نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1403)

A calorie restriction diet is one way of the ways to reduce calorie intake without malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with calorie restriction of high-fat or standard diet regimens on the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in the liver of male Wistar rats.

48 rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): control, high-intensity interval training, high-fat diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction, standard diet with caloric restriction + interval training, and fatty diet with caloric restriction + interval training were divided. High-intensity interval training was performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with an intensity of 90 to 100% of the maximum speed in the form of running on a treadmill. Expression of SIRT1, ERRα and PDK4 genes in liver tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR method and one-way ANOVA statistical method was used to compare between groups.

Interval training led to a significant increase in ERRα gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.001). Fatty diet with calorie restriction significantly decreased SIRT1 gene expression compared to standard diet with calorie restriction (p=0.002). Also, eight weeks of standard diet with caloric restriction led to a significant increase in PDK4 gene expression compared to the control group (p=0.02).

In the condition of calorie restriction, periodic exercise through the up regulation of ERRα gene expression may play a key role in increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Interestingly, high-fat diet may have negative effects on the liver even under caloric restriction by reducing the expression of SIRT1, which plays an important role in the antioxidant capacity of the liver.

Alzheimer’s is a neuroendocrine disease related to insulin signaling, due to the association of Alzheimer’s disease with the reduction of insulin production and resistance, the term type III or cerebral diabetes has become popular in this regard. Accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs increase the accumulation of amyloid oligomers in the brain causing neurotoxicity. The beneficial effect of physical activity on the brain has been established, but the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment had been less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of 8 weeks of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of AGEs protein, Amyloid beta, and cell death rate in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats with type III diabetes.

Methods and Materials: 

Twenty 10-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups including healthy control, sham, type III diabetes, and type III diabetes group+ voluntary exercise in an enriched environment. The intervention group trained in the cage two hours a day for eight weeks. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Voluntary exercise in the enriched environment caused a significant decrease in AGEs protein expression and amyloid beta accumulation in the hippocampus (p=0.0001). Also, the rate of cell death in the voluntary exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the control of diabetes type III (p=0.0001).

It seems that the activity in the enriched environment probably changes of AGEs and Amyloid beta by improving insulin resistance and increasing insulin production, and has favorable effects in reducing the signs of dead cells and improving cognitive function in type III diabetes.

In wrestling, the rest time between two rounds of the competition is short; therefore, these conditions these conditions cause the body to lose and not completely regenerate its energy reserves, and the person is tired and eventually prone to injury. On the other hand, such activities, which are performed with intense eccentric contractions are associated with mechanical and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of short-term Inflamma-X supplementation on muscle damage and inflammatory markers following the combined SWPT-SWFT protocol in wrestlers.

24 young wrestlers were randomly divided into two supplement-exercise groups (12 people) and placebo-exercise groups (12 people). From 10 days before the implementation of the combined protocol, the wrestlers consumed two daily supplements of Inflamma-X with a dose of 15 mg or a placebo with the same amount and number as fasting. Blood samples were taken before the start of the combined protocol, immediately after the first, second and fourth stages of the protocol, and finally 48 hours after the combined protocol. Levels of keratin kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive protein - C(CRP) indicators were evaluated by the Eliza method. In order to analyze the data, the method of analysis of variance with combined repeated measurement was used at the significance level of p<0.05. Findings In none of the stages of blood sampling, serum CK and LDH values were not significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). However, the serum CRP values of the supplement group in the fourth and fifth stages were significantly lower than the placebo group (p<0.05); While in the first, second and third blood sampling stages; There was no significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05).

It seems that in wrestling competitions, the use of Inflamma-X supplement can be beneficial in the prevention of general inflammation. But more research is needed on the role of this supplement in preventing increased muscle injury markers in wrestlers.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases that pose a challenge to its treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic swimming exercise and in combination with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on clinical symptoms, histological changes and oxidative stress markers in an animal model of colitis.

Thirty male C57BL6 mice were divided into control, swimming exercise, colitis, colitis+swimming exercise, colitis+swimming exercise+ colitis groups. At the end of study, colon weight and length, spleen weight, disease activity index, histological changes and oxidative stress markers in colon tissue were evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way or two-way ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results showed that there were no significant differences between control and swimming exercised groups. But, in colitis animals, the disease activity index (such as weight loss, bleeding, and rectal protrusion) in exercised group decreased significantly compared to the colitis group; which showed a further decrease in the combined group (p<0.001). Moreover, colon length was also increased in exercised groups compared to the colitis group (p<0.05). Histological indices (such as leukocyte infiltration) and fibrosis were significantly decreased in exercsied groups compared to the colitis group (p<0.01). Colitis animals had higher malondialdehyde and lower antioxidative markers (superoxihde dismutase, catalase, total thiol) compared to the control group; while exercise and exercise plus HRW significantly improved antioxidative factors.

The results showed that swimming exercise especially in combination with HRW could improve clinical symptoms and histological changes of colon tissue in colitis animals and it can be considered as treatment strategy in patients with colitis.

Volleyball is one of the most popular and attractive sports among different societies, and developing talent programs to discover and nurture talents and determine the contribution of different talent indicators in this sport, a development and research is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the anthropometric, physiological, psychological, and skill variables of elite volleyball players with different positions and non-elite volleyball players.  

250 elite youth volleyball players and the same number of non-elite male players in the positions of middle defense, passer, libero, power receiver and middle defense while they were selected as available and participated in this study. Anthropometric indices, physiological capabilities, psychological characteristics and skill abilities of the participants were measured by field and experimental methods. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis statistical methods were used.

The results showed that the aerobic and anaerobic power, height, sitting height index, arm span, leg cororal, psychological variables (motivation, self-confidence, goal setting, tension, depression, anger, vitality, fatigue, confusion), service, pass and spike skill of the elite volleyball group were significantly higher than the non-elite group (p<0.05).  On the other hand, body mass index, sitting height, arm span, and forearm brachial index, did not show any significant differences between players of different volleyball positions (p>0.05).

According to the results of the present study, for scientific sports talent identification, besides anthropometric and physiological variables, psychological and skill variables should also be considered to identify talent. It is suggested to use anthropometric variables that were more different than others to find talent for different volleyball positions.

Thrombotic events are common during old age and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is prescribed on the health of elderly individuals. Nevertheless, effects of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on hemostasis in elderly individuals have not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the response of hemostatic factors to different HIIE protocols and moderate continuous exercise in elderly male wistar rats.

Twenty-four elderly male wistar rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the high-intensity interval exercise with low-volume (HIIEL) group performed 14 bouts of 20s of activity with 10-second rests at an intensity of 110% of maximum tolerable load (MSL). Rats in the high intensity high-volume interval group (HIIEH) performed five bouts of four min swimming at 80% of MSL followed by three min rest and finally in the continuous group (CTN) the  rats swam for 35 min at 60% of MSL. The control group remained immersed in water for 35 minutes without activities. Blood samples were taken immediately after exercise for measuring lactate and hemostatic factors. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05.

Lactate concentration was increased following HIIEL in comparison to other groups. In addition, in the HIIEL and HIIEH groups, sports activity led to a significant increase in the Von Willebrand factor.  Although, the VIII factor and fibrinogen increased and decreased in both CTN and HIIEL groups, respectively and decreased and increased in HIIEH group, the changes were not significant. Also, significant changes in dimer levels, relative activated thromboplastin time and prothrombin time after swimming were not seen in any group.

Based on higher increases in von Willebrand factor following intense interval exercise (compared to continuous exercise) it is concluded that moderate continuous exercise might be safer than HIIE during old age.