فهرست مطالب ایمان چراتیان

The present research investigates the effects of foreign trade on the labor earnings in Iranian manufacturing industries at the three-digit aggregation level of ISIC classification over the period 2009-2013. For this purpose, relative total earnings, wages, and fringe benefits used as dependent variables and inter industry trade, intra-industry trade (IIT) in its' details (vertical and horizontal), human capital, capital intensity, total factor productivity and dependent variable with one lag used as explanatory variables in the models. By using of GMM two-step method, the results indicate that there is a positive path-dependency between the current and lagged values of dependent variables. The results also show positive and significant effects of inter industry trade on the labor earnings, still, these effects are more effective on fringe benefits than wages. On the other hand, intra-industry trades have a depressing effect on the labor earnings. Finally, increasing in the human capital, capital intensity, and total factor productivity is associated with more labor earnings in Iranian manufacturing industries. <span style="font-family: times new roman,serif;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,serif.

Regarding the importance of research and development (R&D) expenditure on industrial firms’productivity growth, in this study, the R&D expenditure effectiveness has been examined on the labor productivity growth rate of small industries during 1994-2013. In order to estimate the models, the dynamic panel data method and Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) estimators are used. The results show that the all R&D expenditure indicators which considered have positive and significant effects on the labor productivity growth. In other word, spending in sectors such as: R&D ,laboratories, buying and updating software and training workshops for employees of small industries can be effective in labor productivity growth rate positively and significantly. Furthermore, the effect of total R&D expenditure on labor productivity growth has been estimated positive, significant and equal to 16.07 percent.

Entrepreneurship، as one of the factors affecting economic growth، is also considered among the key factors by economic policymakers. However، in examining the issue of entrepreneurship، it should be noted that women’s and men’s entrepreneurship can be considered as two distinct and separate phenomena. Therefore، the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women''s entrepreneurship and economic growth، monetary and fiscal policies and how mentioned variables would affect women (female) entrepreneurs. For this purpose، the relationship between the variables of women''s entrepreneurship and other macroeconomic variables has been tested using panel data approach in the time period of 2002 to 2007. The results of this study indicated that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the entrepreneurship variable and macroeconomic policies. The results show that the expansionary fiscal policy (increased 1 percent)، about the size of 1. 5234 percent، the index of women entrepreneurship (TEA) is added. The one percent increase in the monetary variable (expansionary monetary policy) and economic growth in order to increase the size of 0. 1947 and 0. 1505 percent of women entrepreneurship.

Chapter 9 of the Act of Amending Articles of the Act of the Fourth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of Islamic Republic of Iran, which addresses competition facilitation and prohibition of monopoly, has designated the Competition Council as the highest regulatory body on functioning of economic actors and diverse markets to provide access to healthy competition and achieving high purposes of the Act through identifying anti-competitive practices and preventing monopolistic conducts. Functioning of the Competition Council indicates that the body has been faced with difficulties ever since its establishment in a way that prevent its optimal performance. Using field research, seminar sessions and expert dialogue with scholars and experts of competition and monopoly and with members of the Council, the article analyses its organizational and legal challenges as well as its challenges in relation to National Competition Center. The findings of the research show that although the current challenges of the Council must be seriously addressed, it is expected, due to independence and legal powers of the Council, to witness access to healthy competition in Iranian markets and achieving sustainable economic development after overcoming the challenges