فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 70 (زمستان 1402)

The aim of this study was to analyze and discover different factors that influence substance dependence and the tendency to substance use in students.

The method used in this study was qualitative grounded theory. The statistical population of this study included all unmarried male college students in Yasuj city, among whom 17 subjects were selected by purposive sampling, based on the saturation principle and in-depth semi-structured interview. The systematic analysis method of Strauss and Corbin (1998) and the three methods of open, central and selective coding were used to analyze the interviews. The three-stage recur method was used to analyze the interview data. The data were analyzed in three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. According to the results, the core concept of the model was determined as non-effective beliefs of substance users’ categories.

The results showed that the determinant and effective platforms for the tendency and addiction to substance use included educational, cultural, familial, social, economic and psychological aspects. Coding of the data led to the creation of categories and subcategories representing the causal, contextual, strategies and consequences of the lived experience of drug use from the perspective of the research participants.

The indicators in each of the components of the above classes can lead to substance dependence in a chain and together with other categories in a causal, background or intervening way. Based on the results of this assessment, it is possible to identify students at risk for substance use and to determine preventive and therapeutic measures for them.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-control in the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and craving in patients on methadone maintenance treatment.

This study was a descriptive-correlational study of the structural equation modeling type. The statistical population included substance-dependent patients under treatment with methadone in addiction treatment centers in the city of Kochesfhan in 2024. 300 of them were selected using the convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study included the childhood trauma questionnaire, the self-control scale, and the craving questionnaire. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that traumatic experiences in childhood had a direct and significant impact on craving and self-control. Moreover, self-control significantly mediated the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and carving, and the model was well-fitted.

According to the results, traumatic childhood experiences affecting self-control played an important role in the craving of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment. These results can be used as a useful model, and more attention should be paid to the role of traumatic childhood experiences and self-control in the treatment of substance abuse and craving.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of women who file for divorce with a substance-dependent spouse.

The present study was a qualitative study based on a phenomenological approach. The statistical population was women applying for divorce with a substance-dependent spouse in Tehran in 2023, and 17 subjects were selected based on purposive sampling and using the technique of data saturation. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

In this study, after extracting key phrases and words from the interview text, 4 main themes and 16 sub-themes were extracted. The main themes included marital dissatisfaction, emotional separation, forced divorce, and concern for the future of themselves and their children.

The families and especially the spouses of male substance users need comprehensive understanding and support as they are exposed to extreme personal and social vulnerability. These results give the treatment team a new perspective to understand more realistically the families of substance-dependent patients and their real problems.

The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of employing people seeking addiction treatment in the tourism industry.

The present study was qualitative and based on a phenomenological approach. The statistical population of the study included the individuals seeking addiction treatment and the employers in the tourism industry in Fars province, from which 22 individuals were selected using the snowball sampling and applying the technique of data saturation. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data.

The results show that the challenges in recruiting individuals seeking addiction treatment included two organizational and extra-organizational, four individual, interpersonal, administrative and institutional main themes and seventeen sub-themes. In addition, opportunities in hiring these individuals included two organizational and extra-organizational dimensions, 2 major themes including opportunities related to human resource management and social competitive opportunities, and 8 subthemes.

Having a job and a profession is one of the most important factors that prevent travelers from returning to substances and addiction. If a society wants to combat this social problem, it should not only recognize the challenges and opportunities in this area, but also appropriately provide employment and jobs for those recovering from addiction.

The present study sought to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion-based mindfulness training on psychological distress and craving in stimulant-dependent individuals.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all stimulant-dependent individuals referring to addiction treatment centers in the city of Kashan in 2023. Of them, 32 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental (n =16) and control (n =16) groups. Participants in both groups completed the depression-anxiety-stress scales and the craving questionnaire in the pre- and post-test. The self-compassion-based mindfulness training was carried out on the experimental group in eight 90-minute sessions with a frequency of one session per week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, and mindfulness training based on self-compassion-based mindfulness training reduced psychological distress and craving in the subjects.

According to the results obtained, experts in the field of addiction can emphasize the improvement of psychological distress and craving through self-compassion-based mindfulness training.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the family factors that influence young people's attitudes toward substance use.

The present research method was qualitative and based on a phenomenological approach. The statistical population comprised young substance users in the city of Niriz. 15 of them were selected based on purposive sampling and using data saturation technique. Data collection was done through an in-depth semi-structured interview and data analysis was done using the thematic analysis method.

From the overall data, 9 primary concepts, 4 major categories including inappropriate parent-child interactions, inadequate supervision, parents' marital conflicts, and perceptions leading to substances, and finally a core category of dysfunctional family patterns were extracted.

The results of this study suggest that the parent-child relationship and parental supervision are among the most important factors determining young people's positive attitudes toward substances. Therefore, the family can be considered the most important factor in preventing and developing children's tendency to use substances.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and sense of coherence with readiness to use substances in students.

The study was a descriptive-correlational of structural equation model type. The statistical population of the research included students from Lorestan University, of whom 384 were selected using the convenience sampling. The tools used in this research included the anxiety sensitivity questionnaire, the sense of coherence questionnaire, the difficulty in emotion regulation scale, and the addiction potential scale. To analyze the research model, the structural equation model was used.

The findings showed that anxiety sensitivity and sense of coherence had a direct and significant effect on readiness to use substances. Additionally, difficulty in regulating emotions played a significant mediating role in the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and sense of coherence with readiness to use substances. In general, the results showed that the research model had good fit.

The obtained results show that individuals who are more inclined to use substances exhibit higher levels of anxiety sensitivity and have difficulty regulating emotions, while also demonstrating a lower sense of coherence. Therefore, paying attention to these variables is particularly important in reducing students' susceptibility to substance use.

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and distress tolerance in women with spouses dependent on substances.

The research method employed was semi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all women with substance-dependent spouses dependent on substances who were referred to addiction treatment centers in Ahvaz city in 2024. Among these, 32 people were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=16) and control (n=16). The participants in both groups completed the cognitive emotion regulation and distress tolerance questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was conducted with the experimental group in eight 45-minute sessions, with a frequency of one session per week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed a significant difference between the two groups. Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy increased distress tolerance and improved cognitive emotion regulation skills in women with substance-dependent spouses.

According to the obtained results, experts in the field of addiction can utilize cognitive behavioral therapy to enhance capabilities related to distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation skills.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on coping styles, distress tolerance, and metacognitive beliefs in substance-dependent individuals.

The research method employed was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all drug-dependent men who sought treatment at addiction treatment clinics in Tehran in 2024. Among these, 40 people were selected using convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=20) and control (n=20). The participants in both groups completed the multidimensional coping inventory, the distress tolerance scale, and the metacognitive beliefs questionnaire in the pre-test and post-test. Acceptance and commitment therapy was performed on the experimental group in 8 sessions lasting 90 minutes each, held twice a week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The study findings indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Acceptance and commitment therapy led to a decrease in emotion-oriented and avoidant coping styles, as well as dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Conversely, it increased problem-oriented coping styles and distress tolerance in substance-dependent individuals.

The findings of this research indicate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in improving the mental health of substance-dependent individuals. Given that these individuals are psychologically vulnerable, it is essential to implement measures to enhance their psychological health.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group schema therapy on self-criticism and distress tolerance in women with substance-dependent spouses. 

 The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with substance-dependent spouses who were trained in twelve steps in the Naranan Association of Isfahan. Of these, 30 individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into an experimental group (n =15) and a control group (n =15). The participants in both groups completed criticism and distress tolerance questionnaires in the pre-and post-test. Schema therapy was performed on the experimental group in 12 sessions of 90 minutes with the frequency of one session per week. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. 

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, and schema therapy reduced self-criticism and improved distress tolerance in women with substance-dependent spouses. 

According to the obtained results, schema therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce self-criticism and improve distress tolerance of women with drug-dependent spouses and can be used in relevant educational and treatment centers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of life satisfaction in the relationship between perceived social support and the propensity for substance use in adolescent girls.

The present study was a descriptive-correlative structural equation study. The statistical population of the study included the students of Mashhad city. Of these, 261 individuals were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method and responded to the perceived social support scale, the substance use tendency questionnaire, and the life satisfaction questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the research model.

The results showed that  life satisfaction was a mediator in the relationship between perceived social support and substance use tendency in teenage girls. Overall, the results showed that the model had good fit.

It is recommended that programs and training be developed in family and educational systems to increase perceived social support in teenagers, which will lead to an increase in life satisfaction.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on the distress tolerance and resilience of women with substance-dependent incarcerated spouses.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all women with substance-dependent incarcerated spouses who were served by the Tehran Prisoners Support Association in 2024. Among them, 30 individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into an experimental group (n =15) and a control group (n =15). Participants in both groups completed the distress tolerance scale and the resilience scale in the pre- and post-test. Cognitive behavioral therapy was conducted in the experimental group in 8 sessions of 90 minutes each with a frequency of two sessions per week. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, and that cognitive behavioral therapy significantly increased distress tolerance and resilience in women with substance-dependent incarcerated spouses.

Based on the results, cognitive behavioral therapy can be used by counselors and family therapists to improve the distress tolerance and resilience of women with substance-dependent incarcerated spouses.

The aim of the present study was to investigate ethnic subcultures (Arab and Bakhtiari) and the norms and popular beliefs that facilitate drug use in Khuzestan province.

The present research employed ethnography as the research method. The research statistical population consisted of experts and Bakhtiari and Arab families residing in the province. Thirty individuals from Bakhtiari and Arab families living in the province, along with ten experts, were selected using snowball sampling and the data saturation technique for the study. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method.

In this study, the driving forces behind substance use (local customs and traditions) and the enabling factors that support substance use (the normalization of substance use) were identified.

Family and school contexts significantly contribute to the onset and persistence of high-risk substance use behavior. It seems that therapists, researchers, and counselors can use the findings of the current research to reduce and prevent high-risk substance use behaviors.

The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between adolescent stress and the tendency to use substances among students.

This research was descriptive and correlational. The research population included the students of Khorram Abad city in the academic year 2023-2024, of whom 318 individuals were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools included the adolescent stress scale, the Iranian adolescent risk-taking scale, and the coping self-efficacy scale. Pearson's correlation and hierarchical regression were used to analyze the data.

The results indicated a significant relationship between adolescent stress and the tendency to use substances among students. In addition, coping self-efficacy moderated the relationship between adolescent stress and students' tendency to use substances.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that the rise in adolescent stress plays a significant role in the inclination of most students to use substances. Therefore, high coping self-efficacy mitigates this impact, while low coping self-efficacy exacerbates it.

The aim of this study was to compare the attachment styles, satisfaction of basic psychological needs and social health of substance-dependent and normal people.

The present study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all substance-dependent patients admitted to residential treatment centers and normal people in Morvdasht city in 2024, of which 106 people were selected in two groups of substance-dependent (n = 53) and normal people (n = 53), using convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires of attachment style, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and social health. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that normal people had higher secure attachment than substance-dependent people. People with substance dependence showed more insecure avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles, lower levels of satisfaction of basic psychological needs in the three dimensions of autonomy, competence and connection; and lower social health in the four dimensions of flourishing, solidarity, acceptance and participation compared to normal people.

Attachment styles and the lack of satisfaction of basic psychological needs are factors underlying addiction, and a lower level of social health in substance-dependent people compared to normal people is one of the symptoms and consequences of addiction.