فهرست مطالب حمیدرضا حقیقت

Electoral systems are a fundamental part of democratic political systems. Their importance is not only due to their role in building a democratic society, but in the effects that the functions of this system have on the political, economic and social aspects of society. The word election means the act of choosing; It means the act of selecting and choosing from several items or different options; Elections will have an external reality when, first, the free will of man is assumed; And secondly, it is possible to implement this freedom of choice and thirdly, there are various options to choose from. The purpose of this article is to explain the effect of political legitimacy and religious democracy on the elections of the Islamic Council, which has been addressed by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, the effect of these two categories on the elections.

A Comparative Analysis of the Concept of Freedom from Ayatollah Naini and Karl Popper’s PerspectivesMohammad Kazem Kaveh Pishghadam, Hamid Reza Haghighat, Mohammad JalilfarIntroductionFreedom has always faced significant constraints, particularly under the rule of despotic rulers. These authoritarian leaders sought to impose slavery and servitude upon the people of their time through looting, oppression, and violations in pursuit of their self-centered goals and the interests of their supporters. Among the Shiite scholars of his era, Ayatollah Naini emerged as a champion of resistance against the despotism and oppression of unworthy rulers. In his famous treatise, "Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah," he urges Muslims to stand against and not submit to autocratic rulers based on the recommendations of God in the Quran and the sayings of the infallible.Naini considers ownership-oriented sovereignty as the usurpation of human rights, emphasizing the transformation of this sovereignty into guardianship and freedom from the tyranny of oppressive rulers. He contends that all conflicts and struggles between prophets and saints of the past against tyrants were aimed at achieving freedom from invaders, which remains the greatest divine blessing. Naini emphasizes that the reality of overcoming oppressive rule lies in the nation's victory in attaining this divine gift: freedom.

In this research, the issue of political governance of the society from the point of view of an eastern thinker has been investigated by the method of discourse analysis, in which the characteristics of a good government and a good ruler as well as the characteristics of a wrong government and a cruel ruler have been explored by Ayatollah Naini from the Eastern world. Is. The aim of the research was to extract the important aspects of Islamic governance in Naini's works, so that the right way of ruling includes principles such as freedom, equality, non-violence, maintaining public rights, dealing with tyranny and peaceful change of rulers and power, in his famous treatise, Punishment of the Ummah. And Tanzih al-Mullah has been emphasized and from the point of view of religion and custom, they have dealt with the correct way of interaction between rulers and people, especially supervision and control over rulers and the mutual rights of subjects and rulers. In addition to helping to institutionalize constitutionalism in Iran, he was able to explain the Shia thought in governance and complete the first movement of Shia scholars in the absence of Imam Masoom to adapt the constitutional government to the holy law of Islam or the compatibility of customary laws with religious texts. This research concludes the existence of all the necessary elements for Islamic governance and the sufficiency of the necessary components for the correct interaction of the rulers with the subjects in the works of Ayatollah Naini.

From the perspective of political anthropology and the descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to answer the principal question: what is the process of change in the socio-political structure of the Qashqai tribe in the first and second Pahlavi era? For answering, a hypothesis is made: two main factors, namely the policies implemented towards the tribes and nomads by the central governments (forced settlement, disarmament, removal of local powers, deculturization and detribalization in the first Pahlavi period and the continuation of these policies, along with land reform and lifestyle changes in the second Pahlavi period) and political developments (World War II, the overthrow of Reza Shah and the coup d'état of 28 August) played essential roles in the change process. The analysis showed that in each historical period and according to the country's conditions, the government used different policies to destroy the structure of the Qashqai tribe. Although the first Pahlavi could not destroy the structure of tribe but the second Pahlavi with the help of British and American policies after the coup d'état of 28 August and the fall of Mossadegh's national government, was able to dismantle the tribal chieftaincy in the Qashqai and destroy the tribe structure.

The present article compares the ideas of Imam Khomeini and Herbert Marcuse regarding liberal tolerance with the aim of showing how two thinkers with completely different and even conflicting principles may reach the same conclusion. The present article discusses the question of what Imam Khomeini and Marcuse's views on liberal tolerance have in common, and tests the hypothesis that they both believe that the concept of tolerance in liberalism prevents the emergence and continuation of revolutionary ideology. The method of the descriptive article is comparative and the approach of the article is philosophical-political, and in terms of subject matter, it is new and has no study history with this kind of attitude. The innovative aspect of the article is the comparison of the ideas of two thinkers who seem incomparable. The conclusion of the article is that when studying non-Islamic theories, in addition to reviewing and criticizing, one should look for lessons from that theory that can be used to enrich theorizing in the second step of the revolution. According to the authors, this kind of attitude will pave the way for learning between Islamic and secular views.

The obligation to defend Islamic lands and resist against the enemies of Muslims and Islamic lands is considered one of the most important jurisprudential and religious teachings. In such a way that Islamic jurists and thinkers have considered it in all eras and of course in different ways. Because according to religious and intellectual sources, the Islamic society is as a single body that Muslims cannot be indifferent to the invasion of foreigners to other Muslims; As the Almighty God explicitly commands in the Holy Qur'an to support and defend the oppressed people who have been oppressed and expelled from their homeland. Accordingly, the idea of resistance as one of the most important pillars of Imam Khomeini's political thought is rooted in the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the uprising of Imam Hussein (AS) and with components such as; Anti-oppression, anti-arrogance, jihadist spirit and revival and strengthening of religious identity; From the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution until now has helped us to face many difficult and aggressive conditions of the enemies. In the following article, the most important question is: What is the most important basis and characteristics of the idea of resistance in Imam Khomeini's thought? The hypothesis is that resistance in Imam Khomeini's thought includes precise, clear, irreconcilable demarcation, and an aggressive opposing to the enemy with a political approach. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical.

Imam Khomeini(PBUH), has paid special attention to the people and public mobilization based on Islamic education in order to achieve the goals of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, research on social capital from the perspective of Imam Khomeini's educational thought, has valuable points based on which we can understand the specific features of Imam Khomeini's educational thought in this field. The causes and roots, contexts, components, consequences and results of this issue need to be examined comprehensively. Therefore, the present study aims to describe and analyze the educational dimensions of Imam Khomeini's thought in constructing social capital in the words, deeds and written works of Imam Khomeini (pbuh) and using the data theory model of the foundation, the mentioned dimensions Analytical-descriptive method is extracted. The results showed that the educational dimensions of social capital in the view of Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him, serve a unique type of social capital in the service of social upliftment, which is based on prominent educational aspects.

There is a special view of the people in Imam Khomeini's political thought. On the other hand, the issue of social capital as one of the governance challenges is the subject of extensive theoretical discussions at different levels of analysis. In this regard, the present article, with the aim of examining the position of social capital components in Imam Khomeini's thought, used the method of quantitative content analysis and tested two hypotheses. Content analysis was performed with paragraph analysis unit in 22 volumes of Imam Sahifa. The priority of the components of social capital derived from the content analysis of the Imam Sahifah is as follows: Values and norms, social bonds, public trust, participation and ultimately social awareness. It was also stated in the second assumption that the content of the components of social capital in Imam Khomeini's view differs substantially from those existing in popular social capital theories. The overall conclusion of this study is that, in light of what has been examined in terms of the components of social capital from Imam Khomeini's point of view, the concept of "capacity of social excellence" is a more formal and expressive concept for the essence of these concepts.

In this article, we examine the knowledge from the perspective of Shiite Islamists and we compare the subject of cognition from the perspective of Liberal school thinker Carl Popper. In this article, we tried to recognize the fundamentals of epistemology from the perspective of Islam and Popper, while being neutral. For this purpose, we referred to the Holy Quran as the holy book of the Muslims of the world. Due to the abundance of inte rp r e t a t i o ns of the Qur'an, the book of the Muslims of the world is presented, in this study, we used interpretations in the Qur'an that dealt with the issue of co gn it ion and they have been presented by religious scholars whose main affiliation with the Shiite religion of the Twelve Imams is obvious. The main question of the research is whether there is a difference between Islamic cognition and cognition from Popper's point of view? The hypothesis of the present article is that Popper's cognition and cognition from the perspective of Islam are different. And the reason for the importance of this research is that basically Islamic knowledge relies on religious principles. That is why the Islamic worldview and ideology relies on this knowledge, and this style of cognition is the basis and shaping of the social and political relations of Muslims. And from Popper's style of cognition, the ideology of liberalism is presented.