فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1402)

Today, with the rise of technology and the dramatic increase in mass communication, human definitions of psychological and cognitive issues have largely changed hands. Spatial identity is one of these concepts related to environmental sciences, particularly architecture and urban planning. The role of emotions and semantic relationships in shaping spatial identity is discussed and the effects of these include the creation of self-esteem and a sense of community. The identity of a place that has gradually developed over time will create an inextricable link between one's feelings and personal characteristics with the place in which one lives. The Second Pahlavi period was the beginning of the modern movement and the transformation of architectural styles into modern styles and presenting new patterns in it. This has led to the design and implementation of prominent and prominent architectural monuments, especially in residential architecture, which still has physical, semantic, and functional attractions after decades of implementation. In this regard and expressing the importance of spatial identity, this study seeks to read the citizens' mental perceptions of their spatial attachment based on the identity elements of the second Pahlavi era residential architecture. The main purpose of this research is to find out the mechanism and mechanisms that characterize the identity of the Pahlavi era residential architecture in the mind of today's citizens of Tehran. In other words, extracting the most critical mental paths of identity structures from these structures using structural equation modeling techniques is considered. To achieve this, the conceptual model of how to understand spatial attachment and spatial identity is explained and defined using a review of research literature and then by using a questionnaire survey method and equation modeling software. Structurally, this model has been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is the main purpose of the analysis, investigation of the mechanism, and mechanism of formation of attachment to residential buildings of the second Pahlavi period. Data collection was done through both documentary and quantitative survey, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of the present study were used by SPSS and Smartpls software using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the most critical path in shaping the factors related to spatial attachment in the buildings under consideration is in terms of perceptions of Tehranian citizens, the path of functional perceptions of Pahlavi architecture-spatial dependence-spatial identity-spatial attachment. Moreover, based on these findings, it seems that the first step in understanding the monuments in question is their functional properties, which in turn will influence the place-dependency factor in their mental imagery, and later stages of formation. Identity and place attachment lead. Therefore, it seems that efficiency and performance and meeting the expectations and needs of these buildings are the most important factors in creating the related variables of identity and attachment in citizens. The second path that has led to the formation and creation of spatial attachment in Tehranian citizens in the buildings under study is the semantic path of Pahlavi architecture-cultural capital-social understanding of Pahlavi architecture-spatial identity-spatial attachment.

Formal-Geometric pattern is considered as a component which gives sense to the formation of shapes in a generality like geometry making it possible to create a purposeful situation regarding the composition of shapes from the aspect of geometric relations. Hence, it should be born in mind that this paradigm shall be definable based on formability of shapes from the perspective of formalism, in such a manner that given the structure of productive systems on the basis of a range of formal principles, it would be feasible to achieve certain relations based on formalism doctrine such as Dorand who defined the initial constituents of mold (frame) so that the intersection of combined criteria of shapes brought about by the aspect Carrier and Herdeg counting the basic elements including point, line, surface and volume to analyze these principles, in such wise the presence of such visual tools in formation the formal structure.

Thus, the aim was to analyze the geometric relations of the complex by benefitting from the interpretive- historical nature of investigation as well as understand the relations among them through inference of the components brought about by investigation variables, Afterwards, the relations of existing variables shall be discovered in terms of the mentioned tables by taking advantage of analyzing the tables resulted from the formal-geometric pattern of the complex and eventually attain to the details of this geometric-formal pattern using a type of analogical reasoning as well as a coding method of motional structure of layers within complex, in such a manner that a scrutinized description to understand this method towards the recognition of formation process of the complex in different eras shall be obtained.

shall lead to produce a motional structure from the perspective of formal principles expressing a method through understanding and formulations certain principle towards its identification including the coding of formal-motional structure of layers in Naghshe- Jahan Complex, justifying the milestone of formation procedure of the complex by identifying the mentioned codes in diverse eras.

through which it might be possible to provide a proper response to an equivalence towards advancement of form and performance of Naghsh-e Jahan Complex by posing the following question: “How it might be possible to obtain the advancement of form and performance in Naghshe Jahan Complex through the investigation of geometric pattern and Motional-Formal structure brought about by it? so, it is possible to arrive at a new classification of the layered performance of the layers from the past to the present, which leads to the simultaneous advancement of the form and function in Isfahan Naghsh-e Jahan Complex.

One of the prominent features of cities in developing countries is that the rate of urbanization is increasing rapidly and the desire of people to live in cities is increasing, which is the expansion of urbanization, the increase in the population density of cities and the resulting tensions. It has caused urban spaces and citizens to face many problems. According to Hamadi, choosing a house in the cities has caused many changes in social relations and people's daily life. These simple transformations in the urban territory have caused a change in the lifestyle and behavioral pattern of the residents of the urban areas and especially the network of social and neighborhood relations. Neighborhood relations can be defined as a subset of social relations that are created between two or more families together, and these relations are a part of the quality of life that met many needs in pre-modern conditions. Even now, there is often such a feeling in cities and neighborhoods that have deep and extensive neighborly relations. Who we live with is socially and culturally important because it affects our quality of life. Human beings are inherently social creatures, driven by the innate desire to engage with a diverse range of individuals and actively participate within their communities. Neighborhoods and neighborhood units are a reflection of this approach. These neighborhood units, established with the objective of fostering a sense of community and enhancing social connections, assume a paramount significance in cultivating and refining this indispensable attribute. The neighborhood and the interaction of neighbors in the neighborhood have been one of the most fundamental concepts in architecture and urban planning for a long time. The lack of neighborhood interactions and the change in lifestyle and behavioral patterns of residents in cities have established the basic structure of this research. This research aims to examine the relationship between the physical structure or framework of the neighborhood and the amount of face-to-face interactions in the neighborhood. The existing research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative in terms of its applied purpose, nature, and data collection methods, and a correlational research method has been used. Data collection was done through library research and field methods (questionnaires). According to Morgan's table, questionnaires were distributed among 394 people in four neighborhoods of Ahvaz city (Shahrek Naft, Newsite, Zeitoun Karmanani, Kianpars), which were presented in closed form and Likert scale. The data collected for this study was analyzed using SPSS software. To measure the adequacy of the sample, KMO and Bartlett tests were employed. The findings were also examined using statistical methods such as Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient, variance test, and Pearson test. The results of the variance test indicate a significance level of 0.001, suggesting a significant difference between the questionnaire findings in villa neighborhoods (New Site, Shahrak Naft) and apartment neighborhoods (Zeitoun Karmandi and Kianpars). A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.586 indicates that there is a direct relationship between two variables. Specifically, the face-to-face relationships increase in villa neighborhoods, while they decrease in apartment areas.

The aim of the present research is to identify the most effective indigenous identity components in order to brand the creative city of Rasht. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was done through a survey. Five (5) indicators were extracted from the theoretical foundations. The statistical population in this research was the tourists of Rasht City. In calculating the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and its number was calculated as 384. Also, the information obtained from the questionnaire has been analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS3 software. The findings of the research indicate that the average of all indicators is higher than the average (number 3), and among them, natural attractions and food culture had the highest averages, making them more attractive to tourists. In this regard, according to the averages obtained for all research subjects, the level of interest in the natural attractions of this city and choosing this city as a tourist destination is of the utmost importance considering its tourist attractions and it has been assigned to itself among tourists. On the other hand, the results of modeling and the impact of the indicators mentioned in this research on the branding of Rasht City indicate the importance and high impact of the food culture of this area on the branding of Rasht City. Based on this, in order to promote the branding of the creative city, after the index of food culture, native customs have the greatest effect on branding, and then local architecture and urbanism are also placed in the next place of influence on the branding of Rasht City; in contrast to the natural attractions of this city, due to its very low route coefficient, it has a very small effect on the branding of this city, which is very significant from the point of view of tourists, despite the high capacity of natural attractions, due to not paying enough attention to the natural capacities of the city, this index does not have much effect on the branding of the city of Rasht. Since the city of Rasht has been mentioned as a creative city of food and food and this title is considered as a brand of the city, it was determined by the surveys conducted in the field of branding index that the citizens consider the city of Rasht worthy of this title. They know the brand, but the brand of the destination has not been a reason for them to visit. Also, in the investigation of the index of the local custom, according to the statistical results, although this component is known as the main symbol of the city after the natural attractions, the level of familiarity with the customs and The customs of the city is at a low level, which can be concluded that the management of the city of Rasht has performed poorly in introducing and presenting a favourable image of the native and cultural components of the city at the national level.

Post-modernism is the dominant aspect of the cultural belief of the time that re-frames all actions and constructs distinct ideas of experiences and conditions at the deepest levels and everything that can be known about the contemporary world; As long as the centralized power gives way to a discrete plurality, and bring to the fore a manifestation of contemporary identity in the current era. This research - which has been done using the qualitative method and the grounded theory approach - with the general purpose to analyze and interpret the identity of Iran contemporary architecture based on post-modernity and critical thought, looking for an answer to this question, How can identity, as a critical approach, have an effect on the recognition of post-modern architecture - especially in the Iran contemporary era? In this research, the systematic approach known as Strauss and Corbin's theory (2019) was used to analyse the data. According to the classification of Corbin and Strauss (2022), the systematic approach has three stages of open coding (concepts), axial coding (Casual Conditions, Actions & Interactions, Context, Intervening Conditions and Consequences) and selective coding. In the collection and extraction of the main categories and sub-categories, from the documentary and citation resources and the interview tools have been used. The special emphasis of the research is on the views and opinions of those professors and architects who work both academically and professionally. Hence, the research data has been compiled and analysed in semi-structured interviews. The responses at the highest saturation level reached relative saturation in the 17th interview. The interview process is continued until the 25th to ensure the data and obtain absolute saturation. The content of data was coded by Strauss and Corbin coding method in three stages (open, central and selective). In the coding process of 17 interviews, the frequency of the 5969 coded items, was reduced to 317 open codes from the frequency ratio of 1337 codes after refining and merging. The obtained codes, in the number of 53 axial categories and 8 selective categories, were related to the axial theme of Iran Contemporary Architecture Identity. The Observations Percentage Agreement of 90.37% indicates relatively complete reliability and coverage of criterion level of more than 0.6 of Kappa coefficient, describing validity as ideal. Therefore, the research quality index is acceptable, and the reliability and validity of the research are confirmed. The research results can be valuable and interpreted by examining the criteria of matching, generalization, understanding, and control. The findings show that the result of summarizing the causal variables of the research in the mediating conditions of the existing situation, provides an event that in a fundamental attitude, between the (narcissism to self-defeat) truth and (self-belief) Iranian essence, and in a historical discourse, between a re-reading of what exists and a re-presentation of what should exists, in a Preventive (and not Mandatory) form and in a reading of a critical realism and feedback interpretation of self-reflection evaluation from the feedback of others, they recreate the way of being.

Schoolyards are places where students spend about 20 to 25% of their time there. When the schoolyard is designed to meet students' needs, it can become a dynamic place for entertaining and educating students. To maintain active participation in the schoolyard, students need thermal comfort. This research aims to determine the optimal geometry of the courtyards of girls' primary schools in Isfahan City to ensure students' comfort. For this purpose, the pattern of public schools for girls in Isfahan was examined. Moreover, previous studies and criteria of the School Renovation Organization were reviewed, as well as the dominant geometry of girls' schools in Isfahan City and the geometric pattern of the tests. The thermal simulation of the geometric patterns was carried out using Envi-met software in two 8-hour periods on June 21 (summer solstice) and December 21 (winter solstice). By comparing the thermal performances of the models, it was determined that the optimal model for students was determined by the number of hours of thermal comfort provided by each model. A model that obtains the maximum amount of heat from the sun and the surrounding environment in winter while obtaining the least amount of heat in summer provides the optimal shape and form of the open space in a building to provide the most hours of thermal comfort. Thus, Considering the importance of providing thermal comfort in the school yard for the active participation of students and turning the schoolyard into an educational space, the optimal geometry of the yard in this research of girls' primary schools in Isfahan city to determine the maximum hours' Thermal comfort was obtained. When the building is placed centrally or in a summerhouse, open spaces have good thermal performance in summer since they have a small width on the south side, so they are exposed to sunlight and receive heat for fewer hours. In addition, since the prevailing wind direction in Isfahan City in summer is from the east, the eastern side of the yard is more exposed to the wind, resulting in greater cooling. The simulation results indicate that models with a ratio of 2.5 to 1, which are U-shaped buildings (those with north, east, and south fronts) and L-shaped buildings (those with north and west fronts or north and west fronts), have good thermal performance. In the cold season, they have an east-west elongation with a ratio of 2.5 to 1, which indicates the extent of the south side of the building, which receives the most heat in the cold season and can provide comfortable conditions for students in schoolyards. Since the prevailing wind in the cold season blows from the west, the small size of the west side causes the open space of the proposed models to be less exposed to the wind. It is also suggested to prevent the wind from entering the open space in the cold season by using obstacles, such as planting trees or building artifacts on the west side.

Sketches are one of the manifestations of architectural education and tell the designer's cognitive power. In other words, visual representations in the form of sketches are the most important means of expressing ideas and generating concepts for designers and architecture students. Examining the types and methods of drawing of design students shows that each of them uses a unique method and structure in drawing, and it is also a representation of mental ideas.Due to the wide use of hand-drawings in architecture, its growth and improvement are always the attention of designers. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to examine the factors related to it. Among the variables related to it is the cognitive power of the designer or architecture student in thinking and cognitive processing. Systemic thinking is a high-level thinking skill and one of the complex cognitive processes whose goal is to develop cognitive skills appropriate for the 21st century. Having systematic thinking along with understanding the relationships between social-environmental factors and variables gives students the power and the possibility to use learning opportunities optimally, therefore, students who have systemic thinking, the ability to understand the intricacies. In order to deal with it, it is necessary to examine the cognitive power of the designer or architecture student in thinking and cognitive processing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between architectural students' conceptual sketches based on systemic thinking and information processing styles in the design process. The research method is a combination of quantitative (descriptive-correlation) and qualitative (analyzing samples of students' Sketches). The statistical population of this research included all students of the Faculty of Art and Architecture of Hamedan Universities. 162 students were selected as a sample in an accessible and purposeful way and answered the questionnaires of systemic thinking and information processing styles. Conceptual sketches were also evaluated by two judges. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness and skewness statistics) and inferential statistics (Pearson's correlation and path analysis). The results showed that experimental processing style cannot predict conceptual diagrams, but rationalist processing style and systemic thinking can predict conceptual diagrams. According to the findings of the research, the importance of rational information processing style in the design process was proved; Therefore, in this regard, it is suggested to teach this type of information processing style in addition to design education programs in order to optimize architectural education and train designers and promote conceptual sketches. In line with this research finding, which shows the importance of systemic thinking in the design process; It is suggested to teach this type of thinking and processing style in educational planning, and since thinking is a system of complex cognitive processes, it can be taught with suitable and competent curricula. By implementing curricula based on systemic thinking, students can be helped to become knowledgeable, self-directed and innovative people. Acquiring systemic thinking skills in universities can be the basis for the development of systemic thinking and the ability to understand complexity to provide training in people

Social resilience refers to the ability of individuals to adapt to changes and represents the community's capacity to respond to crises. The location plays a significant role in the occurrence of social events, thus establishing a close relationship between social resilience and location characteristics. By properly designing spatial and environmental components, social elements can be supported in the process of community resilience. A resilient and resistant city is one where residents actively participate in decision-making processes alongside city managers and municipalities, based on their capacities and resources. It is a city that has identified its hazards and implemented appropriate planning and measures to safeguard and support people's lives, properties, cultural heritage, and social capital. Understanding the factors that influence city resilience not only preserves human life but also reduces community costs during emergencies and crises. In other words, a deeper understanding of resilience is crucial for creating sustainable and safe environments.The present study aims to explain the influential factors on social resilience in residential neighborhoods and evaluate its quality in three neighborhoods in Babol. In the first step of the research, we explored the influential factors on social resilience by reviewing the theories and perspectives of various theorists. This phase led to the identification of 11 main components and 31 sub-components. These influential factors were then divided into two groups: environmental and non-environmental components, based on their origins and impact. This approach, which distinguishes our study from previous ones, provides a clear understanding of the different dimensions that contribute to neighborhood resilience. Furthermore, the environmental components were further categorized into three groups: physical, perceptual, and social environments, in line with the theory of resilient places. While social resilience is a broad concept that encompasses various domains, this categorization helps architects and urban planners understand where to focus their efforts and highlights the complexity of the relationship between different components. Subsequently, based on these components, a questionnaire prepared that was distributed in three neighborhoods in Babol: Shahab Nia, Borj Bon and Pir Alam. collected data from 384 complete questionnaires, analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, one-sample t-tests, and analysis of variance. The results of the analyses confirm the influence of all components. Based on the results of analysis, the impact of each component on overall social resilience was determined. The results indicate that among the environmental components, "attachment to place," "sense of security," and "social interactions" had the highest specific values of 3.196, 2.952, and 2.937, respectively. Among the non-environmental components, "awareness and knowledge" had the highest impact with a specific value of 1.949 in the studied neighborhoods. Furthermore, the analyses suggest that the level of social resilience in the Borjban and Piralam neighborhoods is relatively desirable, while it is undesirable in the Shahabnia neighborhood. However, it is also evident that there is a need to improve the physical-social quality in the first two neighborhoods. This means that through the evaluation conducted, it is possible to identify the components that require improvement more clearly and emphasize the consolidation of desirable component conditions.