مجله مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1402)

In the common interpretation of jurists, the distinguishing feature of endowment (waqf) compared to other forms of charity is the dedication of the principal asset along with the allocation of its benefits. Based on this understanding, "permanence" is considered one of the essential characteristics of endowment. On the one hand, this approach necessitates the preservation of capital from financial circulation and wealth reproduction. On the other hand, the necessity of following the endower's will and caution in ensuring the compliance of the endowment's status with it sometimes leads to legal deadlocks. Moreover, with the acceptance of the aforementioned assumption, public acceptance of endowment will be less; because the endowed property usually has a significant economic value. The proposal that can be made to address these dilemmas is to institutionalize "temporary endowment" and promote it. This is an institution that many Islamic countries have occasionally pioneered and succeeded in utilizing, following a less well-known jurisprudential fatwa. In our country, this institution can also be used as one of the best mechanisms for realizing the policies of the Economic Strength. In this paper, the authors try to weaken the foundations of the dominant view by describing and analyzing library resources and relying on the opinions of some great scholars. Then, they strengthen the theoretical basis of "temporary endowment" and finally propose the introduction of this institution into the legal system.

According to this rule, retaliation of a limb is for the "shain" (defect) that has occurred due to the crime, not merely the cutting and separation of the limb. "Shin" has not yet found its place as a jurisprudential rule. Therefore, the question of this research is to extract and establish the jurisprudential rule of Shin, as a fundamental rule in the chapter of retaliation of limbs. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, this paper presents the evidences of the rule (including the verse of Eteda, the narration of Ishaq Ibn Ammar, and consensus and also explains the characteristics of the rule such as the continuity of Shain, the actuality of Shain, and the similarity of Shin. Organizing the related titles in the form of a rule (based on the jurists methodology) will lead the towards a disciplined practice. Moreover, this rule is worth considering from the perspective of criminal philosophy and its affirmative and customary nature contributes to its validity, discipline, and regularity.

fact that the verdict should be justified, documented, and reasonable, and its legal and material elements should be stated. Verdicts without any causation do not mean anything and are rarely issued; however, there are several instances in which the verdict is issued incompletely or defectively. Given the scanty legal literature on causation defects in Iran, the present descriptive-analytic study compares and contrasts the laws of Iran and other countries to examine court and quasi-judicial verdicts. This study introduces the defects of causation along with its implementation guarantee. In addition, it examines the most important examples of causation. To this end, the current study investigates how this principle is used in the Iranian legal system. Fundamental causation defects of a verdict can invalidate it although the passed laws do not explicitly state this opinion. The findings indicate that causation invalidation could be considered as a judicial invalidation since evaluation authorities, e.g., appeal courts, the supreme court, and the administrative court of justice, are responsible for detecting fundamental detects.

The knowledge of the occurrence of the result means the customary knowledge of the perpetrator as a result of his committed behavior is one of the constituent elements of the spiritual element in restricted crimes. This is referred to in indirect law as indirect or subordinate intent, while its essential and independent role in the intent of the outcome should not be overlooked. As in cases where the perpetrator of the world to the occurrence of the result, has no intention of the result. This poses a serious challenge to setting a standard for the knowledge of the occurrence of the result and makes the importance of studying it in Iranian criminal law a necessity. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes. In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between intentional and unintentional crimes.

Law and legislation, if not the most important issue facing modern man and government, are one of the most fundamental. In its original form, although it originates and is born through the legislature and through the deliberation and consultation of a large number of people's representatives in parliament, it is not limited to that and affects various types of human activities and the development of societies. It is clear that the domestic legal system also cannot do without deep thinking about the characteristics of law, in order to facilitate the effective and efficient functioning of human relations on the one hand, and to benefit from it in a native way and in accordance with the requirements of Iranian-Islamic society on the other hand. Correct analysis of the characteristics of law in the context of the domestic legislative system and efforts to represent and repair its shortcomings, of course, requires an examination of the "General Policies of the Lawmaking System". The results of this article, using a normative method, examining official legal documents and collecting information through library resources, show that with the exception of the three components of "Sharia principles", "General policies of the system" and "Demands of the leadership" which have a special place based on the requirements of legislation based on jurisprudence, other components overlap with the characteristics of law in the modern state. Also, among the two appreciable assumptions about the legal nature of "policies" in the hierarchy of domestic norms and with emphasis on "legal logic", the requirements of the "command-oriented system" and finally the "rule of law", it is possible and necessary to consider a place below the constitution and ordinary law and of course above government regulations for it.

Juvenile delinquency is one of the issues that criminal policy inevitably affects by defining and determining its specific principles. This signifies a distinct criminal policy towards juvenile offenders, as one of the bitter fruits of contemporary industrial societies is juvenile delinquency, where individuals have not yet started their social life but have been tainted by various social, cultural, political, and other factors, leading to the destruction of their lives. Dealing with juvenile crimes leads lawmakers to provide special support for them. Therefore, addressing juvenile delinquency requires the existence of a specialized judicial system distinct from the legal system for adults. A comparative study of Iran and England shows that, just as in England, children and adolescents are entitled to such support, in Iran, the necessity of reforming and educating these individuals violates the intended criminal laws, but Iran's laws do not provide a cohesive approach to protect and support children and adolescents in various stages of the legal process, especially in preliminary investigations. In contrast, England has adopted many considerations for dealing with these individuals and has provided appropriate guarantees for them. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question through a descriptive-analytical method What are the similarities and differences between Iran's criminal policy and England's criminal policy regarding juvenile delinquency? Iran should also consider the strengths and positive aspects of the changes in the laws of other countries such as England in the field of differential criminal policy towards juvenile offenders, fundamentally revising the stages of trial, prosecution, and implementation of sentences for delinquent children and adolescents, and emphasize laws on crime prevention and alternative punishments with a focus on non-repetition of offenses.