نشریه دین و دنیای معاصر
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 18، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Was martyrdom desirable in the movement of Imam Hussein (a.s.), that is, he was looking for martyrdom? Some thinkers have assumed that he choose martyrdom as a method and a means for his goal. He has claimed that this is a new and novel theory. The point of this article is that this statement is not novel and new, and many people have expressed it, and all of them have considered martyrdom as the central goal of His Holiness. Also, the principle of the idea that His Holiness was seeking martyrdom is not reasonable and legitimate and cannot be defended. There are several arguments against this theory. Also, several historical evidences reject this theory. In addition, this theory is not compatible with many of the words and actions of His Holiness. Therefore, this theory that martyrdom was desired by Imam Hossein Therefore, this theory that martyrdom was desired by Imam Hussain(A.S.) and he rose to achieve it, can never be accepted or defended.

The last two decades of the twentieth century are accompanied by the beginning of methodical studies in the understanding of hadith with the method of the isnad – cum- matn analysis in the West. Thus, explaining the method of isnad – cum- matn analysis scientifically, the present study seeks to see which themes constitute the centrality of the hadith "I have been given the Book and many other truths similar to it" according to the teachings of the Prophet. Therefore, after presenting the theories in the interpretation of this hadith, the procedure of changes in this narration and discovering its main meaning is investigated by a descriptive and analytical method. The isnad – cum- matn investigation of this narration shows that the content of the expressive revelation, as the most frequent theme in the interpretation of this hadith, is not a periodical requirement, but rather indicates the guidance of the Prophet (PBUH) about the necessity of paying attention to expressive revelation. Moreover, after isnad – cum- matn examination of five evident examples of this hadith in narrative societies, despite its fame, this hadith cannot be considered as a comprehensive and correct reason for considering the tradition (Sunnah) as revelation.

Seyyed Razi has given the 80th sermon of Nahj al-Balagha by Amir al-Mu'minin, peace be upon him, and in condemning women in this honorable book. The most important focus of this sermon is blaming women for their imperfect intellect, imperfect faith, and incomplete financial benefit and in the end, he has a moral advice not to consult with women even in good matters. Many researchers consider the most important reason for this sermon to be the role of Aisha, the wife of the Prophet, peace be upon him, in the Battle of Jamal, which killed a large number of Muslims. One of the most important features of the Eighth Sermon is the arguments that apparently, it has a Quranic analogy and for many years, prominent thinkers and scholars have explained and interpreted it. The purpose of this research is to examine the arguments of the Holy Quran and remove the dust from the divine work of Nahj al-Balagha, which is the best spiritual book of Shiites after the Quran. The research method of this research is content analysis, and the results showed that the Eighth Sermon is completely contrary to the verses of the Holy Qur'an, since the infallible speech cannot contradict the Quran, as the result, it cannot be issued by Amir al-Mu'minin, peace be upon him.

Temporary marriage is one of the most controversial topics among Muslims, about its permissibility. Even though some sects, according to their accepted hadiths, consider it haram and some others consider it halal, there is no serious difference between them, in terms of its Qur’anic permission; and by shia, and many of sunni commentators, the phrase “فما استمتعتم به منهن فآتوهن اجورهن فریضه” in the verse 24 of surah an-Nisa is considered as a permit for temporary marriage in the Quran. In this article, assuming the Qur’an as a coherent and exact text, by examining the verses on paying remuneration we show the phrase, which is taken to be the only Qur’anic permit for temporary marriage, does not imply that; and it just expresses a law in permanent marriage. Then, the Qur’anic reasons of commentators on the legitimacy of temporary marriage, as well as the flaws that they have taken to the ideas like the writer’s is extracted from research articles and books, and then answered to them. The conclusion is that if Qur’an is considered as a text, no license can be found for any non-permanent marriage, whether temporary marriage, white marriage, misyar or any other name and definition. In the Qur’an, sexual intercourse is allowed only in case of permanent marriage which is mentioned by the word “نکاح”, everywhere.

The term Din (religion) in the contexts of belief and practice is among the fundamental concepts in the Quran. Due to the complexity of its semantic scope, the study of semantics is necessary. Non-systematic interpretations of this term throughout history have led to unscientific interpretations and extremist actions by believers of Islam. In this discourse, we aim to employ the method of structural semantics to analyze the semantic components of terms related to Din within the context and co-occurrences of words in the verses, in order to achieve a clearer understanding of the term's usage in the Quran. To achieve this, in the first step, we will explore its roots in Semitic and Arabic languages, and then its semantic domain will be investigated based on co-occurrence relationships, including complementary, contrastive, and intensified relationships. This research demonstrates that the term Din has the most significant associations, in order, with the terms monotheism, innate disposition, submission, excellence, polytheism, unity, the nation of Abraham, and difficulty. Furthermore, the term Din is found in adjectival combinations with the terms pure, lasting, and truth. A linguistic analysis of co-occurring terms underscores the necessity of an ethical reading of the term Din in the Quran. According to the research findings, the preservation of ethical values based on natural morality takes precedence over the beliefs of individuals.

According to Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutics, human understanding is constantly molded by historical influences. Similarly, Muhammad Shahrur, a modern Syrian intellectual, reinterprets Islamic teachings by considering the historical context in the interpretation of religious texts. Thus, this article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing the literature on Gadamerian hermeneutics, to examine Shahrur's ideas regarding the categorization of zakat recipients based on his interpretation of verse 60 of Surah At-Tawbah. The findings indicate that Shahrur challenges traditional Islamic jurists' perspectives on zakat recipients and identifies four categories of deserving individuals: the poor, the destitute, the indebted, and the wayfarers or travelers in need. Through a scientific-historical approach, he expands the definition of 'poor' to include orphans, broadens the category of 'destitute' to encompass individuals with special needs, incorporates those obligated to pay blood money for wrongful killings under the 'indebted' category, and refers to those who suffer losses during their travels as 'wayfarers'. Shahrur's interpretation is influenced by his scientific-historical approach, which is significantly shaped by the prevailing intellectual framework of Moscow, particularly Russian structuralism. Additionally, his linguistic professor, Jafar Dak al-Bab, also impacted his intellectual development.

The knowledge of jurisprudence is considered the basis of Iranian society since the distant past. With the emergence of the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, this knowledge and its inferential method became the basis of governance So that conformity with religion became the basis of laws, regulations and legal guidelines of the country. Studying the experience of the last four decades regarding the relationship between jurisprudence and politics and society shows the emergence of a trend that tends to separate the thinking and method of jurisprudence from politics and society. Studying the results of official polls that have taken place during this period shows some evidence and signs of the emergence of this trend; Reducing the social influence and popularity of the clergy, Change in perception of religion and religiosity, and the change in value and attitude preferences of the society is some of these cases. The desire for modernity and the globalization process, the occurrence of inefficiencies, The intellectual and political trend is inconsistent with the official reading of jurisprudence and change in the idea of political legitimacy are the most important factors that are effective in creating this trend. The expansion of this trend led to the emergence of Conventionalism in governance, and the abandonment of religious values in the field of politics and social relations and the emergence of religious groups with unofficial and deviant approaches.

One of the Quranic verses under which the issue of symbolic violence against the spouse has been discussed is the verse 44 of Surah Saad.This study aims to examine the wrong deeds attributed to the wife of Job(AS) and the Prophet's encounter with her through the narratives of a wide range of earlier and later Shia and Sunni exegecies, catigorizing different interpretations of the story and its major themes including the sins attributed to her,Job’s behaviour toward her and the judgment of God.Critically examining these themes and their background narrations, this article provide an alternative interpretation according to the Qur'an to the Qur'an exegecy.By exploring the verses related to the story of Job(AS) as well as other verses in al-Baqarah and Al-Waqi'ah, and studying the words derived from the root of Henth, verse 44 of Surah Sa'd can be interpreted as such that God has said:"Take those stalks and strike the graves of those lifeless bodies and believe in the power of your Lord to raise the dead."In this alternative interpretation, domestic violence against a faithful spouse does not exist, even symbolically, and some of the thems found in some of the interpretations of this verse which does not fit with the principle of infallibility of Job as a prophet and accuse his devoted wife are dismissed.

According to Muslims, the Qur'an has been narrated by many people from the prophetic era to the present time in every generation, and this is the best reason for its non-distortion. But on the other hand, some orientalists and even Muslims who believe in the distortion of the Qur'an have claimed that, contrary to this popular belief, only a small number of the Companions were the memorizers of the Qur'an, and with this small number, the historical authenticity of this book can't be verified. In order to examine this claim, the present article has first assessed the possibility of the small number of Quran memorizers in the era of revelation and then identified the words indicating the action of memorizing the Quran in the era of revelation. In the end, the narrations cited by the deniers of the historical authenticity of the Qur'an were examined and it was found that words such as "Jama", "Akhz" and "Haml" used in these narrations, at the time of its revelation did not mean "memorizing the Qur'an". Therefore, there is no reason for the small number of Qur'an memorizers in the Prophetic era.

Although there are many orientalists from the western world who have bowed before the boundless truths and greatness of the Holy Quran and have acknowledged the miracles of this divine book in various fields of expression, science, knowledge, etc. Using the techniques of eloquence and rhetoric such as "repetition" in Quranic verses, words, stories, problems and criticisms have been raised. These contents have been the subject of taunting and claiming that the Quran is not miraculous or not revealed. In addition to quoting and criticizing the views of Orientalists, the present article is in the position of expressing the types and causes of repetition in the Qur'an and explaining the rhetorical secret of its repetitions. Considering the rhetorical sciences and techniques and the importance and function of repetition in terms of politeness and expression, it is appropriate to take a new look at the existence of repetition in the Holy Qur'an. This article aims to analyze and explain this importance.

The Hajj ceremony every year and the unrestrained and free presence of pilgrims in the land of revelation is a suitable ground for feeling the necessity of the responsibility of all Muslims in pursuing a single goal, which is to try to make people like God on earth, including trying to realize justice in Islamic societies. This article is in response to the question, "How does performing Hajj rites help to create Islamic solidarity?" It seeks to verify the validity of this hypothesis that "by understanding justice in Hajj rituals as a common value in authentic Islamic identity, seeking justice as a mediating mechanism can bring the connection and integration of Muslims" through a library study. And analyze it in a descriptive-analytical way. The findings of the research show that Hajj rites from Ihram to Ramie Jamrat and Qurbani are all aimed at projecting justice as a value and a criterion and mediating mechanism in the social life of humans to the masses of Muslims. In this annual meeting, it should be remembered that if justice is implemented in the society, it can expand the links in the creation of social cooperation in the Islamic world by building relationships in all areas.

Normative ethics research is a part of ethical research that discusses providing an outline of moral value criteria and determining good and bad examples. Criticizing the approach of Western Islamic scholars to Imam Hussain (AS) is very important in order to present a negative image of Imam Hussain (AS) in view of the critical view of some of them. This article is written with the aim of criticizing the study of some orientalists about Imam Hussein and his movement. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer the question that, based on what reasons, some orientalists have considered the uprising of the Imam as anti-value and immoral, and as a result, they have tried to object to the performance of the Imam? The findings of the research indicate that, firstly, it is possible to prove that the opinions of the Orientalists are flawed and to establish a positive moral image of the face of Imam Hussein (AS) in the contemporary western world. Secondly, the accusation of topics such as: seeking power, responding to the invitation of the Kufians, and seeking fame for the Imam with the aim of showing the rise of the Imam, due to relying solely on the historical method and neglecting the phenomenological method, cannot be considered a complete and correct research.