نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی
پیاپی 63 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

The central issue of the present article is to explain the tendency of students to empirical field in the entrance exam. Theoretically, he argues that the condition of the empirical field concour is result of political economy relations and its analysis inevitably includes the macroeconomic relations of society. The research method is critical and analyzes obtained datas by theoritical perspective which is political economy and realese hidden relations of status qua.After reviewing the available data, this article introduces medicalization due to the formation of the concour market and the trend towards experimental fields. Medicalization, which is itself an important part of privatization, gives this situation to education as well, and special education is also accelerated. In this way, medicalization has changed macro-economic and political relations and brought other social arrangements to its service. In the description of medicalization, this process can be seen as a part of a larger trend known as neoliberalism.

This article examines the common and major solutions that have been implemented in recent decades by countries rich in natural resources to face the destructive effects of these resources and strengthen their positive effects. For this purpose, six main solutions including macroeconomic policies to deal with the cyclicality of financial policies, decentralization, privatization, diversification, direct distribution and institutional reforms have been examined along with their related sub-solutions. Then, relying on various researches that have been done in the field of the consequences and efficiency of each of the solutions, we have criticized them. These criticisms are often divided into two categories, inside and outside the discourse, and the focus of outside-the-discourse criticisms is focused on the inappropriateness of the conditions and the lack of preparation of platforms for the implementation of many of these strategies in different regions of the world. In the end, while emphasizing the lack of a single solution, and at the same time, the possibility of efficiency of each of the solutions in special conditions, and taking into account the historical coordinates of their implementation, we have presented new perspectives to understand these coordinates.

Privatization of public education is the path towards which the education institution is moving in many countries of the world; However, in each country, region and time, affected by the political, social and cultural context of each policy sphere, the process, type of privatization and its consequences will be different. In this article, based on a comprehensive definition of the concept of privatization of education, we have analyzed the processes of educational policy developments in different periods of the history of education in Iran. Documentary analysis of policy texts along with secondary analysis of official statistics has been the methodological basis of this research. The studies of this article show that, except for a short period of governmentalization’s dominance (1973-1989), in other periods, the dominant policy approach was privatization in its various forms. The 1940s is the first decade in which we can talk about the government's intentional effort for exogenous privatization, and then from the 1970s onwards, we see the emergence of forms of privatization that are called endogenous privatization. special actors of Iran's education policy system have accelerated the way for these extensive policy changes.

Reformist Politics in Iran identifies itself with an essential avoidance of any sort of populism, claiming the capacity to represent the public demands of civil society. By the use of a retroductive approach, this article analyzes the configuration of Iranian reformist politics to provide an assessment of how reformism could be formulated in terms of either radicalizing the ideal of democracy following "Left Populism" or taking on policies and practices that keep the society exposed to a looming rise of "Right Populism". In recent decades, the Iranian Political Economy has witnessed a wide variety of demands hardly recognized and found entitled to go beyond expressing mere discontent with the status quo, resulting in a comprehensive political alienation. Additionally, the particular qualities of the ruling order have been of effect in keeping reformist politics in a defensive position. According to the results, the undeniable presence of left-wing reformism has not been enough to change the fact that reformist politics in Iran is still a combination of two axiomatically inconsistent approaches of which one is fundamentally devoted to the agenda of marketizing all spheres of social and political life, while the other fails to translate its theoretical differences into practical social policies.

The main problem of the research is a understanding of the social contexts that create, shape and develop desirable technologies in Iranian society, and it seeks to explain the nature of each technology in a structural way with a social approach. The purpose of the research is to describe more precisely the relationships of related and effective institutions in the emergence and development of technologies from a sociological perspective. The questions: What is the definition of technology from a social perspective? What is the relationship between the emergence or development of technologies and its social aspects? What are the hidden and intangible infrastructure layers of technology and how are they known? What are the structural factors and institutions affecting the formation and sustainability of technologies in society? What are the consequences of the emergence, development and transfer of technology for society? The current research first uses the observation and library studies and documents, then by using the coding of concepts and the method of qualitative content analysis. It tries to consider the set of technology-related processes symbolically in the assumption of an iceberg floating in water. The findings of the research on the structural factors of the social aspects of technology in Iran are drawn in the form of a theoretical model of the pyramid of relationships of multidimensional structural layers, which is completely in the emergence of technology, the social formation of technology, the formation of technology consumption. and technological innovation have important effects.

History is the story of social life and collective phenomena. Methodical analysis and investigation of historical phenomena removes the aura and ambiguity of sanctity from them and ultimately leads to a kind of historical consciousness, which means understanding the dialectic that exists inside the phenomena. Pahlavani is a phenomenon that has been investigated in this essay in the social space of Kermanshah in order to describe its history, changes, necessity and possibility, and to analyze and interpret it from a sociological view. In terms of methodology, some statistical techniques, historical documents, semiotic and discourse analysis, and interviews have been used, depending on the research questions. After presenting a historical picture of the subject, while explaining the sociological functions of the Pahlavani phenomenon (including identity formation and cohesion, etc.), the article examines it from aspects such as social logic, structure, stratification, features of form and content, mythology and finally its relation to today's equivalent phenomena. The main thesis is that despite many attempts to symbolize (or ideologicalize), the Pahlavani phenomenon is a multidimensional phenomenon, but in different periods, depending on the social situation, one of its dimensions (for example, the heroic, the national, the ritual) has been highlighted. Also, due to the social logic of the contemporary world, which relies more on technical and consumption foundations, changes have been made to this phenomenon, which has displaced it from the it’s life-world and has transferred it into a larger consumption system, which is more based on the consumption of signs.

Cities are complex space systems that are directly related to economics, politics, and power. In the process of understanding the urban world, exploring the mechanisms governing cities through the lens of political economy to read the relationships and mechanisms governing cities is of particular importance. Whereas cities can be a center of spatial inequality and deprivation of the right to citizens as well as a center of development. The present study was conducted to identify the mechanisms governing the city of Sanandaj and its citizens. The study field is the city of Sanandaj. This research has used a qualitative method and specifically grounded theory for data analysis and in-depth theoretical sampling with 32 citizens was conducted in-depth interviews. Based on the data collected from the research field, four main deducted, including: The mechanism of malfunctioning of institutions, market policies and capital accumulation, widespread expropriation and deprivation of the right of citizens to the city were established. These categories indicate that in the study area (Sanandaj city) the mechanism of institutional policies and market forces through the expropriation of large property and deprivation of rights to the city from citizens, produces and reproduces a kind of inferiority. Thus, "subordination through expropriation" was concluded as the core of study.

In less than two decades, the Arbaeen walking ceremony attracted many enthusiasts from all over the world, including about 3 million Iranians. Much has been said about the achievements of this ceremony for the Shiite world. But naturally, such a population can cause harm for the ceremony, too. One of these damages is the touristic view that some pilgrims have of the Arbaeen walking ceremony; That is, sometimes they expect the same services that are provided on a leisure trip to be available to them on the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The purpose of this article is to show the negative impacts of the touristic gaze in addition to examining the contexts and dimensions of the formation of such a level of expectations.The main research method was ethnography, which used participant observation (the author's experience of attending the Arbaeen ceremony) and semi-structured interviews with 62 people. The collected field data were categorized and finally content analysis was done along with the documentary data.In this way and based on the approaches that have investigated the concept and behavior of "Tourist Gaze" in anthropology of tourism researches, an attempt was made to address the impacts of the prevalence of this gaze among Arbaeen pilgrims. The findings show that the change in the subculture of performing this ceremony based on the pilgrims' expectations and marginalization of the religious and epistemic authenticity of this ceremony is one of the main harms and impacts of the spread of this view in the Arbaeen walking ceremony.

This research, by listening to a part of the mothers, achieves an image of their actions to change the distribution of the sensible. With Rancière's literature, which focuses its theoretical lens on the exclusion of workers in the distribution of the sensible, the sample of mothers in this study can be considered among those excluded from the privilege of thinking. Rancière's point of view, which considers the working class not as a passive class and in need of a revolutionary intellectual, but as a group with active subjectivity, in this research will be a way to visualize the actions of mothers in the 1980s in Iran. A group that, due to the classification of the society based on the educational system, is considered as a class lacking institutional knowledge, in a double form on the ancestral form (smallness), subordinate to the privilege of thinking. However, they live the impossible by doubting the “considered natural order” and by looking for equality, which their raw materials were generally experienced in the event of the 1979 revolution. They have succeeded in changing the distribution of the sensible. A narrative interview was conducted with 12 samples. Findings were presented in the final theme "Mothers not destined to think, make the political" including two main themes "Egalitarian reading of religion against police speech", "Egalitarian care against police care" and contains five sub-themes. The narrators have created the adventurous values in the lives of girls. It seems necessary to doubt the habitude of seeking equality

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between social networks and political activism, considering intervening factors such as emotions that can either strengthen or weaken this link. The focus is on investigating the connection between moral shocks and shared emotions during the fall of 2022. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework was developed based on the sociology of emotions. Data for the research was collected from the Twitter platform, specifically from September 6,, to November 6, . The calculation method was employed to determine fluctuations in common and mutual emotions during collective action related to moral shocks. The most significant findings of the study indicate that during the mentioned period, mutual emotions (enthusiasm, joy, empathy, and hope) gradually surpassed common emotions (fear, sadness, anger, and hatred). enthusiasm emerged as the strongest emotion, while sadness was the weakest. Furthermore, moral shocks directed at specific individuals generally evoked less anger, hatred, and sadness compared to moral shocks associated with collective identity. Among Twitter activists, the tweets of opposition figures abroad and their subsequent reposting played a prominent role in intensifying common emotions, particularly anger and hatred. Conversely, the tweets of civil and rights activists had a significant impact on strengthening mutual emotions, specifically fostering a sense of enthusiasm, leading to short-term victories.

The structural and cultural changes of recent years in Iran have doubled the importance of examining generational solidarity. In this article, we have done the typology of generational solidarity. The statistical population of this cross-sectional survey was men and women aged 18 years and older in Tehran who had at least one living parent and have not been co-residence. 1000 samples were selected in a multi-stage cluster method from 30 districts of Tehran, and statistical analysis was done using Latent Class Analysis method and Mplus software. The findings show the existence of four types of generational solidarity in Tehran. Thus, two-way familialism was reported in 38.1%, Descending familialism in 27%, Ascending familialism in 5.2% and Autonomous relations in 29.7% of the respondents. In general, it can be said that generational solidarity in Tehran does not follow a specific pattern and there is a variety of generational solidarity. Despite the prevalence of familism in Tehran, the presence of Autonomous in about one-third of the respondents requires more attention and optimal policies.

In this article, we have tried to better understand the concept of embodiment and its place among anthropological and sociological approaches by getting to know Thomas Csordas’s perspective Through his theories and works. Understanding the embodied world is rediscovering self and the world in the singularity of materiality intertwined with meaning; Understanding the world of things behind the curtain of their human-social identification as objects. This return to world of things is joy of remembering the interconnected world and also the difficult and complex encounter with alienation and separation of other. In this confrontation, the direct judgment of human subjectivity is distorted and reconstruct in its forgotten body. One of the challenges of writing this article has been introducing Csordas’s world and theory from his perspective. The purpose of this article is understanding the philosophical and theoretical concept of embodiment and face it as an ontological and methodological paradigm in anthropological and sociological studies. Therefore, first, the concept of embodiment and its philosophical and theoretical roots have been briefly discussed; Then, its methodological aspects are stated from the Csordas’s point of view. Csordas is important because he describes embodiment as a paradigm that brings us to a more coherent and general understanding of the culture and his sufferings. Csordas also presents a coherent formulation of "cultural phenomenology" in the embodied paradigm, as a phenomenological method in anthropological and cultural research.