency of this system in the economy.

The problem of poverty and inequality has been the concern of politicians and thinkers for a long time, and extensive efforts have been made to solve it. One of the most important programs designed and implemented with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality is social security programs, especially pension insurance. In Iran, most of the pensioners are covered by two pension funds: Social Security Organizations and Civil Servants Pension Fund.  The basic question is to what extent these two funds can be effective in controlling poverty and inequality?

In this study, the relationship between pension expenditures of two large pension funds in Iran, with poverty and inequality during the period 2014 to 2018 has been investigated. In this study, the type of research data is collected from panel,  and the generalized least squares method was used for estimation.

The results show that the Social Security Organization's pension expenses have a negative relationship with poverty and inequality indicators, but the Civil Servants Pension Fund’s expenses and poverty and inequality indicators are in the same direction.

The reason these two funds have different impacts on poverty and inequality can be related to the financial situation of the funds during recent years. Contrary to the Social Security Organization, expenses exceed revenues in the Civil Servants Pension Fund, and thus, and it suffers from a deficit, a large portion of which is paid by the government. This contradicts the nature of pension funds. The government allocates a portion of its welfare budget to pension funds with a financial deficit. Therefore, the actual budget of other supporting programs for the needy is reduced.

The Social Security Organization, as the largest pension fund in Iran, has unfavorable financial and demographic situation. Many researchers and policymakers have proposed increasing the retirement age as a solution to solve this problem, which is evaluated in the present study.

The method used in this study is the microsimulation model, in which a sample of 1 percent of the contributors and pensioners of the Social Security Fund is selected and the effect of increasing the official retirement age in a 100-year period (from 2019 to 2118) is investigated.

The results show that if the retirement age is increased by 5 years at the beginning of the simulation period, the contribution rate required to equalize the expenditures and cash incomes of the fund in 2043 will be 56% (instead of 63% in the case of no reform) and in 2118, it will reach 118% (instead of 125%).

The lack of significant effect of increasing the retirement age on the fund's financial balance can be due to the high population of people close to retirement, the absence of a minimum retirement age for hard and arduous jobs, and the 41% share of expenses independent of retirement age. In this way, in addition to plan for increasing the retirement age, it is necessary to take other measures such as reforming the rules of retirement in hard and arduous jobs and increasing the number contributors by encouraging voluntary contribution, reducing contribution evasion and increasing the working population.

Organizational resilience is a psychological issue that is tied to the efficiency and performance of employees, which can be improved through transformational leadership through a key factor called Subjective well-being. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on organizational resilience with the mediating role of Subjective well-being in the +10 police of Kermanshah city.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of causal type. The statistical population of the research is all +10 police officers in Kermanshah city. The sample size using Cochran's formula is equal to 157 people and the random sampling method is cluster. The method of field data collection and the required tools are the use of transformational leadership questionnaires by Bass and Auliou (2000), organizational resilience by Prayag et al. (2018) and Subjective well-being (researcher-made). The method of data analysis is descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test using Spss26 software and structural equation modeling using Amos24 software.

Statistical results showed that transformational leadership predicts changes in organizational resilience by 34%. Also, transformational leadership explains and interprets employees' Subjective well-being by 35%. Finally, Subjective well-being accounted for 23% of changes in organizational resilience. The findings of the general research hypothesis using the Sobel test showed that transformational leadership has a significant and positive effect on organizational resilience with a coefficient of 2.640 and a significance level of 0.008 through the Subjective well-being variable.

To improve organizational resilience, transformational leadership can be used, which is accelerated by Subjective well-being.

Responsiveness is a main component of the health system which is related to the social characteristics of the society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the health system in the slum areas of Ahvaz.

In this cross-sectional study, 385 residents of the marginal areas of Ahvaz city were selected by multi-stage sampling method Data were collected using Socio demographic-checklist and WHO responsiveness questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22 applying descriptive statistics tests, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and t-test. 

The age range of the participants was 18 to 97 years with an average of (42.84±16.56). Women constituted 66% of the research population. 76% were married, 26% were illiterate and 4.4% had university education. 85.7 percent of participants under 5 million people. 66.2% used government service providers. 80% had health insurance and 15.1%  had supplementary insurance. Performance of in-patient services was better than outpatient services in terms of responsiveness. Aspect “Choice” received low score for outpatient and inpatient services. Almost 13% of respondents perceived some sort of discrimination while receiving inpatient service. Responsiveness of the participants in this study was significant relationship in all aspects with the type of service provider (charity/private/government), in the aspect of communication with the type of service provision (outpatient/inpatient), in the aspect of informed choice and confidentiality with the having supplementary insurance.  

Paying attention to the quality of facilities, access to social support and choice is suggested as a criterion with points for planning for change in order to improve the responsiveness of the health system in marginalized areas.

Although the pursuit of beauty is a historical social behavior, but drawing beauty features and marketing for cosmetic surgery, is a new challenge that results in professional failure for surgeons and socio-psychological damage for patients-clients. The purpose of the research is to know the marketing angles of cosmetic surgeries based on women's lived experience.

This is a transcendental phenomenological qualitative research with Moustakas model, and based on the Purposeful sampling of 11 female patient- customer who had experienced at least one cosmetic surgery in a part of their body within 12 months before the interview. The data was collected in the cosmetic surgery clinics of Zanjan city by semi-structured interview until theoretical saturation was reached. Data coding was done with MAXQDA.20 software, data validation was done through researcher reflexivity (reflexive-accounting), and peer debriefing (peer review) was also conducted in this research.

Angles of the Market-seeking phenomenon, emerged in seven main themes and 26 sub-themes. influence situation, in five themes of internet seduction, advice of market-seeker and definitive, embedding the surgery market in society, positioning of surgery, intervening conditions; and affected situation by the phenomenon in two themes of social and relational disorder, and mental breakdown and disorder appeared, and came together in the super-theme of "multidimentional and entangled market-seeking" which represents the essence of the phenomenon.

Cosmetic surgery market-seeking, is an "entangled phenomenon" that creates a gap between subjective perceptions and objective results of the surgery, and it also have some impacts on patient-customer and surgeons. Market-seeking adjustments are recommended through the formulation and education of medical ethics and emancipatory gender education.

The family as a social institution plays a key role in institutionalizing, accepting and promoting the culture of productivity. Since the origin of productivity is the literature of economics and management, it has not been able to establish its conceptual links with the "family" institution. Thus, it is necessary to explain the concept of "family productivity" in the intra-family dimension. This research seeks to extract it in the form of a model by calculating the components, dimensions and different conceptual layers of family productivity.

In this way, by Apllying thematic analysis with library studies and interviews with experts, he has analyzed the topic with an emphasis on the field of "Economic Productivity".

According to the conceptual model, the family has inputs that transform it into various economic and social outputs in the family and society in the context of action and decision making. But every type of decision that the family makes has effects and consequences for its inputs and economic and social capital. The analysis of the economic productivity model of the family shows that the culture of productivity carries with it a meaning system and imposes on economic behaviors. In this way, by combining the requirements of the family and the culture of productivity, the desired economic behaviors are separated by the fields of action (including work and production, capital and physical assets, government subsidies, credit, loans, necessary expenses, welfare and luxury expenses, savings, investment, charitable expenses , intergenerational transfers, debt and debt, risk management and insurance, taxation, allocation and recycling).

Productive decisions will increase the input level and non-productive decisions will reduce or waste resources, and this feedback loop will always continue. The components of the productivity culture in the family can be repeated and practiced, and this culture can be easily transmitted through the family. In their big and small decisions, people can determine the level of productivity and even witness the consequences of their choices. Also, the analysis of behaviors shows that the three pillars of need, capability and belief are actually the intervention levers in determining the economic productivity of the family, which causes the diversity of the economic lifestyle of the families.

 Security one of the most obvious aspects of the growth of a society and the foundation of its growth, development and stability. The economic prosperity of a society, investment, planning for development, progress and any activity that can be an effective factor for improving the economic situation, and social welfare and other aspects of the society, are all under the shadow of security establishment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of crisis management and urban accidents in the sense of security and well-being of the citizens of Tehran.

 The research method is descriptive-survey and a questionnaire used. The statistical population included the citizens of Tehran and managers, deputies and experts of crisis management headquarters in 22 districts of Tehran. Cluster sampling and sample size is 376 people for citizens and 40 people for experts.

The greatest impact of crisis management in increasing the sense of security from the experts' point of view includes social support and welfare, reducing risk and danger, reducing crimes and delinquency, and social order. According to citizens' point of view, the greatest effect of crisis management in increasing the sense of security includes reducing risk and danger, social support, social order, and reducing crimes and delinquency.

The feeling of security is necessary and essential for the healthy physical and mental condition of the people of the society. security puts the person in a state of mental and psychological structure disorder. Crisis management and control can provide a stable and peaceful society and the security of its citizens against unexpected events and drastic changes.