نشریه مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 95، پاییز 1402)

The sense of fear and the need to contain the growing power of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance in the West Asian region has encouraged the Zionist regime to implement the momentum strategy. Momentum strategy is a military and security doctrine and has been pursued since 2019-2020. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to examine the strategy of Israel's Momentum plan and its necessity is due to the fact that some believe that this plan will be a change in Israel's military strategies. The research question is, what is the basis of the necessity and operationalization of Momentum's military and security strategy? The findings show that considering that Israel does not have strategic depth and by consolidating the foundations of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria, Israel is trying to preemptively eliminate its security threats through military action. In this way, it has tried to use soft power to put pressure on the resistance forces. However, the Momentum plan has not been completely successful so far and not only has it failed to achieve its goals of preventing the establishment of Iran and weakening Hezbollah, but it has also significantly increased the tension in the region. The article was compiled using descriptive-analytical method and library documents.

The surprise of the Zionist regime in the Al-Aqsa storm operation, led to the fact that the Zionist regime, in order to regain its lost dignity, defined ground operations for itself to achieve 2 goals: the release of the hostages in the hand resistance and the destruction of the Hamas movement. But this ground operation, which started in the third week of the war, faced obstacles and challenges. The internal challenges of the Zionist regime, the challenges of the Gaza Strip, regional challenges and international challenges put 4 categories of obstacles in front of the ground operations of the Zionist regime. The regime's internal challenges include two categories of obstacles for ground operations: logistical obstacles, opposition from political circles. The challenges of the Gaza Strip include the war of tunnels, the wonders of the resistance, and the hostages in the hand of resistance. The regional challenges are the "strategy of the unity of the resistance fronts" and the "negative position of the countries in the region". The regime's international challenges in ground operations also consist of four categories of obstacles, which are: criticisms of international institutions to the Zionist regime's performance, criticism of various countries to the Zionist regime's ground operations, strong popular opposition and public opinion against the Zionist regime and loosing support of key sponsors. This set of factors has slowed down the ground movement of the Zionist regime in ground operations, and can prevent it from continuing and stopping it in the future. At the same time, these factors and obstacles can create many problems for the Zionist regime in the post-war era and increase the isolation of this regime in the international and regional arenas.

The Al-Aqsa operation, which was carried out by Hamas on October 7, 2023, has changed the nature and process of many developments in the West Asian region. The purpose of this article is to analyze the aforementioned operations and the subsequent developments on the compromise process and especially the Ibrahim agreement, which was being implemented with the prospect of strengthening relations between the Zionist regime and the Arab countries. In this regard, the main question of the article is: "What effect does the operation of Al-Aqsa storm and the subsequent killing of the Palestinian people have on the process of reconciliation negotiations between the Zionist regime and the Arab countries?" The hypothesis of the article is formulated as follows: "The Al-Aqsa storm operation will stop the process of normalizing the relations of some Arab countries with the Zionist regime, and contrary to the predictions of the designers of the Ibrahim agreement, it will not change the cold peace into a warm peace." The findings of the article indicate that the further disclosure of the aims and nature of the Zionist regime during Hamas operations and the accumulation of hatred towards this regime, the process of cold peace will be stopped until the mid-term future and warm peace considering the position of Palestine among the public opinion of the countries that Their officials are trying to implement the expansion of Ibrahim's agreement, will not be realized.

The forced migration of the Palestinian people has been part of a systematic policy to suppress and control the Palestinian people since the establishment of the Zionist regime in 1948. This hostile policy has been followed since the formation of this regime and reached its peak in 2007 with the siege of Gaza and the worsening of living conditions and the facing of the people of this region with all kinds of security, military, health and humanitarian threats. The purpose of these actions was to de-Palestinize the occupied territories, prevent the formation of resistance groups and the forced migration of the Palestinian people from their ancestral land by the Zionists, which is still being pursued by them. Forced displacement is a clear example of a crime against humanity in international law texts and human rights statements, and many resolutions have been created and condemned in various regional and international institutions and organizations regarding this phenomenon. In the most recent case of cruel forced migration of the Palestinian people by the Zionists, we can mention the Al-Aqsa storm. Operation "Al-Aqsa Storm" took place to condemn the years of oppression, suffering and displacement of the Palestinian people, a response to the disregard of the Palestinians' indisputable rights to their ancestral land, the lack of the right to self-determination and many legitimate and indisputable freedoms of the Palestinian people, which were violated by the Zionist regime with Cruelty, excessive and unjustifiable violence and the continuation of genocide and displacement of the Palestinian nation were answered. The current research aims to analyze the documents, agreements, articles and provisions in the texts and conventions related to international law and human rights, to deal with the issue of forced migration from the perspective of international and humanitarian law, and the degree of conformity of the findings to examine the rights of the current situation of the Palestinian nation.

The reintroduction of the Taliban and the collapse of the system resulting from the Bonn Summit (liberal democracy) marked a turning point in the history of political developments in Afghanistan. The scandalous failure and withdrawal of the foreign occupying forces under the leadership of the United States showed once again that one cannot rely on foreign domineering powers. In the meantime, the Taliban forces, which were always referred to as chaotic and destructive actors, were able to overcome other internal actors in Afghanistan in the field (both in war and negotiation) and dominate this country. Undoubtedly, the Doha agreement and the direct negotiations of the US with the Taliban leaders cannot be ignored. But in any case, because of the start of its extensive competition with the axis of China, Russia and Iran, as well as the safe exit from Afghanistan; He was forced to negotiate with the Taliban. No matter what the return of the Taliban and the Doha agreements were, it should be acknowledged that the Taliban has now ruled Afghanistan and is ruling according to its intellectual and political structure. Regardless of cognitive differences from the Taliban, it is very important to examine the structure of the government according to the Taliban. Based on what kind of intellectual and governmental structure are the Taliban leaders seeking to form an Islamic government? Contrary to the differences of views and perceptions, the Taliban's intended government is the revival of the "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan". In the structure of this government, Talibanist thinking (a mixture of Pashtun Wali religion, Hanafi-Kalami jurisprudence, Deobandism, Sufism and Brotherhoodism ideology) prevails, which practically limits the possibility of participation to other ethnic groups and political spectrums. This is despite the fact that the Taliban exploits modern structures for their governance, but the power lies with the leadership of the Taliban, Mollahbatullah Akhundzadeh, and the leadership council, including the Kandahar Council and numerous commissions in various military, political, economic, and cultural fields have the maximum role and influence.

The ideological rivalries and conflicts between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in the West Asian region are so widespread that they have turned these two actors into an objective threat to each other. Each of these two countries, due to their different interests in the region, consider the other as a destructive factor to achieve and secure their national interests in the region, and this issue, in turn, causes the emergence of a mutual perceived threat between the United States and Iran in West Asia. This sense of threat has given a different flavor to the regional competition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in this geopolitical region and has forced them to try to create deterrence against each other's objective threats in order to achieve a balance of power. In this process, each of these two countries tries to create a balance against the other by using the advantages and opportunities they have, and it seems that both of them are largely successful in this matter. However, the level of perceived threat between them is so wide and the mutual hostile intentions between the US and Iran are so obvious that in practice it has encouraged both of them to continuously participate in this threat balance to create deterrence. In this way, it seems that according to the effective factors in the emergence of this balance of threats in the current situation, it is not possible to draw a clear vision of the end of the efforts of the US and Iran to create a balance of power against each other.

Since about 200 years ago, the Islamic world has shown many reactions after encountering the western civilization and observing their growth and progress, as well as being aware of its backwardness. Each of these reactions, while being based on the basics, are trying to overcome backwardness and reach development and prosperity. From the point of view of the historical sequence, at the beginning, the modernist thought flow was formed, which, while giving authenticity to the "Islamic tradition", tried to reconstruct it in the land of "Western modernity"; Rafa Tahtawi, Khairuddin Tounsi were examples of this movement. The contradiction between the duality of Islamic tradition and Western modernity caused reactions. Modernism was the manifestation of this reaction, which actually turned towards western modernity to get rid of backwardness. The modernist gave originality to the western civilization and rejected the Islamic tradition. Malkam Khan and Ali Abdul Razaq were the manifestation of this current. This stream also faced a crisis of acceptance among Muslim communities. In response to this crisis, the flow of traditionalism is formed, which, on the contrary, gives authenticity to tradition and rejects modernity. Seyyed Qutb among the Sunnis and Imam Khomeini (RA) among the Shiites were among the founders of this thought, who took the flag of resistance against the West and all its manifestations. In this research, while analyzing these three currents with a paradigmatic approach, we explain the confrontation of the thought of resistance against the domination of the West.