نشریه محیط زیست و توسعه
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Economic growth, as a crucial macroeconomic variable, has consistently been the focal point of policies. It brings about various consequential changes in the economy, such as unemployment and income. Factors, both natural and unnatural that impose constraints on economic growth are of paramount significance. This paper specifically examines the impact of environmental constraints, encompassing fossil resources and land, on long-term economic growth. The study refines the solo growth model, incorporating environmental constraints, and employs dynamic optimization, calibration, and analysis methods to quantify the influence of fossil resources and land on Iran's economic growth over an extended period. According to the findings, under current inventories, the projected long-term economic growth rate for Iran stands at 6% in the first scenario, with limitations stemming from the availability of fossil and land resources imposing potential restrictions. The constraints associated with fossil and land resources are noteworthy. Should production yields from fossil resources drop to 0.45, economic growth becomes negative, and a sustained decline exacerbates long-term production. Similarly, if the production stretch reaches 0.4, long-term economic growth turns negative. Hence, effective management of land use and fossil resources emerges as a critical imperative, emphasizing the need to diminish production dependence on these inputs to foster increased economic growth.

Biodiversity and the natural environment worldwide have endured numerous adverse impacts stemming from human misuse and economic policies. Some researchers contend that a potential solution to this predicament lies in the examination and comprehension of human knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning the environment. This study delves into the influence of social factors and engagement in environmental activities on the expansion of environmental knowledge among students in Gorgan. The statistical population of this research encompassed 281 students from the twelfth-grade in Gorgan, selected through the cluster sampling method and surveyed using a questionnaire. The findings reveal that the environmental knowledge of the majority of students falls within the medium range. Variables such as gender, participation in the animal feeding program, type of school, information resources utilized, field of study, the number of participants in the animal feeding program, and the number of participants in the planting program significantly impact students' environmental knowledge levels. Other variables, however, do not exhibit a significant effect.

HSE management system is a tool for monitoring and controlling health, safety, and workplace environment. This study was conducted in 2021 to assess the health, safety, and environmental risks of the Training Units of Roozbeh Charity (Cooking, vegetables, confectionery and sewing) in Zanjan. Checklists for Health, Safety, and Environmental hazards were used for data collection. The components were identified based on risk factors, and relevant items for each component were included. In each instance, an expert team scored the options for assessing the probability and severity of the risk effect. Subsequently, the priority numbers for the risks were calculated in the next step, and their levels were determined. In the examination of health components, the incidence of ergonomic diseases posed the highest risk. For safety risks, mechanical components and suffocation exhibited very high levels of risk. The highest average risk priority number was 109.83, associated with mechanical components of safety risks, while the lowest average priority number, 11.83, was linked to water loss components in environmental risks. The incompatibility of building architecture with the type of activities and the age of the buildings for training workshops caused high risks in terms of safety. In the field of health and environmental risks, control and corrective measures can play role in improving the performance of the training units of Roozbeh Charity and the main goals of this charity.

Agricultural sector is inherently sensitive to climate change conditions and this has made it one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risks and effects of environmental change. The purpose of this study is perceptions and vulnerability of environmental changes in the agricultural sector of rural areas Najafabad County. The present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are prepared by survey method. The statistical population study is farmers Najafabad County. The sample size using the table of Bartlett et al. 209 farmers was determined. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the validity of the measuring instrument that in this way, the questionnaire was approved with a 0.735 credit coefficient. One-sample t-test, exploratory factor analysis and variance-based structural equation modeling approach and PLS software were used to data analysis. The results show that low education of farmers in addition to increasing their vulnerability to environmental changes such as drought and water scarcity also affects their characteristics and production and agricultural behaviors. Conclusions of One-sample t-test indicate that the impacts of environmental changes on indices of cultivated lands, crop yield, growth period, crop quality, quantity and amount of water, farmers income reduction, unemployment and finally rural migration is above average.  Also, the research in factor analysis model demonstrates that there are 5 underlying factors among which economic and livelihood have the highest percentage of explanation of variance of research variables. In general, it can be acknowledged that the agricultural sectors of the Najafabad have been seriously damaged and the economic foundation of rural households has been severely weakened due to this issue.

Today, the indiscriminate collection of plants from nature is recognized as a significant issue in Iran. This research investigates the process of plant collection from nature, assesses its adverse effects on the vegetation ecosystem, and analyzes the supply and demand patterns in Urmia County, along with its economic valuation. The economic value of plants is estimated based on public perspectives, purchase and sale prices. The findings reveal widespread wild plant collection in Urmia, facilitated by inadequate supervision from responsible organizations, leading to destructive harvesting practices such as uprooting, rhizome, bulb, and entire plants collection. Consequently, approximately 75 percent of the harvested species face the risk of depletion. From an economic standpoint, the annual value of all plants collected from Urmia's natural environment is estimated at 28,967,560 Thousand Rials. Notably, the locally known edible plant 'Kangar' holds the highest value and volume. Analyzing the relationship between plant value, the amount of plant harvest, and the type of harvesting, destructive harvesting accounts for 78 percent of the total plant value and 75 percent of the overall volume of harvested plants. While the annual economic value may not seem substantial (28,967,560 Thousand Rials), it serves as a crucial indicator and warning for natural resource managers and national planners. This information underscores the need for strategic planning to address the interaction of local people with the surrounding natural areas.

School teachers play a crucial role in shaping and enhancing students' attitudes and knowledge, ultimately fostering appropriate environmental behaviors. To fulfill this role effectively, teachers themselves must possess certain characteristics. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and analysis of environmental behaviors among teachers. The statistical population comprised all teachers from the first secondary schools in districts 1 and 2 of Zanjan, a city in west of Iran (N = 849). A sample of 265 teachers was selected using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and a multi-stage random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher, validated by a panel of experts. A preliminary study, along with the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient exceeding 0.7 for composite indices, confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The findings indicated that the majority of teachers exhibit a high level of knowledge, positive attitudes, and responsible environmental behaviors, as well as strong moral and mental norms and perceived behavioral control. However, the average scores for environmental education and the utilization of environmental information resources were found to be moderate. Correlation coefficients revealed that variables such as age, number of household members, educational degree, teaching experience, use of information resources, environmental knowledge and attitudes, moral and mental norms, environmental responsibility, perceived behavioral control, and environmental education are positively and significantly related to environmental behaviors. Regression analysis further demonstrated that the combined influence of information resource use, moral norms, and environmental responsibility accounts for 81% of the variance in environmental behavior.

The purpose of this research was to design a green marketing model of Iran's oil industry with the perspective of preserving the environment based on the Grounded theory approach. This two stage research benefits from a qualitative-exploratory approach and a descriptive-quantitative-survey, respectively. The statistical population of the research in the first stage were managers of the companies under the Ministry of Oil and the marketing professors of the universities. To select the sample in the qualitative stage, purposeful and snowball sampling was used, which was achieved based on the saturation rule by conducting 18 interviews. The data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin coding method and MaxQda software, and finally 6 main categories, 10 subcategories and 63 indicators were obtained. In the quantitative phase, the questionnaire was distributed among 384 available employees of the Ministry of Petroleum. Finally, the resulting model was validated through partial least squares method and Smart PLS software. The results indicate that the presented green marketing model, through the implementation of environmental policies, can lead to customer satisfaction, productivity and competitiveness of Iran's oil industry.

Concerns about environmental degradation have increased over the past few decades. In response to these concerns, consumers help preserve the environment by developing green shopping behavior and using green products. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of environmental supporters' post-purchase behaviors on green consumer behavior. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. The statistical population of this research was all the consumers of green products in Mashhad from which 340 samples were considered, using available sampling method. The data collection tool was the questionnaire of Nitala and Motoru (2021) and Kamalanon et al. (2022). Convergent, divergent, and factor analysis were used to measure face validity from experts' point of view and to check construct validity. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to measure reliability. The total Cronbach's alpha was estimated at 0.916, which is acceptable. Data analysis was carried out by structural equation modeling through SmartPLS3 software. The results showed that usage behaviors, evaluation behaviors, and disposal behaviors impact on the consumer's green behavior. Among the dimensions of usage behavior, environmental awareness and ease of use affected the green behavior, but the perceived risk did not have a significant effect. The dimensions of evaluation behaviors, including environmental evaluations and satisfaction, had a significant impact on consumer green behavior. Among disposal behaviors, environmental compatibility and product disposal challenges affected the green behavior, but environmental conscience did not show a significant effect.

Natural hazards have become one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers in recent years due to their severity and short impact time on human communities. Therefore, in this research, resilience assessment was chosen as a suitable approach to show hazard risks can be reduced. As such, the purpose of this research was to investigate the level of urban resilience against natural hazards in Sanandaj, a city in west of Iran. This research is descriptive and analytical, and the method used falls in the field and survey category. Quantitative data (with distance-relative scale) obtained in this way were analyzed in the form of five indicators (physical, institutional, natural, social, economic) and through the fuzzy AHP evaluation model. In order to draw the spatial difference of resilience indices, WASPAS technique was used. The results show that the institutional index has the first rank with a weight of 0.249. The next ranks are assigned to natural, physical, economic and social indicators respectively. Region 5 of the city is ranked first, Region 1 is ranked second, Region 4 is ranked third, Region 2 is ranked fourth, and Region 3 is ranked fifth.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of sustainability performance in the social, environmental, governance and financial domains on investment efficiency with an emphasis on the role of financial reporting quality. The statistical population of this research was all the companies accepted in the industry and mining sector of Tehran Stock Exchange whose data was available. For this, data for 150 companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2021 were collected and analyzed. In terms of classification based on the purpose, the current research was of the type applied carried out using a deductive-inductive arguments framework. The results of the study showed that the financial and non-financial dimensions of the company's sustainability (social performance score (SOC), governance (GOV), ethics (ETH), environment (ENV) and economic (ECO) have significant impact on investment efficiency. We also found a significant relationship between the impact of quality of the financial reporting and financial, non-financial dimensions of the company’s stability and investment efficiency.