فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1392)

Research on the ethical aspects of the operation of the embryonic stem cells produced by therapeutic cloning, is so important, because ethics has always been one of the main sources of law and it is ethically challenging whether Research and finally Treatment with the embryonic stem cells produced by Embryo is abuses human identity or not, Discussion focuses on the time of formation of human personality. There are different opinions among philosophers of ethics and doctors in analyzing this issue; Appears pluralist approach is a good strategy to solve the problem. That is, a set of determining standards can be effective in the life of the embryo. The prohibition is not only way to prevent these abuses. But a realistic plan and understanding ethical errors in the use of stem cells is useful method for preventing these abuses. And the states can support patient’s financially through health insurance or support packages and provide facilities to the gamete volunteer donors and monitor on it.

Considering regards to research ethical conduct are especially pertinent in studies involving children. Child subjects are vulnerable, since they cannot legally consent to participate and also less understand the physical and psychological ramifications of serving as experimental subjects. Occasionally, this case avoids the investigators to researching on young subjects. However, the improved health and well-being of the pediatric population and a balancing of these considerations have led to the acceptance of research that poses minimal risk to young participants. This process guaranteed if review of the proposed study by a nonbiased research committee, creation of a scientifically sound investigation by the researcher and also informed permission by responsible parent or guardian.

Now a day despite of medical science development, children who encountered disease in terminal life need especial care and have some ethical challenges. This research is about challenges about this care. In this research we used library research. As the results, pediatric needs to have neglected for inadequate knowledge for example, unnecessary treatment, neglect, denial and fatigue in Pediatrics’ Parent. Decision making and Say bad news to Pediatric have other Problem in end stage Care for Pediatric. Palliative care in pediatric is a problematic care. Unfortunately, there were not ethical lows for this Problems and challenge and health care Personals have ambiguous for solve these situations. We need exact research about palliative care in pediatric.

In E-health, one of the most important achievements to achieve patient-centered care is EHR. In patient-centered care, the goal is the availability of all patient information to clinicians to make best decision for the patient. Create an environment for sharing information and e-health information caused security and privacy of health data patients to become hot and challenging topic. So in this regard, healthcare organizations are necessary to create security strategies to protect patient's information rights. This review article outlined how to develop a security plan to protect health information and health information systems inside of improving quality of care to achieve three main objectives related to security such as confidentiality, integrity and availability around three main axial: administrative, physical, and technical safeguards.

The main mission of university is training experts who needs in the community, to promote and enhance knowledge, promote research and provide opportunities for developing country. One of the major factors affecting the quality of higher education and teacher education staffing specialist, requires a strong cadre of faculty. This study aims to "Assessment the student's opinion about the criteria of a good teacher" was performed. In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 899 students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, whom were the randomization and stratified, completed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Spss 11.5 and appropriate analytic tests. Criteria’s students for a good teacher include: communication skills, knowledge-seeking teaching methods, evaluation skills, then the characteristics and appearance. ANOVA test showed there is a significant correlation between the degree and semester of students and priority communication skills, knowledge-seeking and characteristics of professors (p<0.05(.T-test show that there is the significant relationship between gender and priority of teaching methods, knowledge-seeking and physical characteristics of teachers (p<0.05(. Correlation between age and priority scholarship and physical characteristics of professors is significant(r=0.095 & p<0.05(. Comparing of opinions in different majors students is expressed sympathy of criteria about a good teacher. Communication skills and knowledge-seeking were most important from the perspective of the students.

Moral distress is one of the most common issues in the field of medical ethics and refers to a condition in which one despite having the knowledge and ability to function ethically, the person is unable to act morally correct action under the existed conditions. It is important to the extent that this phenomenon could have different effects on performance and quality of care provided by nurses. One of the major influences of moral distress on the nurse's work life is burnout, which can have serious consequences such as fatigue and job dissatisfaction at the workplace. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between moral distress and burnout among nurses in teaching hospitals in the city of Kerman. A quota sampling method was used. The sample size was calculated according to the number of nurses in selected hospitals. Maslach Burnout Questionnaire and Corly's Moral Distress Questionnaire were used for collecting data. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the intensity (r=0/4) and frequency (r=0/8) of moral distress with burnout (P<0/05) in the study units. The mean intensity of moral distress in the subjects (M=3/54) and the mean frequency (M=3/11) and the average burnout in nurses was in this study (M=4/5). According to these results, guidelines for prevention and control more moral distress in nurses and Thus preventing its many consequences as they transport sectors and environments of less moral distress is felt more and more.

Among different branches of professional ethics, medical ethics has a specific position due to the high and special level of professional ethics. Medical ethics is also considered especially in Islamic teachings. Due to novelty advancements in medical science in recent years, new and deep discussions have proposed on medical ethics field that considered issues on medical ethics can be specified via investigating articles as well as the domains searching on these issues and also one can infer the priorities considered by the authors of above articles and domains regarding medical ethics that have not been nor studied or investigated up to now will be determined in that investigators can have participation on these fields based on their national and regional priorities. This article is the review study that by referring to PubMed data base, the articles were investigated based on 19 titles includes 15 titles of 24 titles related to the introduced bioethics by health information section of Medline Plus as well as 4 titles related to war, research, education and medical ethics principles, indexed in PubMed that published by investigators in Islamic countries in Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) of WHO. The articles were categorized and compared based on the year of publication, country and the study title. The minimum number of articles based on the country in Time Zone from 1971 to 2012 with one article related to countries such as Djibouti and Palestine and the maximum amount that were 71 were related to country of Iran. Also, the minimum number of article based on year was one article in years of 1971, 1978, 1979 and 1984 the maximum ones were 39 in 2012. The minimum number based on title was an article on clinical trials and fraud in health and the maximum number were 64 on the principles of medical ethics. This survey is only to investigate the articles related to index medical ethics on PubMed in Islamic countries of Eastern Mediterranean region of WHO. Although additional studies are necessary to complete the information on this field but this article is considered as the first one with categorizing medical ethics articles with the approach of variability of issue and since the origin of their publication is in Islamic countries, is exclusive can be the basis of wider studies and investigating different dimensions in the future. The studies containing medical ethics in our country should be based on goal as well as national and regional priorities to meet the needs of Islamic Iranian nation.

If the owners of medical and related careers have information and required competencies and act accordance with the scientific and technical standards, without having displayed innocence of the patient or his family, in this case they wont be responsible regarding damages. i.e. the obligations of the owners of medical and related careers are usually those obligations to means, unless stated otherwise.In this article, having a briefly explained about the types of civil responsibility of nurses, we embark on giving a detailed inclusive delimiter of some of the fundamental and important obligations concerning their responsibilities, including an obligation to professional secrecy, emergency and the obligations of nurses in this situation, an obligation to retraining and updating scientific information and therapeutic interventions by nurses.