فهرست مطالب کورش منوچهری نایینی

Infection of pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy may cause congenital toxoplasmosis in embryo and a number of serious and even persistent complications in newborns. One of the most effective factors determining the rate of congenital toxoplasmosis is the rate of Toxoplasma infection or immune status of women in child-bearing ages against the parasite. This study was carried out to investigate the immune status of women in child-bearing ages (15-45 year-old) against Toxoplasma gondii and determine the related risk factors in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari province. This descriptive-analytic study included 338 sera from women in child bearing ages (15-45 year-old). The sera were examined for the specific anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies using an Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) method. Demographic information were collected through interview and questionnaire forms. The results were analyzed using SPSS 12 Software and Chi-Square test. Out of 338 serum samples belonged to the women (mean 25. 78±8. 21) of the area، 126 (37. 3%) were positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. The highest and lowest rates of positive reactions were found in 36-45 and 15-25 year-old groups (51. 9% vs. 27. 9%)، respectively (P<0. 001). The study also showed a significant correlation between occupation (P=0. 04) and residence (P=0. 01) of the subjects with seroreactivity against Toxoplasma gondii. The study showed that in this region of the country، a vast majority of women in child-bearing ages were seronegative for Toxoplama gondii infection (62. 7%)، and thus they may be susceptible to acute Toxoplasma infection during their future pregnancy. Therefore، it is recommended to implement a health education program about transmission routes of Toxoplasma for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic protozoan parasite that can infect man and animals. The pathogen can infect the fetus by congenital transmission during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate T. gondii infection in people referred to health care centers in northern and central regions of Iran. Materials and method s: Serum samples from 712 individuals in Mazandaran، Isfahan and ChaharmahalvaBakhtiari provinces، Iran، were examined for the levels of anti-T. Gondii IgG by ELISA. Prevalence of T. gondii infection in respect of gender and age was analyzed.

The overall anti - T. gondii IgG prevalence in the study population was 72. 05%. In Mazandaran، Isfahan and ChaharmahalvaBakhtiari provinces،in male population respectively 87. 6، 41. 46 and 61. 81% and in female population respectively 89. 31، 47. 61 and 64. 44% were sero-positive with anti-T. gondii IgG. Sero-prevalance of anti-T. gondii IgG in the females was higher than in the males in the northern and central regions of Iran. Discussion and

The present study demonstrates high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in northern and central regions of Iran and a higher prevalence of T. gondii infection was observed in females. Significant difference in infection rate between individuals living in northern and central areas in Iran was found (p <0. 05)، which indicated that T. gondii infection is dependent on living places. Deeper investigations for the potential risk factors that threat the Iranian populations، especially female are recommended.

Background and Giardia cyst and trophozoite have invariant morphologies, therefore, investigating aspects such as host specificity, transmission patterns and clinical behavior of the parasite in hosts requires molecular characterization of the parasites isolated from clinical samples. The aim of this study was to characterize giardiasis isolated from human fecal samples with symptomatic (with a history of chronic diarrhea) and asymptomatic giardiasis and investigating the correlation of parasite's assemblage with diarrhea. Thirty one fecal samples containing Giardia cysts from individuals with symptomatic and asymptomatic giardiasis were used to characterize the parasite's genotype. Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) gene was amplified by polymerase chain Reaction (PCR). Demographic information was recorded using a questionnaire and SPSS ver.16 and Fisher’s exact test were applied to analyse the data. PCR showed a higher frequency of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B compared with assemblage A (51.6% vs. 35.5%). However, the frequency of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in symptomatic giardiasis was significantly higher than that of the asymptomatic giardiasis (62.5% vs. 18.75%). The Fisher's exact test revealed a significant correlation between Giardia doudenalis assemblage A and diarrhea (p<0.005). Usually, duodenalis assemblage A is accompanied by clinical symptoms such as diarrhea. However, duodenalis assemblage B is more prevalent among those with diarrhea.

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common causes of latent infection in humans. However, the prevalence and incidence rates of the infection and factors affecting it vary from place to place. The aim of present study was to investigate seroprevalence and some of factors affecting Toxoplasma infection in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari province-Iran. In this descriptive analytical study based on the population age gender pyramid, 990 serum samples were collected by quota sampling from the individuals referred to clinical laboratories of the province. Then samples were examined for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method. Demographic information was also collected using a questionnaire and data were analyzed using Chi-square and independent t-tests as well as the logistic regression. The individuals aged between 1-85 years (Mean age 27.89±18.23 yr.). Anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were found in 339 samples (34.2%). There was a significant correlation between the age, living style, residence, job, and education level of the participants and seroprevalence of Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG) (P<0.05). The logistic regression model also showed a significant relationship between age and residence of the participants and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P<0.05). The study indicated that one third of the population was exposed to Toxoplasma and yet the vast majority of them are susceptible to Toxoplasma infection in future. Therefore, the health staffs should be aware of Toxoplasma seroprevalence and potential risk factors of infection in different areas of the region. Health educational programs are needed to improve the knowledge of population about Toxoplasma transmission routes and the standard preventive measures.

Supervision on bird''s health Care which is on sale in the Isfahan City is of great importance because of its close and direct contact with people. In this study 412 Specimen offeces of the birds which are on sale in bird sellers were tested microscopically for detection of various Parasites contamination applying standard and regular floatationMethod. 41 Cases were positive for parasites in cladding 32 cases contaminated with Oocyst of Eimeria equivalent 7.6%. 4 cases contaminated with egg of Raillietina 0.95percent and 5 cases only contaminated with egg of Ascaridia galli 1.18 percent.

The most serious form of Toxoplasma gondii infection, congenital toxoplasmosis occurs when a non-immune woman is affected during the pregnancy. Thus, having knowledge about Toxoplasma seroprevalence among women during childbearing ages and/or pregnancy is of public health importance. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies during the first trimester of pregnancy in women aged 15-45 years referred to the health centers of the province. In this descriptive-analytical study, 384 serum samples from pregnant women aged 15-45 years during the first trimester of their pregnancies were examined and tittered for anti-Toxoplasma antibody using Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) method. Using X2 test, the data were analyzed. Total anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 106 women out of 384 (27.6%), with serum levels ranged between 1:20 and 1:2560. The highest rate of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was found in pregnant women aged 40-45 years (50%) (p<0.05). There was a past history of spontaneous abortion in 29.3% of the sero-positive subjects. Also, 38.5% of the sero-positive women had a history of cat keeping in their house or had a close contact with the animal (p<0.05). There was also a history of lamb meat consumption in 82.2% of sero-positive subjects (p<0.05), while the rate of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was 65% for raw vegetables consumers. The highest and the lowest rates of anti-Toxoplasma sero-prevalence occurred in Shahrekord (51.9%) and Farsan (6%) districts, respectively. This rate was also 25% and 29.5% for urban and rural areas, respectively. The findings showed that a large proportion of pregnant women from this area are at risk of infection with Toxoplasma and may be infected during next months of their pregnancies or in their further pregnancies

In the recent years Toxoplasma gondii has been increasingly recognized as an important pathogen of humans. It is one of the most common causes of latent infection in humans throughout the world. If primary Toxoplasma infection is acquired during pregnancy, the organism may be transmitted to the fetus. So, of importance is the prevalence of antibody in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to find the immunity status of rural pregnant women against Toxoplasma infection. The present study was carried out on 394 serum samples collected from the rural pregnant women aged 15-45 years, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari province, using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). The correlation between Toxoplasma infection and some variables such as age, delivery grade, the history of abortion and stillbirth, malformations of the newborn infant, location and food habits of the subjects, and direct contact of the women to cats was also investigated. The prevalence rate of total anti- Toxoplasma antibodies in the women was 27.4% and the titers ranged between 1.50-1.1600. There were not any classes of acute phase antibodies, IgM and IgA in the sera. Although there was no correlation between Toxoplasma infection and the mentioned variables, there was a significant correlation between Toxoplasma infection and raw vegetable consumption by the women (P<0.05). Because majority of the rural pregnant women lacked any anti- Toxoplasma antibodies and may be at risk of acute primary Toxoplasma infection in further pregnancies, the health policies should be directed toward the improvement of awareness of pregnant women about Toxoplasma infection and the routes of transmission. Moreover, the health programs should be designed to determine the status of immunity against Toxoplasma among women in gestation period through a serological surveillance program to prevent or diminish the complications of congenital toxoplasmosis in the affected fetuses.