نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 43 (پاییز 1402)

The turban, which was once a common male covering throughout the country, is one of the distinguishing features of Shiite religious scholars in Iran. The Pahlavi period is widely regarded as the time when turbans distinguished between clergy and commoners, but the origins of this distinction should be traced back further in time. This study explored the monopoly of turban as exclusive Shiite clerical dress. Thus, the main research question was: "In studying the historical trend of men's clothing, when and how was the turban recognized as a special Shiite clerical head covering in Iran, and when did it become a distinguishing feature of their clothing?” It was hypothesized that this distinction dates back to the Qajar era, when, despite the prevalence of other types of head coverings, the turban was seen as a distinguishing feature of Shiite clerical dress. The findings of this study, as a historical analysis, revealed that during the Qajar era, Shiite clerics, unlike the general public, stood against the powerful process of modernization by deviating from the court's propaganda and maintaining their traditional dress, including the turban, and by doing so, gave it a symbolic aspect.

The life of Imam Reza can be studied and investigated in various fields, including economic life. On the one hand, like other people in his normal life, Imam had expenses, and sources of financial income, and on the other hand, he had the position of Imamate and leadership of the Shia community. Therefore, he needed a lot of sources of financial income. A methodical, scientific, accurate and historical research has not been done in this regard. The present research seeks to answer this question, what were the sources of financial income and expenses of Imam Reza in his personal life and due to his position of Imamate? This research, which was completed by a descriptive-analytical method, investigated the financial income and expenses of the Imam in two aspects of his personal life and in the position of Imamate, and reached the following results The sources of financial income of the Imam (AS) in his personal life were through endowments, agriculture, inheritance and gifts, and things such as personal expenses, family, relatives, slaves and guests were provided from these sources. As in the position of Imamate, resources such as Khums, Zakat, and unspecified received funds were used, and expenses such as alms to the poor and needy, gifts to Shiites, poets, and representatives' salaries were paid from these sources.

Among Amir Kabir's modernization programs, military reform was prominent. These reforms, expressed in his experience of modern European armies, are among the most important reform concerns. So the main order of the present article is to say what was the question of Amir Kabir Nezami? And what effect has it had on the idea of ​​forming a modern national army in Iran? It seems that Amir Kabir's military discourse emerged in the realization of Iran's independence from foreigners and the maintenance of internal order and security. The findings of this study show that Amir Kabir considers the existence of a modern and strong army as the main context for the modernization and development of Iran. For this reason, efforts are being made with programs and wars, including the establishment of internal order and security, countering the influence of foreigners in the affairs of Iran, reforming the armed military structure, equipping the army with training, new facilities and weapons, establishing a navy, and so on. Kurds to form a powerful modern army for Iran. However, with the assassination of Amir, the continuation of these reforms by him failed. But his discourse was followed in the next period, such as the constitution and the first side, until the formation of a new army in Iran.

One of the most important events during the reign of Amir al-Mu'minin was the arbitration (Hakamiyat) event that took place at the end of the Seffin war. It is appropriate to analyze and investigate this event according to various historical components; Examining the influential personalities among the Companions of Imam is one of the most important components; One of those personalities is "Abdullah ibn Abbas". Among the remarkable points about him is that he is the suggested choice of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) as the judge (arbiter) during the selection of judges. The main question of this research is why he chose this character. The answer to this question is despite some features of Abdullah ibn Abbas's view of the rulership of Amir al-Mu'minin and some of his disagreements with that Imam, as well as doubts such as the accusation of the Imam's favoritism or the way of gathering between Imam's trust and the news about his betrayal in Basra's Bait al-Mal are of special importance in the analysis of the incident of arbitration. This research has been done with the focus of Nahj al-Balagha and using historical sources in a descriptive-analytical way. The claim of this research is that no tribal bias was involved in this choice; Rather, logical and reasonable criteria played a role in this selection. In addition, the news related to Basra's Bait al-Mal has an acceptable justification based on the assumption of authenticity, which does not affect the correctness of the Imam's decision. The result of this research is that despite some differences of opinion between Ibn Abbas and Amir al-Mu'minin, according to the characteristics of Ibn Abbas such as his benefit from Quranic knowledge, social and tribal status, ability in debate, firmness and stability and Trustworthy, he was the worthiest person among the Companions of Imam.

Shiite scholars have emphasized the certainty of the event of Ghadeer Khum and the certainty of its indication of the immediate governorship and caliphate of Amir al-Mu'minin. However, Sunni scholars do not have the same position regarding Ghadeer's Hadith; Therefore, it is very important to examine the works of scientists, especially Sunni historians, in the extent and manner of narrating the hadith of Ghadeer and reporting the incident, and it is important in explaining this incident. Shams al-Din Dhahabi (748 A.H.) is the author of the voluminous and famous book "Tarikh al-Islam wa Wafayat al-Mashahir Wa al-Alam" among the famous Sunni scholars. This research, with the analytical descriptive method and using library sources, aims to discover the manner of Dhahabi's reporting of the Ghadeer incident and his approach and position in expressing Ghadeer's report. The findings of this research show that Dhahabi, in two types of direct and indirect reports, in addition to quoting the verse of Ekmal and verifying its authenticity, reflected the incident of Ghadeer Day, narrated the hadith of Ghadeer, and has adopted three approaches of distorting Ghadeer, weakening the narrators of Ghadeer Hadith, and verifying the event. Due to his religious orientation and tendency towards the Sham historiography school, he did not agree with the implication of Ghadeer's Hadith on Shiite beliefs and criticized it.

Ibn Ḥabīb, a historian of the first half of the third century of the Hiǰrī, sometimes by collecting the works of others in a single collection and sometimes by composing innovative monographs, created works in the Arab history of the ǰāhilī era and the first centuries of the Hiǰrī .Ibn Ḥabīb 's writings are worthy of attention due to the fact that they contain a lot of material and content on the cultural and social history of ᵓArabs, which are often not found in other sources, and examining his data is necessary to know the intellectual and cultural space of the first ᵓAbbāsīd era. Analyzing Ibn Ḥabīb 's works is very difficult due to the brevity of the data, especially the supply of just a few names of people in various subjects; Therefore, this research aims to find out, based on library studies and historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach, by comparing Ibn Ḥabīb 's data with the writings and monographs of his contemporaries and historians, why Ibn Ḥabīb, who himself is a follower, tried to create works with ᵓArab centrality in ǰāhilīya and islām? The findings indicate that Ibn Ḥabīb, in response to the disputed issues in the customary and jurisprudential rulings of her time, devoted herself to authoring such works;In addition to this, he was not oblivious to the criticisms of šᵓubī and the opinions of Christians in questioning the beliefs of Muslims, and in defense of the dignity of ᵓArabs and confronting the doubts of Christians about islām, he presented evidence of the history and culture of ᵓArabs in ǰāhilīya and early islām.