پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 53 (زمستان 1402)

The role of Toon in Qohestan, as a part of transportation route between southeast and central Iran with Greater Khorasan, and its industrial and commercial role in Greater Khorasan’s sense with all of its challenges, in Historical and Archaeological studies, is very important. This paper tries to understand the cultural Landscape of Toon on the base of Historical documents and Stratigraphic Archaeological Evidences. Therefore, this paper follows answering two main Questions: in the historical aspect, how the landscape of Toon is understandable in historical and Geographical documents, considering the historical context of these documents. On the other side, in the Archaeological aspect, the main question is how stratigraphic evidence can help us to understand the landscape of Toon in the Islamic era. Historical documents and Archaeological Evidence have been reviewed and interpreted based on their contexts. Results of historical and Archeological interpretations, all to gather about Cultural landscape of Toon can help us to achieve to the goal of this paper. This research’s nature fundamental and its approach is descriptive-interpretive to the historical documents and archaeological evidence. Cultural landscape of Toon along Islamic era in historical documents described as a city with Arg, which has used Qanats as the main water source and has its own importance in production of crops and Carpet. Study of Archaeological Stratigraphic Evidence shows wide interactions of Toon in different periods of Islamic era and its industrial importance in production of some artifacts such as Pottery and Metal works.

Architectural complexes built during the Timurid period can be divided into three categories in terms of the type of building: complexes located around a central area, complexes located on both sides of a street, and complexes located on both sides of a central building. The first category of this type of complex, which is formed based on the placement of independent buildings in two or four parts of a central area, has appeared both in the role of urban squares and in the type of endowment architectural complexes. This form of complex construction in which the structure of four-aisled courtyards and the use of urban squares can be seen simultaneously can be considered as one of the factors affecting the changes in the construction and design of the square in the later periods of urban planning and architecture in Iran. This research intends to analyze the structure and also study the location of buildings in this type of Timurid architectural complex, relying on existing historical sources and archaeological documents. The information of this article has been collected by library methods, visual observation, and comparison of the obtained findings and the research has been done by the analytical-historical method. The results of this study show that the difference between the index of urban squares and architectural complexes that have been built based on the structure of a square in the Timurid period has been in how they relate to the main roads in the city.

Mashhad Street (which includes Bālā-Khiyābān & Pā’īn-Khiyābān) is one of the oldest urban streets in Iran, and was created during the Safavid era. This street gradually changed in the years after the Safavid era; but, due to the efforts to modernize the cities and align them with the needs of the new age in the first Pahlavi period, the process of transformation of this street accelerated and many of its historical qualities were lost. This research in an attempt to represent the physical changes of “The Khiyābān” of Mashhad during the first Pahlavi period. As a historical study, this research is done by combining descriptive and interpretive methods under the strategies of historical researches, through document research and library study. This research indicates that the physical changes of Mashhad Street during the first Pahlavi period can be divided into temporal phase and spatial territories. In the first phase, physical changes happened with great pace and in a wide area, but more or less in the same way as the past; But in the second phase, after stabilization of the general appearance of the street walls, the street was renovated with modern materials and methods. In the first phase, the renovation of the eastern third of Bālā-Khiyābān went along with the Pā’īn-Khiyābān; But in the second phase, the eastern and middle third of Bālā-Khiyābān excelled in physical developments, and the western third of Bālā-Khiyābān, stood at the end of the queue of physical developments.

From the phenomenological point of view, the life-world of every human is a place he lives in. Place and human not only are against each other, but also they are sincerely acquainted and reflect each other. So place considers as a "everyday life phenomenon" that human lived experiences are formed in it. As the lived experiences are formed directly without voluntary thinking, they are the reliable source for achieving the desired features of the place. The purpose of this study was to explain the characteristics of the place based on the lived experiences of its users. This research seeks to answer the question that based on lived experiences, what are the characteristics of a space to become a place in the heart of the city?In this research, Shohada square of Mashhad has been chosen as a case study. To answer the question of the research, we have used Moustakas phenomenological research method. This Study composed of two parts: theoretical and field researches. The theoretical part includes the available information about phenomenology of place. The field part is taken from open and semi-structured interviews with sixty participants. After providing textural and structural descriptions and combining them together, six basic characteristics of the place was achieved: Introversion, Centrality, Enclosure, Density and Objectivity.

The main perspective of this research is to investigate the existing potential of Mashhad to become tourist-friendly and the capabilities of Mashhad to become a tourist-friendly city as a new topic. For this purpose, efforts are being made to systematically compile the indicators of the tourist-friendly city according to the existing cultural and pilgrimage potentials of Mashhad. Behavioral patterns of tourists are analyzed in the form of statistical and spatial databases. The results showed that in all 19 field sampling points, on average, about 65% of tourists' responses to the directional questions raised (with the topic of the tourist-friendly city) were negative. Among the studied parameters, the parameters related to the spatial components have not been satisfied and approved by the tourists. The parameters studied in the research were analyzed and weighted by the hierarchical analysis process of AHP and used to overlap the layers of spatial maps and the final zoning in GIS. The results of our study showed that the highest satisfaction of tourists was recorded in the central area of Mashhad and around the shrine, which shows the characteristics of religious tourism in Mashhad. Considering the facilities and limitations of Mashhad city from the perspective of the research topic, the appropriate strategies for production and formulation, and the obtained results showed that the policy of strengthening and expanding service and welfare uses is important and preferable and a higher priority for the realization of the research topic in Mashhad city.

The results of implementing regeneration policies in the field of organizing deteriorated fabrics have necessitated the need to assess its sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of regeneration of urban deteriorated fabrics and assess it in Abkooh neighborhood. First, through library studies and application of content analysis method, the initial theoretical model of the research was developed, then Delphi technique was used to validate it. Thus, 32 indicators for assessing the sustainability of urban regeneration in five components, including economic, physical, activity-service, socio-cultural and environmental were obtained. In the next step, sustainability assessment indicators were analyzed and evaluated by survey method in the study area. The present study population consisted of all residents of Abkooh neighborhood, which 355 people were selected by simple random sampling as the research sample. The results show that in the process of regenerating the deteriorated fabric of Abkooh neighborhood, all components of sustainability are in their unstable conditions, which the socio-cultural, economic, physical, activity-service and environmental components have the highest to lowest instability, respectively. Also, the indicators of achieving stability in the process of regenerating the deteriorated fabric of Abkooh were evaluated and prioritized, including the indicators of "maintaining the balance of the housing market" in the economic component, "permeability" in the physical component, "land use compatibility" in the activity-service component, "participation" in the socio-cultural component and "access to green space" in the environmental component have the highest priority.