فهرست مطالب آلاله قائمی

Climate changes and human activities are the two main factors altering the hydrological cycle of watersheds causing changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of water availability. The river flow, as the most critical component of the hydrological cycle, is the most vulnerable component that is affected by these changes resulting in worrying consequences on water demand by different sectors. Since there is growing controversy on the contribution of two main factors (climate change and human interventions) affecting river flow alteration, assessment and quantification of their contribution is of utmost importance to the water resources managers. Quantification of climate change and direct human intervention contributions to streamflow alteration is a prerequisite for developing adaptation strategies and policies for regional water resources planning and management. To this end, various approaches and methods have been developed and proposed during the last decades in order to separate the contribution of natural and human-induced factors on river flow regime conditions. The current research investigates the contribution of climate change and direct human interventions on the discharge decline of the Hablehrood watershed.

In this research, the upstream area of the Hablehrood watershed draining to the Bonekouh hydrometry station, located within the Tehran Province jurisdiction, has been studied. The hydrological condition of the Hablehrood watershed, as a main drainage channel of the watershed, has drastically altered during recent years and its discharge has significantly decreased. In this study, first, the long-term statistics of Simindasht and Dalichay hydrometric stations were collected and subjected to pre-processing. Then, using the Pettit and Lanzante statistical tests, the significant change point in their annual discharge time series was identified. Then, the empirical methods of the slope change ratio of accumulative quantity (SCRAQ) and double mass curve (DMC) were applied to separate the effect of climate change and human interventions on the discharge decline of the Hablehrood watershed and its main tributaries. Since rainfall, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration are considered the main climatic elements in both the used methods, the relationship between discharge, and precipitation, between discharge and precipitation as well as temperature, between discharge and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration were analyzed in order to compute the contribution of climatic drivers first. According to the empirical methods, after calculating the contribution of climatic variables to the changes in water flow, the remaining changes in water flow are attributed to human interventions. In this study, the observed data from the hydrometry stations of Simindasht and Dalichay during 1980 – 2017 were used. For SCRAQ, the slope change of the ratio of cumulative discharge and cumulative values of rainfall and temperature as well as the slope change of the ratio of cumulative discharge and cumulative values of rainfall and evapotranspiration were computed to separate the effects of climate change and human interventions.

The results of both tests showed that the hydrological regime of the basin changed in the mid-1990s in both hydrometric stations and the average annual discharge drastically decreased in the period after the change point. Results of different calculation methods of SCRAQ (the slope change of the ratio of cumulative discharge and cumulative values of rainfall and temperature (first method) and the slope change of the ratio of cumulative discharge and cumulative values of rainfall and evapotranspiration (second method)) showed that human intervention is the main cause of discharge decline within the Hablehrood watershed. According to the first calculation method, the contribution of climate change on discharge decline at the Simindasht and Dalichay stations were, respectively, 15.53 % and -37.08 %, and for the second calculation method, 0.55 % and -39.72 %, respectively. The positive values for the contribution of climate change to the Dalichay station indicate that climate change has resulted in an increase in its discharge. Results of different calculation methods of DMC between cumulative values of discharge and climate variables showed that climate change has increasing effects on the discharge of both Simindasht and Dalichay sub-watersheds.

Human intervention is the main cause of discharge decline in the Hablehrood watershed and the contribution of climate change is very small and incremental in some cases, particularly for the Dalichay sub-watershed. Therefore, management policies and priorities should be focused on managing human interventions, promoting public awareness, optimal using of water resources, and preventing over-exploitation of water resources across the watershed. The results of this study can provide a scientific guidefor the development, utilization, and management of regional water resources and ecological environment protection.

The instabilities over the past two decades in governing water resources have led to the need for an integrated approach to the problem. Moreover, the decent and sustainable governance of water resources has come to be recognized as the supplement to the integrated management of water resources. The present study strives to develop a conceptual model of water reources sustainable governance with emphasis on training and capacity-building. For this purpose, expert views presented to different international meetings and world conferences on water were reviewed to develop a comprehensive and all-embracuing conceptual model of sustainable governance for the integrated management of water resources with a focus on training and capacity-building. In a second stage of the study, both internationally published literature and the regulatory documents on water management approved at the national level were consulted to derive appropriate standards, criteria, and indicators for the implementation of the proposed conceptual model. The relevance of these indicators was validated by soliciting expert views while their stability was calculated via the Cronbach’s alpha formula to be 0.94. The third stage of the study involved the ranking and gradation of the indicators using the relevant software in a fuzzy decision-making environment based on interviews with 110 senior water executives, academics working in the field, senior agricultural managers, water experts in local communities, and NGO activists. The emerging model finally consisted of 9 criteria and 52 indicators, amongst which the criterion of public participation and the indicator of training and capacity-building won the highest scores. It may be claimed that the proposed conceptual model is quite relevant and adapted to the sustainable governance presently sought. The key roles in this model are played by public participation as well as training and capacity building that must be on the priority list of all policy makers and stakeholders in their decision making and planning efforts.

Studies have shown that most of the existing problems in the water sector are the outcomes of unsustainable methods of development caused by unawareness and lack of public training. Researchers have found that the social systems and mechanisms affecting water cycle are beyond the scope of water management and that the issue of water crisis must be addressed in the frame of social entities and systems, which are known as the water governance. The objective of this study is to identify the criteria and indicators of sustainable governance and to prepare an appropriate training program towards its realization. The tool for evaluation was a questionnaire and the research methodology was of descriptive survey. The validity of the indicators was established by taking into account the views and comments of relevant scholars and experts, and the reliability of the indicators was calculated as 0.869 using the Cronbach’s alpha formula. All criteria and indicators were graded in the fuzzy environment using the relevant software. The results show the criterion of public participation to be more sustainable than other governance criteria, while the indicators of training scored higher than others. Since the realization of sustainable governance becomes facilitated by increasing public awareness about the importance of environmental issues, the research proposes an appropriate training model to increase public participation.

The aim of this study is to provide educational model to Strengthen sustainable governance in the management of water resources. The tool for evaluation was a questionnaire and the research methodology was of descriptive survey. In this study, the main gaps in water governance with respect to the experiences of past trends and socioeconomic circumstances were completed at national level and the final list of the components of sustainable water resource governance were conducted. After the conclusion and implementation of appropriate governance standards and integration and convergence criteria using expert's opinions, the Delphi method was selected. The validity of the indicators was established by taking into account the views and comments of relevant scholars and experts, and the reliability of the indicators was calculated as 0.94 using the Cronbach’s alpha formula. Following interviews with 110 senior water executives, professors of water resources, senior agriculture managers, experts of water in native communities and NGO activists, and by applying the method of complete enumeration, all criteria and indications were graded in the fuzzy decision making. The results of the study show that amongst which the indicator of training obtained the greatest scores. According to the findings, one of the best solutions is to provide educational model. The model has not only a necessity, but it is as a matter of principle for national prosperity. Pattern provided in the form of informal education is, including planning, monitoring and evaluation for all decision-makers and managers of water resources for sustainable governance to 1415.

The study aimed to evaluate the trend of Environmental Education in national Development Plans. Today, environment is threatened by the watershed catchments degradation, loss of biodiversity, types of pollution and extreme climatic changes. Since many of these changes are resulted from human activities and a lack of understanding of the environment, the development of culture and environmental education are considered to be the major initiatives in solving these problems. International Changes of the environment on one hand and the development of environmentally destructive processes in the country, as in many developing countries have led that issue of environmental protection than the focus of policy makers and decision makers in the country. In this paper we review the development plans of the country then we study status of environmental education and training and practice in the five-year plans, important goals of environmental education and activities required to achieve these goals is proposed.

Environmental literacy consists of a series of functions and attitudes rooted in deep knowledge and must be a second nature to individuals who possess the environmental literacy. Training is the most important principle for development of human resources, because its outcome will return to the system in midterm and long term though the efficient performance of the trained staff and leads to the streamlining and acceleration of affairs, increased efficiency and profits for the organization. Science requires each expert to be aware of the environmental aspects of his or her works and to be able to focus on and apply the environmental requirements during planning, design or implementation of a plan or project. Therefore, an engineer, who is unfamiliar with this dimension of his or her work, is inevitably unacquainted with the latest science. Descriptive research method of survey type and the project's statistical group consisted of 800 governmental managers and experts, among whom 260 were selected randomly using the Morgan table. The reliability of the questionnaire was validated by the relevant specialists and its consistency was calculated as 0.89 by the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. It was found that government employees have a positive attitude and pro-environment but in terms of their cognitive and environmental behavior level is low. The research demonstrated that self-training packages in the form of audio–video materials is the most appropriate technology for training on environment for government employees.

Quantitative Prediction of municipal solid waste generation has an important role in the optimization and programming of municipal solid waste management system. But, this concept was companied with many problems, because of the non homogenous nature and the effect of various factors out of the control on solid waste generation. In this study, the combination of artificial neural network and wavelet transform (wavelet-neural network) is used to predict the weekly generation in Tehran, concerning complexity and dynamic municipal solid waste management system. In order to this forecasting, time series of generation of this city arranged weekly in the period of 1380 to first three months of 1385, are used. The results achieved in this research indicate the positive effect of preprocessing of input variables by the wavelet transform in prediction of weekly generation in this city so that it has led to noticeable increasing in the accuracy of model calculation. The correlation coefficient (R2) of models, in the stage of testing, has improved from 0.41 in the model of neural network to 0.91 in the model of wavelet-neural network.

Water is a life sustaining and scarce resource, whose quality for human consumption is of paramount importance. Physical and chemical properties which is including purity, clarity, softness, salinity and lack or very low concentration of added elements constitute the elusive "water quality".Copper and Lead are two elements that may contaminate the drinking water and their concentrations beyond standard levels may cause health hazards.In this project the concentration of these two elements in the drinking water of Tehran has been measured using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique.This measurement has been carried out on the inlet and outlet of the four water treatment plants as well as 180 samples that were taken from variouse geographical location throughout the piping network that feeds the city of Tehran. Water samples were taken from cold and hot water taps as well as from the boiled water remaining in the teapots.The concentration of the Copper in the cold and hot water taps and in the boiled water were 6.2, 8.2 and 4.0 ng/ml respectively.Likewise the Lead concentration in the cold and hot water pipes and in the boiled water were 1.1, 1.2 and 0.7 ng/ml respectively.Based on these figures and the Iranian standards for the concentration of these two elements in the drinking water it is shown that Copper concentration is well below the standard level of 50 ng/ml. On the other hand the Lead concentration in the drinking water exceeds the preferred standard Level of zero in Iran.

Latian Dam and Jajrood River are one of the important resources in providing drinking water of the city of Tehran (30-40% of the total water supply) and due to the limitation of the new water resources, it is required to study the basic environmental studies in order to achieve higher standards.The water projects are the fundamental research, which has provided the development in orther economical sections and have a key role in the management of the governmental body. Therefore, in order to construct such important projects in other regions of country, it is necessary to identify and recognize the problems that have been caused by contaminant resources.All Jajrood River stations water quality data collected from ministry of Energy and identification of the river pollution sources made by field inspection, data analysis and comqorison with some of world water quality indicators is done in this study. An optimized management plan to improve the water quality is suggested. The management plan is done with the aid of: 1- Jajrood River as one of the Tehran’s main drinking water resources2- Changes of water quality and the health problems due to consumption of contaminated water3- Problems, wich are caused by the higher prices of water treatment.