نشریه مطالعات وضعیت بدنی و آسیب های ورزشی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1402)

Tennis elbow is a common disease in the elbow area, which is felt as pain in the outer part of the elbow.One of the new methods in the treatment of this complication is IASTM, so the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IASTM on pain, function and severity of disability in patients with tennis elbow. 44 patients from the clinic of an orthopedic specialist in Isfahan were selected purposefully and available. The samples were randomly divided into two experimental groups (age: 51.12±0.1 years, height: 165.7±9.4 cm, weight: 68±1.11 kg) and control (age: 50.4±13.0 years, height: 167±3.10.5 cm, weight: 74±12.9 kg) were divided. The treatment protocol of the control group was one injection of corticosteroids, 10 sessions of physical therapy and the daily use of tennis-elbow splint, while in the experimental group, in addition to receiving the interventions of the control group, IASTM was used for 4 weeks, two sessions of 10 minutes each week. became Pain intensity (VAS questionnaire), function (DASH questionnaire) and disability severity (PRTEE questionnaire) of patients were measured before and after 4 weeks. Dependent t statistical method and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). In both groups, there was a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test of all variables (p<0.05). Also, a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups was observed in all variables,so that the effect size of the experimental group protocol on pain was 0.604, on function, 0.387, and on the severity of disability was 0.619 (P<0.05). The use of IASTM together with common interventions for the treatment of tennis elbow disease can be effective in improving pain, function and severity of disability, therefore, it is recommended for this group of patients.Key words: IASTM, pain, function, Severity of disability, Tennis Elbow

Corona is a part of the big family of viral diseases, and a person gets a respiratory infection by contracting this type of virus. As a result of the inactivity caused by this epidemic, many physical abilities of people decrease, balance being one of the most important of them. Considering the importance of balance in daily activities as well as sports, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of a HIIT exercise program at home during quarantine on static and dynamic balance in female student athletes.

The statistical population studied in this research were teenage girls of athletes in Tehran. Based on the entry and exit criteria, 30 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group did HIIT exercises at home for 6 weeks and 2 sessions every week. In this study, static and dynamic balance were measured by stork tests and Y balance test, respectively. In order to evaluate the effects of the training, analysis of covariance was used, and in order to evaluate the effects within the group, the paired t-test was used.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental group (P≤0.05).

Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that HIIT exercises are effective on the static and dynamic balance of adolescent girls, so it is suggested that these exercises be used in exercise programs with the aim of improving balance.

The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on chronic middle-age men's headache.

The research method was semi-experimental and research design was pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the study included all middle-aged men with tension headache referring to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample consisted of 6 subjects who were selected from among those referring to health centers. The criteria for entry into the study included: confirmation of the criteria for chronic tension headache by a neurologist and having a range of 40- 55 years. Information about the severity and frequency of headache and drug consumption in both groups before and after the exercise were assessed by a self-assessment questionnaire. Subjects' sleep quality was assessed in two stages: pre-test and post-test using the Pentecostal sleep quality questionnaire. Became

T-test results (at the level of error of α = 0.05) showed that eight weeks of upper quadrilateral training on the severity and duration of chronic tension headache and also the reduction in the dose of analgesics and ultimately the sleep quality of people with tension-type headache Chronic effects had a positive effect (p <0.001).

The results of the study suggest that occupational therapists use upper quadrant physical exercises to improve the patient's cold pain.

A large number of the elderly population suffers from mobility and functional impairments due to an unhealthy lifestyle. The close relationship between motor-functional abilities and joint and limb stability can affect daily activities such as walking. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of gait pattern symmetry among elderly women with good and bad motor-functional ability. 16 elderly women participated in this study. Based on their mobility and functional screening results, subjects of this study divided into two groups (G-MFA=8, B-MFA=8). Motion analysis system was used to collect gait pattern data. After smoothing the motion data and performing inverse kinematics, the data were normalized based on the gait cycle. Spatial-temporal symmetry was obtained through three-dimensional marker position data, while kinematic symmetry was obtained through selected degrees of freedom using statistical parametric mapping. For statistical comparison, we first used the Shapiro-Wilk test to examine the normality of the data distribution, followed by the independent t-test to compare the groups. We also utilized the paired t-test in the parametric mapping package to assess kinematics symmetry. Among the spatial-temporal and kinematic components studied, none of the spatial-temporal components were significant between the two groups of good and bad motor-functional ability. Among kinematic symmetry, significant were found in anterior-posterior tilt (p = 0/013) and lateral tilt (p = 0/045) at certain percentages of the gait cycle in the group with poor motor-functional ability. Based on the observed asymmetry in pelvic movements in the group with poor motor-functional ability, it is reasonable to infer that weakness in core muscle regions is a contributing factor in pelvis’s movement asymmetry. Strengthening these muscles in the elderly group could lead to improvements in gait quality and prevention of secondary issues related to gait asymmetry, such as falls.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the epidemiology and mechanisms of ankle pathology in football players. The current research is descriptive and retrospective.. According to the design and importance of the subject and with the coordination of the Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 390 football players (committee) participating in the selection of the national team were selected as subjects. The information and purpose of the questionnaire was explained to the athletes by the researcher, and the questionnaire was Athletes completed.The following questionnaires were used to collect information in this research: (a) Personal information questionnaire including height, weight, age and body mass index b) Sports information questionnaire including sports history Number of training sessions Number of days and hours of training Duration of training Type and warm-up period (c) ankle injury history questionnaire including history of injured leg (dominant and non-dominant), injury mechanism, time, type of injury, treatment and aftercare (d) ankle ability assessment questionnaire from this questionnaire and questions FAAM self-report questionnaire was used to measure ankle performance in daily activities and sports.. And according to the results obtained by identifying the mechanisms and factors involved in the injury and then taking preventive measures to reduce the amount of specific injury, about one in 12% of the injured athletes needed medical treatment, and 17% of them did not take any measures for treatment, and 57% also have self-medicated, in general, ankle sprains keep an athlete from participating in sports for at least one to 10 sessions, and one of the side effects of this injury will be the possibility of athletes re-injuring this area. or self-medication of athletes causes the lack of proper rehabilitation.

The present study aimed to investigate the scientific results of the studies on the strategies and exercises applicable to knee abnormalities, provide a convenient conclusion, and offer more comprehensive information so that researchers may have easier access to the related literature.

Several databases, including ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, Sport Discus, and PubMed, were searched from 1980 to 2022. The implemented keywords included knee injury, knee dislocation, anterior cruciate ligament injuries, medial collateral ligament, and return to sport.

After applying the entry and exclusion criteria, a total of 534 articles were investigated, out of which the systematic reviews, the repeated ones, and the articles that could not fulfill the entry criteria of the study were eliminated, and, finally, 33 studies were selected. The findings showed that the highest rate of injuries occurred in football (38%) , basketball (13%) , and volleyball (15%) , respectively. Moreover, ACL was the most prevalent injury (around 64%) to ligaments, while injuries to MCL ranked second.

The present study showed that the majority of knee injuries involved injuries to knee ligaments and typically took place due to running or jumping on rigid surfaces or experiencing severe blows. It was hard to conveniently summate the reports and make practical conclusions according to them due to their varying methods of reporting. Thus, future studies are recommended to homogenize the characteristics.

One of the reliable methods to identify athletes at risk of injury is the functional movement screen test (FMS). Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to review sources to investigate the effect of various interventions on FMS test scores in football players. The search was conducted in databases: PubMed, Magiran, ISI, IranDoc, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies including any effective intervention on the scores of the FMS test in football players according to the PRISMA checklist between 2017 and 2022 and by combining the keywords "Functional Movement Screen", "Intervention", "Training", and "Football/Soccer" players" were obtained. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the PEDro scale. A total of 50 articles were found, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 studies that investigated the effect of training protocols on the scores of the FMS test in soccer players were examined. Corrective exercises (1 study), FIFA +11 injury prevention exercises (5 studies), functional training (2 studies) and sport-specific training (1 study) were among the most important interventions that worked were taken. Except for 3 studies, all studies reported a significant increase in FMS test scores following the implementation of exercise interventions. The use of targeted training interventions to improve sport-specific movement patterns and FMS tests to identify athletes at risk of injury are recommended to athletic trainers.

Exercise increases pressor pain thresholds in pain-free individuals, known as exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Exercise with blood flow restriction can produce higher hypoalgesic responses, but the effect of exercise with blood flow restriction on hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain is unknown. The main aim of this study was to compare the immediate effect of exercise with blood flow restriction on quadriceps muscle hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain.

Fifty-two patients with patellofemoral pain (based on inclusion criteria) were randomly divided into two groups of isometric squat training with and without blood flow restriction (26 people in each group). The group without blood flow restriction was included in the study as the control group. Pressure pain threshold in the quadriceps muscles was evaluated with a dynamometer and pain tolerance in the leg was evaluated using Algorometry of hand-controlled cuff before and after the intervention.

The change in the pressure threshold of the quadriceps muscle after squat training did not show much difference between the two groups. The squat group with blood flow restriction had a 18.99% increase in quadriceps pain threshold, while the group without blood flow restriction had a 16.55% increase. But the change in pressure pain tolerance in the squat group with blood flow restriction was 7.7% higher than the squat group without blood flow restriction.

Exercise with blood flow restriction compared to exercise without blood flow restriction caused more hypoalgesia in patients with patellofemoral pain. Therefore, this training method can be used as an effective therapeutic intervention for hypoalgesia in patients with this syndrome.

The 2019 outbreak of coronavirus infections, which began in China in late 2019, has grown rapidly and the disease has spread around the world. Studies have shown that the elderly are at higher risk for Covid-19 infection and deaths than others in the community, given that the coronavirus has caused alarming deaths in the elderly over the past two years, as well as the virus. Corona is an unknown virus, so researchers in various fields have done many studies to control and control this virus. Whereas exercise and physical activity have been recognized as a useful non-pharmacological method for improving the function of the immune system, and researchers in the field of sports science, although limited, have done valuable research in this area that can provide us with useful and valuable information in this field; Therefore, it is necessary to have a study that collects the latest findings, and the purpose of this review is to review articles that have studied the role of the corona virus on the physical activity of the elderly athlete and non-athlete. This research is a review. Based on this, using Google Scholar scientific search engine, Scopus, Science Direct and Alamnet databases, the desired articles were extracted.

Background and non-specific chronic back pain is one of the factors of disability in people. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on pain, flexibility and performance of nurses with non-specific chronic back pain. The present study is part of semi-experimental research. The statistical population included all male nurses suffering from non-specific chronic back pain in Tehran. The sample size of 20 male nurses was divided into two experimental (10) and control (10) groups. The experimental group did resistance exercises for 8 weeks and 4 days a week for 60 minutes in each session, and during this time the control group did their usual life activities. In order to measure the pre-test and post-test, to assess the amount of pain from the visual analog scale and to evaluate the flexibility and performance of the nurses, the tests of trunk bending forward and Esosterian disability were used, respectively. The data has been analyzed using covariance analysis, t-correlation test using SPSS version 23 software at a significant level (p ≤ 0.05). The results of data analysis showed that resistance exercises reduced pain, flexibility and performance in the experimental group compared to the pre-test and the control group. Also, a significant difference was observed between the resistance training group and the control group in the post-test (p ≤ 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in the training group regarding pain, flexibility and performance, but there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test in the control group (p>0.05). The results showed the effect of resistance exercises on improving pain, flexibility and performance of nurses with non-specific chronic back pain.

The tendency towards strength sports that have various styles such as bodybuilding, powerlifting and body classic has increased among young people. Therefore, it is necessary for the athlete to be aware of the common injuries of these styles. The aim of the researcher was to compare upper extremity injuries in these three styles. The current research is applied, descriptive and retrospective. The sample of the present research was 150 athletes of powerlifting, classic bodybuilding and bodybuilding in Karbala, who were selected voluntarily. To collect data the injury report form was used, descriptive statistics indices were used to describe the data, and ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to test the research hypotheses. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. The majority of people participating in the research were male, in the age range of 22 to 25 years, in the weight category of 80 to 89 kg. In the powerlifting group, the majority of people had more than 10 years of sports experience, and in the other two styles, between 1 and 2 years. Upper limb injuries in powerlifting were most common than the other two styles, and shoulder injuries was the most frequent in the powerlifting and body classic groups with 70% and 56%, respectively. In bodybuilding, the most common injuries was clavicle injury (56%). A significant difference was observed between the amount of upper limb injuries in the three styles (p=0.001). The occurrence of injuries in powerlifting athletes is high compared to other types of strength sports.

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of virtual reality exercises on fear of re-injury and movement pattern modification in people with ACL injury of the knee joint.

The statistical population of this research was all girls with ACL injury in Tehran city with an age range of 18-25 years. Before and after the fear of re-injury training protocol, Tempa's fear of re-injury questionnaire and landing error scoring system test were used to evaluate movement pattern correction. The training protocol was carried out for six weeks in the experimental group. In order to check the intra-group difference, paired t-test was used, and to check the difference between groups, analysis of covariance test was used at the error level of 0.05 using SPSS software.

The results of the paired t-test showed that in the experimental group before and after participating in the virtual reality training course, in the variable of fear of re-injury (P=0.001, t=7.632) and modification of the movement pattern (P=0.001) , t=3.506) there was a significant difference, but no significant difference was observed in the control group (P<0.05).

In general, the results of this study show the importance of using virtual reality exercises in improving the jump-landing pattern and reducing the fear of re-injury in female athletes with ACL injuries.