فهرست مطالب میلاد حسنعلی زاده

Introduction :

The pursuit of happiness is a universal human aspiration, yet it often remains overlooked in urban planning and development, particularly in developing countries. Among the factors contributing to a happy city are planning for leisure management and improving access to recreational land uses, including cinemas, music concerts, sports facilities, parks, and more, across cities. However, in Iran, access to public spaces and opportunities for recreation is limited and these spaces are not equitably distributed across Iranian cities, citizens face challenges in accessing these spaces. This issue contributes to increased stress and anxiety, driving joy and vibrancy away from cities. According to Martin, the government should increase the level of happiness in society by establishing regulatory and adjustment mechanisms, reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, reducing inequality in access to welfare facilities, and creating satisfaction among members of society. Therefore, achieving spatial balance and equity in cities is one of the primary goals of urban planning. A happy city should also allocate space, services, facilities, enjoyment, recreation, and costs fairly to its residents. Large-scale management institutions are responsible for providing the necessary standards for all members of society; thus, creating the necessary conditions for satisfaction and happiness. Urban management influences the vibrancy of citizens through the equitable distribution of joy-generating land uses. Attention to the aspects of spatial justice has a coherent system that consists of various components and elements, and the instability of any of these elements (such as recreational land uses, parks, and green spaces, etc.), affects the entire system. The connection between justice and happiness has been established, and three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional, are interconnected and all three contribute to social happiness, among which the impact of distributive justice on social happiness is greater than the other two types of justice. Therefore, urban management in a happy city should strive to make all facilities and services, especially joy-generating land uses, equitably accessible to all citizens. Therefore, analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses at the city level is particularly crucial in developing countries facing systematic inequalities. Moreover, considering that adequate and equitable access to joy-generating land uses is a fundamental principle for creating suitable living conditions in a happy city, and given the limited research on analyzing equitable access to joy-generating land uses in urban spaces, conducting research in this field becomes essential. The Babol City, due to its population growth over the past decades and uncontrolled construction, has experienced injustice in the distribution of public services, including joy-generating land uses, across the city. As a result, access to green spaces and recreational and welfare facilities across the city is highly inadequate. Despite being located in a tourist region, this city does not have enough spaces that bring joy and happiness to both residents and tourists. This problem may stem from the lack of sufficient diversity in recreational and cultural facilities or the lack of diversity in recreational and leisure activities in the city. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. This issue can hurt both tourist attractions and the satisfaction of residents with their living environment. Therefore, the present research aims to analyze and visualize the state of equity in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to determine the extent of the inadequacy of access to joy-generating land uses in the spaces of Babol City. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following question: What is the state of spatial justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City?

In terms of its purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical. The research population includes all joy-generating land uses in Babol City, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands. The theoretical framework of the research has been collected using the documentary and library methods. To analyze the access to joy-generating land uses in Babol City, first, the spatial statistics information related to these land uses has been extracted using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) website and QGIS software and then updated and matched using Google Earth software and field observation. Next, by transferring this information to ArcGIS software and using network analysis and spatial statistics methods, maps of the distribution and access to joy-generating land use in Babol City have been prepared. To perform network analysis, the road network must first be called up in ArcGIS software. Therefore, the road network of Babol City was extracted using the OpenStreetMap website and QGIS software and then called up in ArcGIS software. Next, a Network Dataset file was created based on the shapefile layer of Babol City’s road network, and then the Network Analyst extension was activated in ArcGIS software. Access analysis to joy-generating land uses in Babol City was performed using this extension and following route Network Analyst- New Service Area- Load Location- Solve. Additionally, the spatial distribution of joy-generating land uses was examined using the spatial statistics available in the ArcToolbox extension, including the methods of mean center, directional distribution, nearest neighbor mean, and multi-distance spatial cluster analysis in ArcGIS software.

The results of the network analysis and spatial statistics methods have shown that joy-generating land uses, including restaurants and cafes, museums and historical sites, markets and shopping centers, cultural and religious places, children’s parks and playgrounds, sports fields, and gyms, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands, are more concentrated in the city center and inner areas and residents living in the peripheral areas of the city do not have adequate access to these joy-generating land uses. Consequently, residents of the peripheral areas of Babol City compare their living conditions based on their lack of access to joy-generating land uses with the living conditions of residents in the central and inner areas who have better access to these amenities and feel dissatisfied and frustrated with their living conditions. A unique finding of this research is the disparity in access to joy-generating land uses within an urban neighborhood. For instance, Neighborhood 15 has relatively good access to five other joy-generating land uses, even though it has no access to three land uses children’s parks and playgrounds, parks equipped with sports equipment, and urban wetlands.

Spatial justice analysis of the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses identifies the opportunities for joy in urban spaces for citizens and by being aware of this, it is possible to create more just and happy cities. This research was conducted in line with the aforementioned goal of analyzing and visualizing the state of justice in the distribution and access to joy-generating land uses across Babol City to reveal the extent of the deficiencies in access to joy-generating land uses in the urban spaces of Babol. The findings of this research contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of identifying joy-generating land uses in urban spaces and also provide a method as a model for examining and analyzing spatial justice in the distribution and access to these land uses. As Montgomery argues in his book ‘Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design’ (2013), urban management and urban planning can help citizens live healthier and happier lives in cities. In this context, urban management in Babol City should make every effort to improve citizens’ access to joy-generating land uses to create a happy city in Babol. In this context, city managers should strive to create and develop joy-generating land uses in the impoverished areas of Babol City as well to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice among citizens living in the marginalized areas of the city and to foster a better sense of well-being regarding their living conditions in the city and to eliminate the feelings of deprivation and injustice in the minds of citizens living in the peripheral areas of the city and have a better feeling about their living conditions in the city, and as a result, will increase their sense of Joy and happiness. Therefore, in planning to create a happy city, creating new joy-generating land uses in the marginalized areas of Babol City is one of the most important actions that should be taken by urban managers and planners.

This research identifies and explains urban resilience indicators in the form of physical-infrastructural, environmental, social-cultural, economic, and institutional-management resilience in Tehran. An effort is made to determine the most important and most influential indicators of urban resilience with the approach of passive defense in Tehran so that the managers of this metropolis while being aware of the indicators affecting the resilience of the city, can plan and perform executive actions to improve the resilience indicators in this metropolis in order to achieve the goals of passive urban defense. The importance of the current research is in increasing knowledge and filling the scientific weakness in the field of identifying and explaining urban resilience indicators at the level of urban spaces with the passive defense approach, as well as theoretical development in the field of combining the two issues of urban resilience and urban passive defense. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and explain the indicators of urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach. Thus, the current research seeks to answer these questions:-What are the most critical urban resilience indicators concerning thepassive defense approach in Tehran metropolitan areas?-What is the prioritization of indicators that are effective on urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach?

The current research is of applied type in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, and mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of research method. The statistical population of the research to explain the indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach are urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students in the fields of geography and urban planning, urban planning, civil engineering, and passive defense who have the necessary knowledge and expertise both theoretically and empirically in connection with Tehran. Sampling experts and elites use a judgmental and available method, including scientific experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research. In this study, the number of samples was considered to be 25 people. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research were prepared in a library and documentary manner, and surveying experts extracted the raw data of the research. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been confirmed through interviews with professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured by Cronbach's alpha method, which was 0.998. The method of data analysis in the current research includes two qualitative-quantitative stages. The qualitative stage includes identifying and extracting urban resilience indicators with a passive defense approach through the examination of the theoretical foundations as well as the background of the research. In the quantitative stage, by performing the fuzzy DEMATEL technique with the participation of urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students as panel members, the impact and effectiveness as well as the importance of urban resilience indicators with the passive defense approach in Tehran are explained in Excel software.

According to the results, 160 urban resilience indicators have been identified with the passive defense approach in Tehran. Based on the results of fuzzy DEMATEL model, the indicators of distance from faults, distance from airports, distance from power plants, distance from rivers, distance from refineries, distance from mines, distance from green and public open spaces, distance from warehouses and food silos, distance from medical centers and household density in the residential unit have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (cause) and indicators of the percentage of buildings with resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with bathrooms, the distance from public toilets, the ratio of the number of trash cans to the population, the percentage of residential units with sewage disposal systems, the percentage of buildings with non-resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with services health, the percentage of households with cars, the percentage of residential units with piped water, and the percentage of residential units with fixed telephones have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (disabled). Also, the indicators of distance from faults with a value of 2.021, distance from power plants with a value of 2.013, distance from airports with a value of 1.982, distance from rivers with a value of 1.914 and distance from green and open spaces general with a value of 1.870 have been identified as the most important indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach in Tehran. The research results presented here differ from those mentioned in the background. The previous studies only examined a few urban resilience indicators using a passive defense approach. In contrast, this research comprehensively investigated all the indicators of urban resilience using the same approach, and a new finding was discovered, indicating the superiority of this study.

According to the research results, managers and planners of the Tehran should pay attention to the indicators of urban resilience with the passive defense approach that has been identified and explained in the current research for any measures to prepare the city to deal with natural and manufactured crises and the basis of all their executive plans and decisions should be to improve the mentioned indicators.

The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of crimes and identify crime hotspots and investigate its spatial relationship with tourist centers and police centers in order to facilitate and optimize police management and reduce crimes on the coasts of Mazandaran province.

First, using the methods of spatial statistics and kernel density, the spatial distribution pattern of crimes, tourist centers, and police centers has been analyzed in ArcGIS software. Then, with the regression method, the spatial relationship between the amount of crimes with tourist centers and police centers has been checked in IDRISI TerrSet software.

According to the results, crimes, tourism centers, and police centers are distributed in a cluster pattern on the coasts of Mazandaran province and have an east-west distribution. Also, the main centers of crimes are located in the cities of Babolsar, Faridunkenar, Mahmudabad, Noor-Alamdeh, Nowshahr-Chalus, Tonekabon-Khorramabad and Ramsar; The main centers of tourism centers are located in the cities of Babolsar, Nowshahr-Chalos and Katalem-Sadat Shahr-Ramsar, and the main centers of police centers are located in the cities of Nowshahr-Chalos. The correlation between the spatial distribution of crimes and tourism centers is 0.87. Also, the correlation between the spatial distribution of crimes and police centers is 0.8.

The creation of tourist police on the coasts as an effective measure in reducing the amount of crimes and strengthening the security of tourists in the coastal areas is presented as the main proposal of the current research.

Happiness is a collective concept that encompasses all elements of the city system. This study aims to explain the appropriate model of a happy city for Babol city in the form of appropriate factors and components. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and mixed in terms of method. The statistical population of the study to explain the pattern of creating a happy city is urban science specialists in Babol city, which was selected as a sample using a judgmental method and available to 28 people. The factors and components of the happy city in Babol were determined using the fuzzy Delphi method. The reliability and validity of the fuzzy Delphi questionnaire structure were evaluated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient, combined reliability coefficient and mean extraction variance in Smart PLS 3 software. Then, by path analysis method, has been done structural equation modelling for the model of a happy city in Babol city in Smart PLS 3 software. According to the results, the management factor with a path coefficient of 0.282 has the greatest impact on the model of a happy city in Babol city. Economic, physical, social and environmental factors with path coefficients of 0.279, 0.265, 0.254 and 0.236 are in the next ranks of impact on the happy city in Babol city, respectively. Spatial planning and redistribution for fair access of citizens to urban services and joyful uses are offered as the main suggestion based on the study findings. Keywords: Happy City, Pattern Explanation, Path Analysis, Structural Equation Model, Babol City.

One of the most important goals of low-income countries and international financial institutions today is to reduce poverty. Planners and policymakers are always looking to reduce poverty. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends as much on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its causes as it depends on the policies and how the programs are implemented. Amartya Sen proposed the poverty approach as opposed to the income poverty approach. In this view, poverty is defined as deprivation of individual and social capabilities, and poverty is basically a lack of capability, and it is obvious that the solution must also be sought in the development of human capabilities. Given that capability poverty plays a significant role in shaping the ultimate concept of poverty, awareness of the spatial distribution pattern of its zones is the first step in planning and implementing deprivation policies in urban areas. In Iran, too, urbanization has been accompanied by a rapid and rapid process, which has made the phenomenon of poverty and social inequality and severe class differences a feature of the life of third world cities on urban life, and combating it is one of the macro policies of the planning system the country is considered in both short-term plans and long-term strategies. The city of Nourabad Mamasani, like other cities in the country, due to increasing urbanization, has formed poverty zones in some neighborhoods of the city, which has created negative consequences such as insecurity, social crimes, begging and .... To mitigate the problem of poverty, first, complete information on the spatial distribution of its zones in the city of Noorabad Mamasani should be provided to officials and urban planners so that they can use effective mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer these questions; What is the pattern of distributed poverty zones in the city of Nourabad Mamasani In what parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani are the areas of capability poverty concentrated? What percentage of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is in poor poverty areas? The purpose of this research is the zoning of indicators of capability poverty in the level of statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani City.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature and method of research is used descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population of this research is the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani in 2011. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared by libraries and documents and the raw data of the research have been extracted from the statistical blocks of Nourabad Mamasani city which have been prepared based on the 2011 census of the Statistics Center of Iran. It should be noted that due to the lack of information about a large number of indicators of ability poverty in the statistical blocks of 2016, in this study, the statistical blocks of 2011 have been used. First, 9 capability poverty indicators were scaled by the fuzzy method in the Excel software environment and then by combining the 9 desired indicators, the integrated capability poverty index was obtained. The combined index of capability poverty has been analyzed spatially with the method of central feature, mean center, directional distribution, standard distance, spatial autocorrelation Moran and hot spots in the Arc GIS software environment. And then by converting the hot spots map to the raster layer, the integration of the integrated poverty index is done.

The studies of this study on capability poverty in Nourabad Mamasani city show that the central complication and the central mean of the integrated capability poverty index are located in neighborhood 8 and next to each other. Directional or elliptical distribution The standard deviation of the combined capability poverty index also has a southeast-northwest direction distribution. The standard distance also shows that the spatial distribution pattern of the integrated poverty index is centered around the central average of the city. Based on Moran's spatial autocorrelation method, it has been determined that the distribution of the values ​​of the integrated poverty index has a cluster pattern. According to the results of the hot spots method, in the northern parts of Nourabad Mamasani city, more hot spots are seen that have higher values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed hot space clusters. In the southern parts of the city of Nourabad Mamasani, more cold spots can be seen, which have lower values ​​of the combined poverty index and have formed cold spatial clusters.

According to the integrated capability poverty index zoning, 50.2% of the population of Nourabad Mamasani is poor and very poor and 29.8% of the population is prosperous and very prosperous and 20% of the population is in the middle zones. Therefore, it can be said that affluent and very affluent areas are more concentrated in the southern parts of the city, while poor and very poor areas are concentrated in the northern half of the city; This indicates the existence of a huge class difference in the Nourabad Mamasani city.

Combining the two approaches of urban good governance and social resilience, leads to the ability to create opportunities for citizens to express their wants and needs, the reconstruction of civil society to strengthen and enhance local communities, institutions, and organizations, improvement the quality of life and growth of stakeholders’s participation and cooperation in political and social processes within cities and even in the face of risks. This forms positive economic and social tendencies, and also the sustainability of life. In other words, social resilience stems from urban good governance. In recent decades, many crises (including earthquakes, floods, the spread of disease, etc.) have endangered the lives of citizens and made the city and its inhabitants vulnerable to natural and human threats. Thus, social resilience focuses more than anything else on the capacity of places and social systems to respond to threats and harms. Since the beginning of the New Year, a new pandemic called Covid-19 or Corona, unlike its predecessors (Plague, Cholera, Ebola, Influenza, etc.), not only, it has moved from east to west more rapidly; rather, it has changed the lifestyle, culture of interactions, and social interactions and has influenced the discussion of how to manage urban life. However, Iranian cities, including Tabriz, have not been spared from Covid-19 and have contracted the virus. Therefore, the present study seeks to analyze the effect of the components of urban good governance on the promotion of social resilience of citizens against the Covid-19 in the city of Tabriz and also to answer the following questions: What effect does good urban governance have on citizens' social resilience to the risks of Covid-19? Which of the components of urban good governance has promoted the social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19 in the city of Tabriz?

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative-quantitative in aspects of the nature and method of research. The qualitative part includes identifying the effective components of urban good governance on the social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19 in Tabriz by examining the theoretical foundations of research and Delphi analysis with the participation of 15 urban planning experts in universities and research centers as panel members. In order to sample experts and elites, the available method including scientific experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research has been used. Then the components of optimal urban governance are determined by the fuzzy Delphi method. In the quantitative part, using the structural equation analysis model and path analysis method in PLS software, the type of components has been determined according to the effectiveness and impressionability of other components. The used components in this study are the components of urban good governance. In order to select the components, in addition to studying the theoretical foundations and backgrounds, the opinions of experts in the field of urban good governance, as well as the opinions of university professors, have been exerted. In this regard and in this study, nine main components of urban good governance, including transparency, participation, legitimacy, justice, responsibility and accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, consensus, and flexibility have been exploited.

Findings from the questionnaire in the first round of Delphi and considering that the tolerance threshold is set at 0.7, indicate that out of 48 provided components to experts, in total, the fuzzy numerical value of 29 components, higher than 0.7, have been obtained and  confirmed as effective components on promoting social resilience and 19 components have obtained a value less than 0.7 which indicates that these components, are not approved by experts as an important factor in social resilience. In the second stage of the fuzzy Delphi method, 29 approved components by the experts from the first stage, in the form of other questionnaires, and to start the second phase of the fuzzy Delphi method has been provided to the experts. At this stage, after analyzing and comparing it with the results of the first period, the difference of experts should be less than the pre-threshold level of 0.2 to stop the polling process. According to the comparisons, the assembly of experts disagreed in two stages was less than 0.2, so Delphi will stop in the second round. According to the fuzzy numerical value in the second stage, 28 components have obtained a value higher than 0.7 and have been approved by experts.

Given the prevalence of Covid-19 in the world and the subsequent epidemic of this disease in Iranian cities, including Tabriz, the need to pay attention to the principles of urban good governance to manage this crisis and promote social resilience of citizens against the risks of Covid-19, is important. Therefore, in this study, to explain the effects of urban good governance on the social resilience of citizens against the Covid-19 epidemic in Tabriz, first, the effective components in this field were identified by fuzzy Delphi method and then by structural equation analysis model and path analysis method in PLS software, the type of components is determined according to the effectiveness and impressionability on other components. According to the results, the components of governance at the level of significance p <0/05 have a positive and significant effect on social resilience that the component of participation with the most impact with a coefficient of 0.396 in the first place and after those components of responsibility with a coefficient of 0.395 and accountability with a coefficient of 0.355 are in the next ranks. Therefore, in increasing the social resilience of citizens to deal with the Corona crisis in the city of Tabriz, participation with items such as the possibility of institutional capacity building in the management of Covid-19 crisis, creating a neighborhood, the amount of education of citizenship rights and duties and promoting a culture of participation has been most effective on countering Covid-19.

Up-to-date information on land use and land cover, especially in urban areas, and awareness of its changes and developments over a period of time is very important for planners and managers. The present study aims to monitor spatial changes in land use and land cover in the urban area of Babol and Amirkola in the period 1986 to 2020 and forecasting it for 2030. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature and method. Data are taken from Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images. The Fuzzy ARTMAP model was used to detect and classify images, the cross-tab and LCM models were used to analyze land use and land cover changes, and the CA-Markov model was used to predict land use and land cover in 2030 in the IDRISI TerrSet software environment. ArcGIS software was also used to draw the final maps. The results showed that the conversion of garden-use and irrigated agriculture into the built environment has a growing trend, so that these lands have increased from 11.3% in 1986 to 19.7% in 2020 and according to the forecast by 2030, built-up land will reach 22.2% of the total area. Also, the ratio of built-up to non-built land has increased from 12.8 percent in 1986 to 24.5 percent in 2020, and is projected to reach 28.6 percent in 2030, which shows the high rate of garden and agricultural lands destruction.

The resilience of residential indicators is one of the most important elements and factors in achieving sustainable development based on inclusive justice. Injustice in the distribution of residential indicators is one of the central issues in social studies and also one of the most important tangible dimensions of spatial injustice. The purpose of this study is to the analysis of the Resilience of residential indicators in the neighborhoods of Ghaemshahr city with a spatial justice approach. The present research is applied based on the purpose of the type and based on the method of the combined type. Data collection has been done through library and documentary studies. Data related to residential indicators have been extracted from statistical blocks of Ghaemshahr city in 2016. Residential indicators in the neighborhood level are recorded in the Excel software environment and the entropy model is used to weight residential indicators and WASPAS model is used to analyze the resilience of residential indicators. Then, the map of the resilience of residential indicators in the level of the neighborhoods of Ghaemshahr city has been drawn in the Arc gis software environment. The results of WASPAS model show that neighborhood 7 has the highest and neighborhood 12 has the lowest rate of the resilience of residential indicators. The results also showed that the whole city of Ghaemshahr city has moderate resilience in terms of residential indicators. According to the drawn map, Spatial injustice in the resilience of residential indicators in the neighborhoods of Ghaemshahr city is clearly identified, so that 10 out of 20 neighborhoods of Ghaemshahr city suffer from injustice in the resilience of residential indicators.

Improper spatial distribution of gardens at city levels can lead to low utility of the gardens, disturbance in the urban landscape, inadequate social interactions, management and maintenance problems, and reduced psychological and social security. Babol city as has faced increasing population over the past decades and the unimpeded construction. This has led to injustice in the distribution of public services, including gardens at city level. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the distribution of gardens at the level of Babol city by using spatial justice approach to determine the pattern of distribution and the extent of lack of access to the gardens, across Babol city.

The present study is applied the based on the purpose and nature and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data on the gardens of Babol city were collected from the Babol municipality green space organization and matched with Google Earth, Open Street Map and field view.  To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the gardens, models of directional distribution (standard deviational ellipse), mean center, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and mean of nearest neighbor were used in Arc Gis software environment. Then, the radius of access to the gardens was determined by network analysis method. Finally, the radius of service and accessibility of the gardens was adapted to the population density of the neighborhoods of Babol city to determine the neighborhoods access to gardens.

The gardens have a north-south distribution at the level of Babol city. The center of gravity of the gardens is located in the city center and in neighborhood 6. The gardens have a scattered distribution across Babol and are randomly distributed and do not follow a specific pattern. By comparing access to different types of gardens with the population density of neighborhoods of Babol, it has been shown that downtown neighborhoods with high population density have good access to the gardens. It has also been found that there are no garden in the three overcrowded neighborhoods, including 14, 16 and 20, as well as in the eastern and western neighborhoods of the city.

The area of gardens per capita in Babol city is 0.73 square meters. According to the standard per square meter of 8 square meters in Iran, there is a deficit of 7.27 square meters at the city level. Therefore, despite the distribution pattern which is scattered, many neighborhoods are devoid of gardens and suffer from injustice in the distribution and access to the gardens. In particular, the shortage of neighborhood and urban gardens is extremely significant; therefore, in order to establish spatial justice in the distribution of gardens in Babol city, it is suggested to establish urban gardens in crowded neighborhoods without gardens, such as neighborhoods 14, 16 and 20 as well as in eastern and western neighborhoods of the city.

The approach of the sustainable development as a framework for the analysis of the sustainability of rural settlements has received high value and credit. Here, achieving sustainable development without proper measuring, interpreting and explaining is of no significance. One of the necessary foundation for proper planning is to have knowledge of the capabilities and position of different regions in terms of the level of development and sustainability. Having knowledge of changes in sustainable development and knowing its structure, dimensions and spatial expansion in rural areas are considered as critical parameters for appropriate decision making and planning. In this regard, the easiest form of studying in the field of rural sustainable development from the geographical viewpoint is to study the spatial distribution of significant factors. Accordingly, the present study is to analyze and measure the spatial levels of rural settlements located in Qom province. Sustainability assessment has helped define the goals of sustainable development and progress assessment in order to achieve these them and is considered as part of the process of measuring the impact of different aspects of sustainable development. The sustainability assessment is the most significant tool in changing conditions for the sustainable development. The objective of sustainability measurement is to provide a general outline of the sustainability situation at the space level, which can be extended from the range of complete sustainability to the unsustainability, and ultimately provide areas for identifying the factors that contribute to sustainability. Regarding sustainability measurement, there are no fixed and definite indicators, and, according to conditions of different countries and time periods, certain indicators have been used to measure sustainability. The modern era of evaluation and measurement of sustainability began in the late 1940s, and with its generalization, net national product (NNP) and gross national product (GNP), GDP were defined as general indicators of sustainability. Finally, in 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) recommended that countries pay attention to the issue of sustainable development on the economic, social and environmental dimensions, simultaneously.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of research. The statistical population of the study includes inhabited villages of Qom province. The required data are obtained by documentary method using data of the census on population and housing, culture of the Qom provinces, as well as with the reference to some government agencies and organizations. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; by using the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) method VIKOR indicators were integrated and the final indicator of development was determined. Determining the spatial pattern of sustainable development was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. Besides, EXCEL, SPSS and MATLAB software were used as analysis tools.

In this research, the weighing of indicators in the study was conducted using the F'ANP model. The final weight of the indicators derived from the F'ANP model showed that the percentages of literate population, literacy of men and literacy of women were 7.9, 6.72 and 6.69, respectively. It also shows that the highest weight and dependency ratio, the population growth rate and the percentage of agricultural workers to all employees were 2.85%, 3.8% and 3.16%, respectively, and had the lowest weight among the 23 indicators in the study. After weighing, indicators were combined using VIKOR technique. Finally, according to VIKOR scores, the villages under the study were ranked in four categories in terms of sustainable development levels by the cluster analysis method using in the GIS software. in the first category, the sustainable villages, there are 120 villages, in the second category, fairly sustainable villages, there are 37 villages, in the third category, villages with low sustainability, there are 8 villages and in the fourth category, the unsustainable villages, there are 15 villages. The results of regression analysis also showed that "literacy level" had the highest effect and "income level" had the least effect on the sustainability level of villages under the study.

The results of this study showed that although the villages of Qom province compared to each other enjoy the sustainable level, this sustainability is not integrated. In other words, the sustainability of villages is not the same in all the indicators. This situation reflects the imperfect dynamics of the provincial settlement system in the province. Despite that, this province has a special political and religious status in the country. From the spatial aspect, the sustainability level of the province has followed a pattern indicative of (relative) spatial equality. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of the F'ANP model in geographical studies.The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method of research. The statistical population of the study includes inhabited villages of Qom province. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; by using the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) method VIKOR indicators were integrated and the final indicator of development was determined. Determining the spatial pattern of sustainable development was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. Besides, EXCEL, SPSS and MATLAB software were used as analysis tools. The results of this study showed that although the villages of Qom province compared to each other enjoy the sustainable level, this sustainability is not integrated. In other words, the sustainability of villages is not the same in all the indicators. This situation reflects the imperfect dynamics of the provincial settlement system in the province. Despite that, this province has a special political and religious status in the country. From the spatial aspect, the sustainability level of the province has followed a pattern indicative of (relative) spatial equality. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of the F'ANP model in geographical studies

One of the weaknesses of urban renewal and improvement projects is the mere physical look at worn-out structures. The aim of this study is to analyze the adaptation of worn-out tissue area to the poverty areas of Ghaemshahr city. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research have been prepared in the form of libraries and documents and the raw data of the research have been extracted from the statistical blocks of Ghaemshahr city, which has been prepared based on the 2011 census of the Statistics Center of Iran. For scale-lessing 36 urban poverty indicators, fuzzy method has been used in Excel software environment. Hot spot method has been used in ArcGIS software environment for zoning poverty. The area of ​​the worn-out texture has also been extracted from the studies of the Ghaemshahr city renovation and improvement plan and its boundary has been drawn on the statistical blocks. With the adaptation of the worn-out tissue range and the poverty zones, it has become clear that large areas of poverty are not within the worn-out tissue range. This deprives these areas of poverty of benefits and facilities related to improvement, renovation and re-creation, and of discounts and exemptions for the payment of construction fees within the scope of worn-out tissue provided by the government and municipalities. Be useless. Currently, 296/6 hectares of the total area of ​​urban blocks is allocated to worn-out tissue, while 1178 hectares are located in the poverty zones. Surveys show that there is an adaptation and overlap between approximately 10% of the area and population of worn-out tissue and poverty zones. Therefore, it is necessary to review the worn-out texture plan and identify new areas by using more precise methods and considering the issue of urban poverty.

The marriage geography, will pay the general behavior and patterns of marriage and the family system and changes of spatial - time. The purpose of the present research is to spatial analysis of distribution of marital status indicators in urban and rural areas of Iran. The present research is applied in terms purpose, and is descriptive-analytic in terms the method. In the library and documentary method has been used to collect information and the indexes of the paper is calculated based on raw data of general census of population and housing of the year 2016. In order to study the spatial characteristics of the marital status in urban and rural areas of Iran, has been used in indicators of the percentage of people with a spouse, the percentage of homeless people by death, the percentage of homeless people by divorce and the Percentage of people never married. For spatial analysis of marital status indices, has been used hot spots and spatial autocorrelation moran methods in the Arc Gis software environment. The results of the hot spots method show that the concentration of married people in the northern areas is far more than the southern areas of the country, but the concentration of the never married people has more values in the southern half of the country, especially in the south east, southwest and west, and has formed a stronger spatial cluster. Also, the concentration of homeless people by death in the northwest, northeast, center, and west areas and the concentration of homeless people by divorce in the north and northeast of the country was more than other areas of the country.

Increased urbanization has led to urban poverty. In developing countries, rapid urban growth is typically greater than the capacity of local governments in providing services and infrastructure. This leads to an increase in urban poverty and inequality within the city. In recent decades, due to the significant concentration of poverty in the city, discussions and conversations about the causes and consequences of poverty have become prevalent with a renewed importance.The city of Noorabad has witnessed the formation of slum areas in some urban spaces, due to the rapid population growth over the past decades and the inability to provide proper services and facilities to citizens. In order to plan and reintegrate the situation of the poor, initially, the location and spatial distribution of poverty must be exactly identified in the city. Then with careful planning, this challenging urban problem may be solved.

The research method is based on descriptive-analytic approaches and detailed data were obtained at the level of statistical blocks of Noorabad city in 2011. Also some relevant information collected from secondary studies were used. First, the 32 indicators of urban poverty are un-scaled with fuzzy method in Excel and then, by combining the indicators, the combined indexes of urban poverty were extracted. For spatial analysis of the integrated urban poverty index, several spatial cluster analysis models such as spatial Moran spatial, local Moran statistics, hot spots, profile graphs and trend analysis in ArcGIS software were used.

The results of multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and Moran spatial autocorrelation show that amounts of the combined index of urban poverty with clustered pattern is distributed in Noorabad city. Based on the results of local Moran and hotspot methods, poverty clusters are concentrated in the northern parts of the city and rich clusters are in the southern parts. Also, based on the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor, and 31 percent of its population are rich and very rich, and 18 percent of its population are located in the middle income areas. Based on the profile of the combined index of urban poverty, the west and south of the city are considered to be the prosperous area and the eastern and northern parts of the city are deprived zones. The trend analysis of the combined index of urban poverty also showed that the trend in the data of the combined index of urban poverty in the east-west direction and in the north-south direction has increased significantly.

Poverty is one of the socially undesirable phenomenon that planners and policymakers are always seeking to reduce. The success of poverty alleviation programs depend on the exact identification of the phenomenon of poverty and its indicators. Urban areas are very diverse and there are significant differences in different regions and in particular urban areas. Hence, measuring urban poverty is also important in urban areas. In this research, by using available tools in Arc GIS, spatial analysis of urban poverty in the city Noorabad was performed. The results of the analyzing patterns show that the combined indexes of urban poverty have been distributed with cluster patterns across the city. According to the results of the mapped clusters, poverty clusters are concentrated in northern parts of city and rich clusters in the southern parts. Also, based on the zoning the combined index of urban poverty, 51 percent of the population of the city are poor and very poor. According to the results, it can be stated that the results of this study are based on the clustering pattern of urban poverty distribution corresponding with the results of most researches presented in the study, including Gio et al (2018), Nikpour et al (2019), Nikpour and Hasanalizadeh (2018), Farhadikhah et al (2017), Rustai et al (2016), and Movahed et al (2016).

By studying urban systems, it becomes more specific the condition distribution and measure balance of population distribution. This article is being Compilation by aim the study changes in the urban system of the northern region to determine its equilibrium situation. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the basis of statistical data is the results of general census of population and housing in the past 8 years. In this paper, classifying the cities of the region over the past 60 years, used of indexes urban primacy includes primate city, tow city, Ginsberg, Mehta, moomaw and alwosabi, dominance mosavi and indexes centralization includes herfindahl, Henderson and indexes Balance includes entropy, coefficient of variation, rank-size to study the urban system of the region. The results perquisite from urban primary indexes and centralization it shows the measure urban primacy and centralization from 1335 to 1365 the trend has been decreasing but from 1365 to 1390 the trend has been on the upside until it in 1395 rebounds Slightly trend has been declines. The results of the indexes Balance also show the imbalance in the spatial distribution of the population in the urban system of the region from 1335 to 1395 has always increased. The results of the rank-size index also is indicate a relatively large difference between the actual population and the desirable population of the cities of region during the studied years and also, the relative importance of middle cities from 1335 to 1355 and domination of urban primary from 1355 to 1395.

Elderly is an avoidable one, which pose with it issues and special needs at the level of urban societies. This article is provided to target of analyze the spatial pattern of distribution as well as demographic indicators of the elderly population in the neighborhoods of babol City. The research method of this study is descriptive-analytic and based on the purpose applied. The raw data of the article is extracted from statistical blocks of the babol city, which is provided to base on the census of 1390 Iran Statistics Center. To study the status of the elderlies in the 22 neighborhoods of babol city is used from Indexes of elderly ratio, elderly Dependency ratio, elderly Index and Aging Index. For spatial analysis of elderly population indexes using GIS software and have been used the methods of hot spots and Spatial autocorrelation of moran. By checking the age pyramid of babol city from 1355 to 1395, it was determined that has more elderly population ratio to lower age groups. All four of the studied indexes have more values in the level central neighborhoods than peripheral neighborhoods. Also, all four indexes have a cluster spatial pattern in the level city.

One of the greatest Urban challenges, is the formation and focusing of poverty phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution of indicators and measures of urban poverty, in the Qaa'emshahr city. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic, and in terms purpose, is applied. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research, were prepared using documentary sources; while, the raw data of the research were extracted from the statistical urban blocks, based on the 1390 National Census. We benefited from Fuzzy Method for unscaling the indicators of urban poverty, and factor analysis method, to measure the poverty situation in Qaa'emshahr. We used Excel software, to measure urban poverty indicators. Then, we used in SPSS software for factor analysis. For Spatial Analysis, we used hot spots Method and Moran spatial autocorrelation in Gis software environment. results show that poverty in the city of Qaa'emshahr has cluster distribution and spatial autocorrelation. Most of hot spots are in outer and peripheral parts of Qaa'emshahr city, and most of cold spots are in the central, east, as well as parts of the south west parts of the city to parts of the city. Based on the foundings, 46.7% of the area, and 35.1% of the population of the city of Qaa'emshahr, are discerned as poor and very poor. Also, the central parts of the city are covered by the very affluent and affluent blocks, and in the outer and peripheral parts of the city, there are blocks of poor and very poor; showing a massive gap in different parts of the Qaemshehr city. Among the innovations of this research, are the use of new indicators such as the percentage of unmarried people, the percentage of immigrants entered, and the percentage of sigle-room residential units; as well as using fuzzy method for non-scaling of urban poverty indicators.

Urban poverty has many adverse consequences, one of which is divorce. The purpose of this paper is to study the geographical dispersion of poverty and divorce indicators in the level of statistical blocks of ghaemshahr city and relationship of those two with each other.

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytical in terms of method. For unscaling the indicators of urban poverty and divorce index have been used in fuzzy method. Then the indices of poverty and divorce were analyzed spatially in the Arc Gis software environment with method of hot spots and Moran autocorrelation and to study the relationship between poverty and divorce has been used of multiple regression test and Pearson in the spss software environment.

The results indicate that 54.9 percent of the area and 54 percent of the population of the ghaemshahr city is poor and very poor. Also, 1.14 percent of the total population, 0.64 percent of the men's population and 1.63 percent of the women's population are in a state of without spouse due to divorce. Divorced women population is 2.5 times more divorced men which concentrate more in the center and north east of the city. Based on the results of multiple regression, the indicators of person density in the room, room density in residential unit, sponsorship load, livelihood load and measure of general activity have a effective and significant role in divorce rate of ghaemshahr city.

Therefore, to take necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in Ghaemshahr city, planning precisely to reduce the factors involved in poverty, which are considered the main causes of divorce, it is seems necessary.

The adoption of a gender approach in urban planning and urban management is inevitable to eliminate poverty and gender inequality. The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution of indicators of gender Poverty in the level of statistical blocks of ghaemshahr city. The present research is applied in terms purpose and is descriptive - analytic in terms method. The data of the theoretical foundations of research have been prepared in the library and documentary method and the raw data of the research is extracted from the statistical blocks of the ghaemshahr city, which has been prepared based on the census of 2011 as the center of statistics of iran. For unscaling the indicators of gender poverty has been used Fuzzy method in the Excel software. For spatial analysis of gender poverty have been used of methods of hot spots, Moran spatial autocorrelation, central feature, standard deviational ellipse and mean center in Arc Gis software environment. The results of the moran model show that urban poverty in both groups of men and women in the city of ghaemshahr city has cluster distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation. Also, according to the zoning of the men's group, 54/64 percent of the population of men's and 52.94 percent of the women's population of ghaemshahr city are poor and very poor and also in both groups of men and women are observed the highest rates of poverty in neighborhoods 5, 7, 12, 16 and 19. Also is specified based on the models of the central feature, standard deviational ellipse and mean center that the mean center and the center of gravity of the combined poverty index are in side of the central feature in both groups of men and women and is has the direction of distribution southwest - northeast.

The change in urban systems is a continuous process that simultaneously occurs at different levels of space. This article aims to study the evolution of the urban system of Mazandaran province in the last 60 years. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the statistical basis of the data is the results of general population censuses and housing. In this research, Excel data was categorized by demographic data of urban areas and using the rank-size models, the class-adjusted minimum and the pulling coefficient of the urban system of Mazandaran province were analyzed. With Gis, maps of the spatial distribution of urban population were also drawn. The results show that urbanization in Mazandaran is moving along with the whole country, but its acceleration is slower than that of the country. In this period, the number of cities increased 6 times, urban population 12 times, and urbanization increased to 42.2 percent. According to the model, the size of the real and desirable population of cities is seen to be increasing as a surplus population, and as the tendency to balance is evident at high levels of the hierarchical system, there is no such improvement at the lower levels. In the corrected rule of Storges, the degree of difference between classes is increased to 5.6 times, and the number of classes to 10 metropolitan areas has increased, and there is a significant difference between the number of cities and their population in the last floor of this model, which indicates the imbalance and disruption of the situation The hierarchy of the urban system. The results of the model of pulling coefficient show that the small towns and villages in recent decades have been low and negative growth, whose declining role has caused a serious risk of balance in the Mazandaran city system.