فهرست مطالب مینا گلستانی

Masks play a crucial role in preventing and controlling viral epidemics transmitted predominantly through the air. This study aimed to develop and validate a tool to measure people’s attitudes and behaviors related to mask usage during highly contagious viral epidemics.

In this psychometric study, the initial questionnaire was developed and face validity and content validity were assessed by 17 experts and three lay experts. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was measured using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the principal component extraction method and Varimax rotation.

Based on a review of previous studies, an initial 27-item questionnaire was crafted. During the face validity stage, two items were excluded. Through calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI), three and one items respectively removed. The average scale level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.95. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.76 for attitude and 0.66 for practice sections; the ICC was equal to 0.873. EFA revealed two factors explaining 63.98% of the total variance.

This questionnaire demonstrated sound reliability and validity in Persian, providing an effective means to assess attitude and behavior related to mask usage during highly contagious viral epidemics. It stands as a valuable tool for use in Iran and other countries.

With respect to the rapid development of the road transport industry, improving safety and valuing accidents have become an essential issue in public policy. Over the past few decades, studies based on the estimation of valuing statistical life have played a unique role in the cost-benefit estimations of investment in the transport sector. In this regard, this study has been conducted using the stated choice method and the mixed logit model to examine the willingness to pay and the value of statistical life among the Tabriz drivers. The research data were collected through a questionnaire from 300 people who travel daily in the city for various reasons. The statistical value of life and injury for Tabriz city was 18663384 and 135005 Tomans respectively. According to the results, investing in road safety improvement projects is necessary to reduce casualties and injuries.

Evidence suggests that medication errors are among the most common types of medical errors، and over fifty percent of them are preventable. Since a significant proportion of these errors are related to the similarity between drug names، this study was designed to evaluate drugs with similar spelling، spelling and packaging.

This is a qualitative study with phenomenological approach. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and with the help of previously designed guide. Data were analyzed using content analysis.

The central themes of the findings of this study include: the accuracy of drug use، the way of recording and monitoring used medication، the storage، reporting، and notification of similar medications، verbal or telephone orders، medication lists with similar spelling، pronunciation and packaging and recommendations of the participants. The most errors in the Heparin-Atropine pair was the packaging of the drugs، spelling was the highest error in Dopamine- Dobutamine pair drug and spelling was the highest error in Atropine and Atorvastatin pair drug.

The study findings indicate that there is no certain system for recording، monitoring and storage of similar drugs. Therefore، identifying the medication list with similar pronunciation، spelling and packaging is an opportunity to reduce these types of errors with appropriate interventions.

Based on theoretical principles and experimental observations, Health expenditure and real GDP in each country has a reciprocal relationship and the effect of each of these variables on other variables regardless of their interactions in terms of econometric methods would not be very reliable. Accordingly, this study investigated the relationship between pharmaceutical expenditures, health care expenditures and GDP in Iran. The study was analytical and ecological correlation type and Partial Correlation and regression tests have been used. The variables in this study consisted of gross domestic product, total pharmaceutical expenditures, Per capita drug consumption and total health expenditures. Data needed from different sources has been collected and wereanalyzed by SPSS software. In the significance level (P <0.01), variables, GDP per capita, total health expenditure and total pharmaceutical expenditures with per capita drug consumption had a statistically significant relationship. Based on study results, the variables of GDP, total health expenditure and total pharmaceutical expenditures 99.3 percent of the variance in per capita drug consumption and 99.8 percent change in total pharmaceutical expenditures can be explained. According to the results of the regression, the variable per capita health expenditures with a beta standard (=0.759 and =0.987) better than variable of economic growth predicted the per capita drug consumption and total pharmaceutical expenditures variables. In the years studied, per capita drug consumption with total health expenditure, total pharmaceutical expenditures and per capita gross domestic production was statisticaly correlated.

Decision analysis models are conceptual framework for most of the cost - effectiveness (CEA) and cost-utility (CUA) analyses and this model increasingly plays an important role in decision making. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding and use of decision analysis and economic modeling techniques with a particular emphasis on decision trees and Markov modeling. A review of the published literature was performed using the seven search engines and databases which include Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, EconLit, EBSCO and HEED with key words including: Decision Analysis, Health Economic Modeling and TreeAge and their combination to describe the structure, application, and limitations of the more popular decision analytic methods including decision trees, Markov models, and sensitivity analysis in healthcare. We identified 19 relevant published articles. The results indicated that decision analytical models are widely used in economic evaluation of health care interventions with the objective of generating valuable information to assist health policy decision-makers to allocate scarce health care resources efficiently. Decision analytic modeling allows a rational, feasible, scientific, and timely approach to measure the efficiency of new medical technologies in health care by using the best available evidence of different sources to produce detailed estimates of the clinical and economic indicators. Despite TreeAge Pro software increasing use in developing countries as economic modeling studies of various health interventions, unfortunately its role and impact are not known in Iran yet.

The hospitals is known to be allocated about 70 percent cost of health system in developing countries, This study was aimed to analysis and unit cost estimation of services using “Step-Down Method” in Fatemieh Hospital (Semnan University of Medical Sciences-2006) This is a cross-sectional, study. The study population is the functional departments of Fatemieh Hospital. Data collecting tools were researcher made tables and reviewing of existent documents and evidences. To analyze the data, we used Excel Software and complementing step-down chain. Among three functional departments, the final service departments with 47.5 percent allocated the highest share followed by overhead and intermediate service departments with 24.3 and 21.5 percent of total hospital-wide costs respectively. Annual depreciation was 6.7. Expenditures on personnel cost accounts for almost 48 percent, substantially higher proportion of total cost than expenditures on buildings and permanent structures (5 percent), expenditures on utilities(3 percent) or materials and supplies (2 percent). Special notice to subject of human resource management and labor productivity are visible and the final service department are necessary for organizing the same activity complementing Also making a database of cost recording in hospital, and implementing one comprehensive and integrated operational planning system at hospital system is needed for managers.

The performance management unavoidably is required for each social organization, and presently hospitals as social organizations require the establishment of the performance management to preservation of resources to provide health and treatment services. The present study is aimed to evaluate the performance management system of the Amiralmomenin (P. B. U. H) Hospital's employees of Semnan county during a 3-year period of establishment this system The Balanced Score Card method was used for evaluation of this system, which determines the results achieved through allocating scores in four axles including: customers, internal processes, financial, and innovation & growth. The 'customer's axle determines the objectives such as the patient's satisfaction, reduction of complaints, and increase of motivation in the employees. The 'internal processe's axle determines objectives such as improving the productivity and quality of the offered services. The 'financial' axle determines objectives such as performance-based payment and reduction of expenses and the 'Innovation & Growth' axle covers objectives such as increasing the information level of the personnel, improving the educational level, and increasing the stability rate of the employees. In the 'customer's axle, with customer's satisfaction being equal to 89. 6%, complaints equal to 0. 29%, and employee's satisfaction equal to 35. 3%, the score of the 'customer's axle was estimated at 41. 5. Related with the 'internal processe's axle, considering the percentage of different parameters such as Productivity of Services (73. 55%), and Qualitative Deficiency of the Offered Services (0. 57%), obtaining 0. 6 negative scores. So that, the total score of the 'internal processe's axle was equal to 36. 4. In the 'financial' axle, the performance-based payments allotted 16. 6% to it, and so, the score of the 'financial' axle was equal to 16. 6. In the 'innovation and growth' axle, considering the percentage of elements such as the Increased Information Level of the Personnel (100%), Increased Educational Level of the Personnel (39%), and the Stability Rate of Employees (89. 4%), the total score of this axle was equal to 89. 1. The highest score assigned to the Innovation&Growth axle and the other aspects including the customers satisfaction, internal processes, and financial axles occupy the lower positions and scores respectively. Therefore, this system left the lowest success record in related with the 'financial' matter that considering the focus of this system on the ô°û 9 /؛ يپ°û 52 / پü‎³ 5831 performance-based payments. Weakness of the system is more observable in this axle. For the establishment of the system, achieving the participation of the employees and the managers- and not being disappointed due to failures in the initial executive stages through convening- educational-justification sessions, is necessary. As a result, to realization the goals of the Performance Management System, it is necessary to pay more attention to making the bed for improving the quality of the offered services, establishing performance -based payments, and meeting the satisfaction of the customers.