فهرست مطالب علی مطهری

Fitrah (human nature) is a vital principle in the Islamic worldview. Its numerous impacts in various philosophical discussions, including the philosophy of religion, ethics, history, epistemology and the problem of knowledge, educational philosophy, legal philosophy, and political philosophy, indicate its significance and importance. Mortaza Motahari referred to fitrah as the "mother principle" in Islamic culture and teachings, and in his various works, he examined the effects and implications of fitrah in humans, considering it a continuation of the general essential movement of existence. However, beyond citing verses and hadiths, he rarely focused on the rational proof of the principle of fitrah, more so providing a general methodology (which, according to the author, can be based on the model of inference to the best explanation). This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and by gathering and analyzing information, first examines the essence of fitrah and human innate qualities, then aims to establish the existence of fitrah in humans. Different justifications for the existence of human tendencies in humans are analyzed to identify the correct explanation. Subsequently, some of the effects and outcomes of fitrah are explored, including the argument of fitrah in theism, the impact of fitrah on epistemology and the problem of knowledge, ethics, the philosophy of history, educational philosophy, and sociology.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cultural intelligence on the psychological contract with the mediating role of occupational organizational trust. The statistical population of all primary teachers in Urmia District 2 was 1439 people, and based on Morgan's table, 304 people were selected as a statistical sample by two-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, three standard questionnaires of cultural intelligence, psychological contract and organizational trust were used. Validities were investigated using the validity theories, based on the perspective of the statistical community and the structure with the question factor analysis method. The reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by the combined reliability multiplication method for cultural intelligence 0.86, psychological contract 0.84 and organizational trust 0.86 respectively. Data analysis was done at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Thus, to test the research hypotheses, descriptive statistics and then structural techniques using LISREL software were used. The findings indicated a good fit of the model and showed that cultural intelligence has a positive and significant effect on psychological contract (path coefficient 0.62). The effect of cultural intelligence on organizational trust is positive and significant (path coefficient 0.93). Organizational trust has a positive and significant effect on psychological contract (path coefficient 0.68) and finally organizational trust has a mediating role in the relationship between cultural intelligence and psychological contract (path coefficient 0.42).

Worn-out textures are parts of the city that have not been developed compared to other textures and we have witnessed residents abandoning them. In this regard, the present research has aimed at recreating worn-out textures, while examining the state of damage to have an analysis of the current situation of Saqqez city, in order to determine the mental model of experts for re-creation and provide practical suggestions. The present research method was descriptive-analytical which used the JHA model to check and identify damage caused by worn-out textures and used the Q factor to analyze the mentality of experts to extract the best mental model of recreation and finally used network analysis in GIS to explain how to do it from the desired pattern. It is necessary to explain that the sample of this research was 15 people which have been selected in a purposeful way. Research findings have shown that 50% were at an unacceptable level of 16 potential hazards from worn-out urban textures in Saqqez which shows the necessity of regeneration. In this regard, the results of the analysis of the experts' mentality have shown three mental models (First commercialization, second: integrated management and urban unit, third: Supervision and control of construction) to recreate and the first model is the most important. Findings show that Center 5 has the best position by connecting with 149 population points and covering 3504 people within 10 minutes by identifying 7 prone points in worn-out areas and four competing centers to implement the commercialization model from worn-out textures in Saqqez.

The type of cognition of a school of society and history and its understanding of these two, plays a determining role in its ideology. For this reason, one of the most important topics that Ayatollah Mutahhari paid special attention to, in the final years of his life, is the issue of society and history. He believed that the human tendency to social life is originated from his/her nature (Fitrah). According to him, society has a real identity and benefits from special combination; i.e., while having a unique existence and personality and nature, its components (members) have preserved their relative independence. Ayatollah Mutahhari based on his theory of Fitrah explains individual’s freedom and authority in the society. This issue plays an effective role in explaining the desirable governance, and understanding Intrinsic and non-intrinsic duties of the government. In fact, this research demonstrates that the existence of a unique personality and nature for society has important consequences. Therefore, in this article, Ayatollah Mutahhari’s theory on this matter and its consequences has been studied.

Ayatollah Mutahhari believes that the existence of government as an institution that governs the rules and politics of society is necessary. He obtains the basis of sovereignty from the divine right and like most Islamic philosophers, his theory of government is derived from the philosophy of prophecy. However, he believes that government has two aspects: a part that relates to the public guidance, displaying the path to salvation. This section is related to the divine right, examining the governor’s guardianship (Wilayah). Based on his theory, the governor needs to benefits from two characteristics of jurisprudence and justice. This aspect of government, relates to guardianship (Wilayah) and not attorney. Another part of the government which relates to the common affairs of the government, such as administrative or legislative ones, depends on the judgment and opinion of people, hence, this section has the aspect of the attorney. According to him, the government is responsible for the material and spiritual salvation of all members of society. however, these two material and spiritual dimensions are connected together. According to Ayatollah Mutahhari there is a mutual relationship between the duty of government and the theory of human nature (Fitrah). Therefore, the balanced development of talents is the final goal of utopia. For its achievement, the society needs freedom, though, freedom is a necessary instrument to reach the goal and it is not the final goal.

Social justice is among the concepts that have always been accompanied by the original thoughts of humanity. Despite all the differences of opinion in this matter, it has been endowed with spiritual value. Ayatollah Mutahhari's perspective on justice is based on his theory of human nature (fitrah), which influenced his approach to various fields, including law, jurisprudence and political philosophy. According to his attitude, Islamic rules are based on rational goodness and badness. Consequently, right and justice are real. In fact, this attitude demonstrates the foundations of Islamic law. Two things create connection between right and possessor of right: ultimate causality (which creates potential rights and the root of natural equal rights among individuals) and effective causality (which creates actual rights and the root of different acquired rights in individuals). The reliance of social justice on fitrah has also provided the grounds for raising issues such as global justice and inter-generational justice. Among the valuable points of the theory of natural justice, which have been discussed by prominent philosophers, is the idea of a Utopia city in which natural justice is a central point, i.e. is the cause of society's progression in both material and spiritual aspects by providing the groundwork for the realization of natural talents of the individual and society. In other words, natural justice provides a fair competition ground and opportunities for all members of society to freely compete in developing their inherent talents. In this article, the theory of justice based on fitrah is examined.

Every science or field of study has a subject-matter and a set of problems. The problems of a science are propositions concerning its subject-matter; indeed, the problems exhibit the effects of the subject-matter. In other words, the subject-matter of each proposition is in fact the subject-matter of the science, and the predicate of each proposition is an effect of the science’s subject-matter. Hence the following general principle: “the subject-matter of a science is that the essential accidents (al-ʿawāriḍ al-dhātiyya) of which are discussed in that science.” The term “essential” appears to prevent any overlap of the problems of different sciences, in which case the problem would be studied in two or more sciences.The question of this research is as follows: given that the subject-matter of philosophy is “existent” (mawjūd) and philosophy is a study of existence (wujūd), what is the scope and domain of the problems of philosophy? That is, what problems are included in philosophy? Is philosophy merely a discussion of secondary intelligibles (al-maʿqūlāt al-thāniya) such as existence and nonexistence, unity and plurality, potentiality and actuality, and incipience and eternity, or does it also discuss first intelligibles (al-maʿqūlāt al-ūlā); that is, quiddities or the Aristotelian ten categories?The research aims to establish that, in addition to the secondary intelligibles—which are the first divisions of existence and existents—philosophy is concerned with how first intelligibles exist. In this way, a reply can be given to the following objection: why does philosophy discuss quiddities while its subject-matter is existence? The reply is that philosophy studies how quiddities or the ten categories of substance and accidents exist, and hence it is still concerned with existence—it has not gone beyond the subject-matter of philosophy.The method of this research is the library method and critical analysis. This is why the background and history of the problem are studied. Next, precise definitions of the relevant terms and jargons are provided so that they are fully and clearly distinguished to prevent fallacies. For this reason, the differences between first and secondary intelligibles are articulated. This is followed by the main body of research; that is, the boundaries of the problems of philosophy. Here, Avicenna’s contribution early in the theology section of The Book of Healing (al-Shifāʾ) and MullāṢadrā’s contribution in his Taʿlīqāt (Commentaries) are delineated and analyzed.Here are the findings of the research:(1) The problems of philosophy are not confined to those predicates of “existent” that alone or together with their opposites encompass all existing entities (examples for these predicates are as follows: necessity and possibility, one and many, potential and actual, incipient and eternal, prior and posterior). To the contrary, philosophy also discusses quiddities and the ten categories (i.e. substance and the nine accidents) as well: it establishes the existence of each of these as entities in this world, and then it studies how each category and its subcategories exist. This is a philosophical problem because it deals with manners of existence.(2) Motion and time are not quiddities, which is to say that they are not subsumed under any categories. In contrast, they are concepts abstracted by our minds from gradual existences. Since motion and its quantity—that is, time—are particular manners of existence; that is, flowing or dynamic existence, as opposed to static existence, this might count as a philosophical issue. Accordingly, motion and time can be among the problems of philosophy.On this account, philosophy discusses not only the secondary intelligibles, but also the first intelligibles as well as motion and time.

Contingency in line with general concepts such as “existence and non-existence” , “unity and plurality” , and “ causality and being caused” is one of the fundamental and remarkable philosophical issues. The proper explanation of the different meanings of contingency and of the relationship of these meanings to each other make it possible to correctly understand and prove many other principal philosophical problems. Essential contingency and dispositional contingency are among the important meanings of contingency , so that the way we explain them will change basically the destiny of problems such as “coming into being and eternity” , “ potentiality and actuality” , and “causality and being caused” . Sheikh Ishraq for the first time has raised the issue of dispositional contingency , while contradicting Ibn Sina's argument for the rule that “ every event is preceded by potentiality and by matter that possesses that potentiality” . MullaSadra has dealt with the differences between essential contingency and dispositional contingency , and MullaHadiSabzevari has categorized these differences into six groups.At least in sixteen pieces of his works, MullaSadra has expressed his views on the relationship between essential contingency and dispositional contingency, therefore compatibility between these ideas seems very difficult . Indeed, It can be said that these views are contradictory. In this article , using professor Motahhari 's philosophical researches , we have tried to explain the new relationship , obtained in the light of genuineness of existence , between these two meanings of contingency , while judging MullaSadra's different positions concerning essential contingency and dispositional contingency.

Al-kindi, the first muslim philosopher, has raised the problem of "existence" in the manner of his own. In Al-kindi's works, the term of existence is used infrequently, and instead of it, the term of "cawn" or "ays" in contradiction with "lays" or "enniah" often is employed.In Al-kindi's writings, of course, the term of existence sometimes means perception and conscience. He distinguishes between thing and its essence, and this distinction bear resemblance to the distinction which late-comers draws between existence and essence. According to the total of his writings, it seems that Al-kindi considers thingness and existence as the real and authentic, and that he regards the essence as the abstract, unreal, and mental construct. Although, during the time of Al-kindi, the problem of the reality of existence or essence, as a problem, yet had not become propounded.

Damages or cracks change the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the structures. Therefore, the modal parameters could be used in damage detection or structural health monitoring techniques. Based on the knowledge of the authors, most researches in this field have been focused on one-dimensional problems, e.g. beams, trusses, columns, and frames. It seems that the main reason for the lack of comprehensive researches is the huge computational cost for two or three- dimensional problems involved with the finite-element modeling. In order to reduce the costs, two distinct techniques have been utilized here. Firstly, instead of using the genetic algorithm method, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique has been applied for finding the best solution. Secondly, instead of applying the fine meshes for calculation of the modal parameters in the finite- element modeling, the course meshes are used. In this paper, the combination of the frequencies and the mode shapes as an objective function has been applied in the optimization procedure for damage detection of two-dimensional plane stress type problems. For this purpose, the finite-element computer program has been developed in MATLAB environment for the required calculations. The results show that non- gradient-based optimization techniques such as GA and PSO have been successfully detected the existence, location and the intensities of the pre-defined damage scenarios.

Considering patient's opinion is essential for the assessment of health care services. The aim of the present study was to survey patient's satisfaction with the services at Khatamolanbia Dental Clinic affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 1380 randomly-selected patients who had referred to Khatamolanbia Dental Clinic. Data were gathered using phone interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire included some questions about demographic characteristics and viewpoints of the patients about dentistry, clinic, received treatment, dentist and clinical team. Data analysis were conducted using SPSS software. The total mean score of the patient's satisfaction was 3 ± 0.02 out of 4. The highest level of satisfaction was related to guiding signs (99.6%) and hygiene and infection control (99.5%). The highest level of dissatisfaction was related to parking situation (90%) and treatment cost (21%). Totally, 90.2% of the subjects asserted they will choose this clinic again if they require treatment in the future. The patient's satisfaction was almost complete. Dissatisfaction about parking and high costs of some treatments are amendable regarding related authorities at University and the province and better contribution of insurers to dental services.

This essay deals with the philosophy of history from Ayatollah Motahhari’s viewpoint. Although the main motive behind raising the subject returns to prevalence of Marxist views on the drivers of the history and the social movements at the time, yet the philosophy of history, per se, is worthy of a deep deliberation.The essay first, examines the social character of man and the different views on this matter. The relevance of the theory of collectivism along with the relevance of individualism, religious socialism, the ultimate victory of the righteous or the depressed ones and the relationship between waiting for the rise of the twelfth Shiite Imam and the reform of the society from Ayatollah Motahhari’s viewpoint are discussed as well.Martyred Ayatollah Motahhari’s favorite view is pointed out in all of the aforementioned cases.