فهرست مطالب آریا اشجع اردلان

This study aimed to identify the gastropod fauna in the intertidal areas of Kharg Island by differentiating the families Trochidae, Planaxidae, Turbinidae, and Muricidae using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gastropod sampling was conducted at five stations in the intertidal zones of Kharg Island (depths less than 1 meter) during the spring and winter of 2015. The samples were frozen and transported to the laboratory. Following a morphometric study, the organic matter in the oral cavity of the gastropods was digested, and their radulae were isolated and prepared for SEM analysis. Five species were identified in this research: Trochus firmus, Trochus erithreus (Trochidae), Turbo radiatus (Turbinidae), Planaxis sulcatus (Planaxidae), and Thais savignyi (Muricidae). The radula types were ripidoglossan in Trochus firmus, Trochus erithreus, and Turbo radiatus; taenioglossan in Planaxis sulcatus; and stenoglossan in Thais savignyi. The radulae of these gastropods differed in the shape of their central, lateral, and marginal teeth. Therefore, the evaluation of radulae using a scanning electron microscope is an effective method for more precise identification of gastropods.

Jar cheese is a hard, slightly acidic and sweet pungent that has a granular state and has a dry appearance. In this study, the effect of relative substitution of NaCl salt with KCl (0.25, 50 and 75%) on the characteristics of free fatty acids, fat, peroxide and acidity of Jar cheese was investigated. The results showed that replacing NaCl with KCl and ripening time (5, 45 and 90) did not have a significant effect on fat and peroxide levels (p> 0.05). The acidity content in different treatments did not change significantly with the replacement of NaCl with KCl, Acidity content was increased significantly during ripening period (p <0.05). The results of measurement of fatty acid profiles showed that butyric acid was detected in all treatments and its quantification was   in lowest amount within specific days of ripening period (5, 45 and 90). partial replacement of NaCl with KCl did not affect the free fatty acid profile except for stearic acid (C18), and also no significant changes were observed in total amount of free fatty acids measured among all treatments (p> 0.05). In terms of the overall acceptance sensory score, a significant difference was observed between the control treatment and the treatment containing (9% KCl + 3% NaCl) and the closest treatment to the control treatment in terms of the sensory score of flavor, texture, appearance and overall acceptance is the T1 treatment containing (3% KCl + 9% NaCl). In general, the results of this study showed that 50% NaCl can be substituted with KCl.

Echinoderms are among the most abundant benthos possessing various economic, ecological and nutritional importance.

Studying and investigating the biodiversity and spatial distribution of echinoderms in the rocky shores of Qeshm.

Biodiversity and distribution of Echinoderms in eight stations (Toola 1, Toola 2, Aftab, Dafari, Tango, Havafaza, Biotechnology, and Naz Island) and three intertidal zones (high, middle and low) on the rocky shores of Qeshm island in summer and winter seasons (August and January 2018) were investigated. At each station, one to two transects oriented perpendicular to shore were determined. Echinoderms were counted with 3 replications in each station and inertidal zones.

Results:

 In this study, 12 echinoderms from 9 families were identified. The maximum and minimum frequency  were observed in winter with an average of 17 ind/m2</sup> in the mid tide zone of the Havafaza station and in the summer with an average of 1 ind/ m2</sup> in the low tide zone of the Naz Island station, respectively. Ophiocoma scolopendrinae was the dominant species (21.39%) in all stations. The results of the three-way permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed that the  community structure of echinoderms is different in the different stations and sampling seasons. The highest and lowest Shannon index, Margalef index and Pielou index were compared among sampling stations and different seasons. According to the results of Simper test,Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Astropecten hemprici, Holothuria leocospilota Holothuria scabra, Astropecten phragmorous, Diadema setosum accounted for the highest percentage of participation in Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in terms of species density, between summer and winter seasons and in different sampling stations.

Conclusion:

 The population structure of Echinoderms in the studied stations is influenced by various factors such as seasonal changes, tourists and residential areas.

This study was conducted to investigate the shape and morphological characteristics of otolith in some of economic fishes in Anzali wetland and the possibility of using these characteristics to identify species. In this study, Sajita otolith was extracted from 5 species of fishes and their morphological characteristics were investigated. These species belong to the families of Esocidae (Esox lucius), Leuciscidae (Abramis brama), Xenocyprinidae (Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix), Mugilidae (Chelon saliens) and Percidae (Sander lucioperca). The species were selected and their biometric characteristics and their otoliths were recorded and extracted. Then, the shape of the otoliths was studied and the biometric characteristics of the left and right otoliths of each sample were recorded by measuring their length, width and thickness. Also, the size, elongation and thickness indices of otolith were calculated and the relationship between the parameters was investigated. The results showed that the shape of otolith among these species and even species belonging to one family were different. The highest weight, head lengths and otolith lengths were not observed in the largest sample. There was a significant positive relationship between total lengths and otolith lengths in Chelon saliens and Sander lucioperca. Also, a positive and significant relationship was observed between the weight and thickness of otolith in Chelon saliens. So, the morphology of otoliths can play an important role in the taxonomy of fish.

Biodiversity and spatial distribution of bivalves in eight stations (Toola 1, Toola 2, Aftab, Dafari, Tango, Havafaza, Biotechnology, and Naz Island) on the rocky shores of Qeshm and in August and January 2018 were investigated. At each station, one to two transects oriented perpendicular to shore were identified. In this study, 14 bivalve species from 8 families were identified. The maximum and minimum frequency of bivalves was observed in winter with an average of 75/m2 in the high tide zone of ​​the Toola 2 station and in the summer with an average of 11/ m2 in the mid tide zone of ​​the Biotechnology station, respectively. Pinctada radiata bivalve was the dominant species (73.9) in all stations. The results of nMDS test also confirm the existence of differences in the structure and species composition of bivalve populations between different seasons and stations. The highest and lowest Shannon index was observed in the high tide zone of ​​Tango station (2.55) in winter and in the high tide zone of ​​Havafaza station in summer (1.65), respectively. The highest and lowest species richness (Margalf index) was recorded in the high tide zone of ​​the Toola 1 station (3.73) in summer and in the mid tide zone of ​​the Biotechnology station in winter (1.87), respectively. According to the results of Simper test, Saccostrea cucullata accounted for the highest percentage of participation in Bray-Curtis dissimilarity in terms of species density, between summer and winter seasons and in different sampling stations.

Macrobenthos are known as biological indicators of their living environments and can be used as index of water pollution in different water resources. Achiroud River located in Gillan province and its macrofauna has not been studied yet. So, in the present study, the macrofauna of the Achiroud River in the winter 2015 and spring 2016 was examined. Sampling was performed in two seasons of winter 2015 and spring 2016. Five stations were selected based on geographical characteristics of the river and each station using GPS system. Sampling was quadratic and seasonal. The Hilsenhoff index was determined based on the presence of benthos at each station. The water pollution was determined using the Hilsenhoff index in each station in spring and winter. The macrobenthos classified into 3 classes, 12 families and 14 species and identified. The most frequency was related to insects and the lowest frequency belonged to Malacostraca. The highest frequency in the winter belongs to the Gammaridae (Gammarus sp.) and in the spring belonged to the two families Gammaridae and Heptageniidae (Gammarus sp. and Ecdyonurus venosus). Species of Gammarus sp. and Ecdyonurus venosus were present at the most stations in two seasons. The highest value of Hillsenhof index was (5.22) observed in winter and the lowest value of this index was related to spring (0.71). According to the HFBI bio-index, water quality in stations 3 and 5 was excellent, in stations 4 was very good and in station 2 was intermediate.

In this study, some biochemical compounds taxa of brown algae, belonging to 5 different genera in Lengeh port, Hormozgan province, including Sargassum vulgare (C. Agardh, 1820), Padina australis (Hauck, 1887), Cystoseira myrica (C. Agardh, 1820) Colpomenia sinousa (Derbes & Solier, 1851) and Iyengaria sp. (Borgesen) were studied in winter (February 2019) and summer (July 2018) and algae were collected at low tide. Extraction of protein was performed by Lowry method, lipid by Freeman method, carbohydrate by phenol sulfuric acid method and alginate by Istini method. The highest percentage of protein from algae Cystoseira myrica 2.7 % in February, lipid with 75 % of the algae Padina australis in February, by 3.4%, carbohydrates from algae Sargassum vulgare in February and alginate with 30% was achieved in July. The mean difference of these compounds between February and July was significant (P <0.05). According to the obtained results, considering the high amount of lipid in the algae of this study, they can be used to increase the fat content of animal milk. Also, the alginate obtained in this study has a suitable amount among the brown algae studied and it can be extracted for useing in various industries.

The distribution, abundance and assemblage structure of macrofauna as one of the important tools in assessing the quality of water, were determined during 9 stations in Karaj River, seasonally; 2017-2018. Sampling of macrofauna was performed with Surber sampler. Also, depth (11±3 cm), temperature (10.5 ± 4.3 ◦C), Salinity (0.01±0.01 ppt), DO (9.3±0.9 mg/l), EC (0.19±0.1ᵘs/m), pH (8.5±0.2), TDS (0.12±0.07 g/l) and Turbidity (19.6±29.1NTU) were measured in each station by multimeter device. A total 38454 individuals belonged to 42 families and 52 taxa were identified. Chironomidae was the most dominant family. The nine families making up 83% of all specimens (Baetis, Tubifex, Micrasema, Rhithrogena, Eporus, Hydropsyche, Leptophlebiidae and Simulium). The maximum density (7758 ind/m2) was obtained at station 8 while the minimum (592 ind/m2) was observed at station 5. The station 7 was characterized by the higher species diversity (H', 2.78) and the stations 8 was characterized by the lowest diversity indices (H', 1.57). The PCA showed that TDS, EC, Salinity and pH were the main parameters, and the cluster analysis divided the stations into three groups (G1: St2, St 6; G2: St 8, St 9, St 1, St 7; G3: St 4, St 5, St 3). Although the Shannon Index evaluated the upstream stations better, it generally assessed the water quality of the Karaj River as medium.

We aimed to investigate diversity and density in zooplankton of the Persian Gulf. To do so, zooplankton samples were collected from 18 stations in summer and winter 2017. In winter 2017, 18 zooplankton species were identified, while the number of species observed in summer was 7. Generally, crustaceans had the most abundance (48%), and then Mollusca and Chordata abundances were 1%. Acrocalanus spp and Centropages spp showed the most abundance in winter (577±458 ind.m-3) and summer (848±487 ind.m-3), respectively.  Shannon diversity index varied in summer among various stations (0.68-1.83). Its highest level was detected in station 1A and its lowest level was seen in station 4D. In winter, the variation of this index was from 1.29 to 3.05. In summer, Shannon diversity index values varied between stations (0.68 to 1.83), with the highest at station A1 and the lowest at station D4. In winter, there was a significant positive correlation between temperature and Margalef's index (p < 0.05) and negative correlation with density (p < 0.05), whereas in summer, diversity indices were not significantly correlated with any environmental parameters (p>0.05).

This study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of fish otoliths in the waters of Fereydunkenar and. In this study, 12 species of the commercial fishes in the waters of Fereydunkenar were selected and biometric characteristics were done and the sagitta otoliths were extracted. The species were Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus kutum, Abramis brama and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Family: Cyprinidae), Chelon saliens (Family: Mugilidae), Esox lucius (Esocidae), Sander lucioperca (Family: Percidae), Clupeonella engrauliformis, Clupeonella grimmi (Family: Clupeidae), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Family: Salmonidae). Then, the shape, length, width and thickness of left and right otoliths were measured. The results showed the largest otolith (length of 8.27 mm) was from Chelon saliens and the smallest otolith (length of 2.15 mm) was from Hypophthalmichthys species. Since, these fishes were not the biggest and smallest of samples, there is not significant correlation between size of fish and otolith. The shape and size of otoliths were very different in these families and was same in two species of genus Clupeonella (Clupeonella engrauliformis, Clupeonella grimmi). So, the morphology of otolith has an important role for determination of closed species.

The present study identified macrobenthos in the proximal part of the Kan River in the summer and autumn of 2015. Five stations in the study area are selected including top area of Shrine Davood, Shrine Davood, Rendane, Holy Noorbakhsh and Sooleghan. The geographic location of each site was recorded using GPS system. Sampling was done by quadrat seasonally. The highest prevalence of macrobenthos was in the summer. Maximum frequency in summer was observed in Noorbakhsh station with 142 samples of macrobenthos, but Sooleghan station with 12 samples of macrobenthos has minimum frequency. Among the identified species, class Insecta has the most frequency (99.2%) and class oligochaeta has the less frequency (0.8 %). Also, Culex sp. has the most abundant per square meter (213 sample per square meter) and Lumbricus terrestris and Tipula sp. has the less abundant (2 sample per square meter). According to a bio-indicator values of HFBI, water quality of Kan River is medium in top area of Shrine Davood and relatively poor in other stations.

So far, many studies have been done on the classification and ecology of mollusks in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Identification and classification of the lower abdomen along with corals on Qeshm Island. Sampling was performed in two different stations on Qeshm Island in the summer of 2018. Finally, 17 families, 25 genera and 32 species were identified on Qeshm Island, which are as follows. Euchelus asper, Umbonium vestiarium, Lunella coronata, Nerita albicilla, Nerita textilis, Planaxis sulcatus, Cerithium caeruleum, Clypeomorus bifasciatus bifasciatus, Clypeomorus bifasciatus persicus, Rhinoclavis(Rhinoclavis)sinensis, Strombus(conomurex)persicus, Cypraea turdus winckworthi, Polinices mammilla, Cymatium(Monoplex)aquatile, Bursa(Bufonariella)granularis, Pyramidelloides angusta, Cronia cf konkanensis, Morula granulata, Thais savignyi, Thais sp, Anachis misera, Euplica varians, Mitrella blanda, Nassarius sp, Nassarius(Niotha) jactabundus, Nassarius(plicarcularia)fissilabris, Nassarius(plicarcularia)persicus, Nassarius(zeuxis)frederici, Bullia(Bullia)tranquebarica, Oliva bulbosa, Terebra nassoides,Tropaeas brunneomaculata The largest family in terms of species diversity was the Nassarridae family. The largest species in terms of size was Cymatium(Monoplex)aquatile 45mm and the smallest sample was Mitrella blanda5mm. In terms of frequency, Cerithium caeruleum species are the most abundant.

The radula has been used as an important instrument in the systematic studies of gastropods. Aim of the present study was differential identification of the Trochidae and Turbinidae families of gastropods from the inter-tidal areas of Hurmoz Island by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sampling was done from six stations in inter-tidal areas of Hurmoz Island in spring 2015 (once). The samples were freeze and transferred to laboratory. After morphometric study, the organic matter of the samples were digested and their radula were isolated and prepared for SEM study. Four species were identified in this research including Trochus firmus, Trochus erithreus (Trochidae), Turbo radiatus and Lunella coronata (Turbinidae). They existed in 3 stations. The types of radula were ripidoglossan in Trochus firmus, Trochus erithreus and Lunella coronata and taenioglossan in Turbo radiatus. The shape of central, lateral and marginal teeth were different in ripidoglossan radula of in Trochus firmus, Trochus erithreus and Lunella coronata. So, evaluation of radula by Scanning Electron Microscope could be an appropriate method for more exact identification of gastropods.

The molecular phylogeny of Vetigastropoda species have been studied based on mitochondrial genes, COI and 16S rRNA in the present work for the first time in the northern rocky coastal zones of Persian Gulf during years 2013 and 2014. After morphological identifications of species, DNA extraction, amplifying partial of cytochrome oxidase COI and 16S rRNA and sequencing procedure were done in the laboratory. In this study 9 COI and 5 16S rRNA sequencing belonging to 5 species were measured. Also, phylogeny analyses with drawing phylogeny trees of Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian were done using MEGA6, PAUP and BEAST softwares. The result showed that clade Vetigastropoda, include Trochidae, Chilodontidae, Turbinidae and Fissurellidae families, is not monophyletic, which is not as classic identification. So Trochidae and Chilodontidae are in seprated clade from Turbinidae and Fissurellidae clade᾽s. This showed not monophyletic relation between this two group which represented difference between classic and molecular classification.

Aim of the present study was differential identification of the Neritidae family of gastropods from the inter-tidal areas of Kharg Island by light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sampling was done from five stations in inter-tidal areas of Kharg Island in winter 2015 and spring 2016 (once in each season). The samples were freeze and transferred to laboratory. After morphometric study, the organic matter of the samples was digested and their radula were isolated and prepared for microscopic studies. Three species were identified in this research including Nerita albicilla, Nerita adenensis and Nerita longii. The types of radula were ripidoglossan in all studied species. The biggest radula was found in N. albicilla, while the smallest one was found in N. adenensis. There is no difference between their shape of tooth, but ratio of length of shell to length of radula were biggest in N. longii and smallest in N. albicilla which is indicated that N. albicilla has big radula and N. longii has small radula. Evaluation of radula by Scanning Electron Microscope could be an appropriate method for more exact identification of gastropods.

Aim of the present study was to identify the barnacles from the inter-tidal areas of Kharg Island by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sampling was done from five stations in inter-tidal areas of Kharg Island in winter 2015 and spring 2016 (once in each season). The samples were freeze and transferred to laboratory. After morphometric study, the samples were prepared for study by SEM. Three species were identified in this research and their most existence were in high and mid areas of inter-tidal zone. All founded species belonged to superorder Thoracica, order Sessilia, suborder Balanomorpha and families of Tetraclitidae, Balanidae and Chthamalidae. The shell of Amphibalanus amphitrite has six calcareous separate plates with smooth outer surface. The shell of Chthamalus barnesi has six calcareous plates and growth lines were observed. The shell of Tetraclita rufotincta has four calcareous plates without any obvious suture and also radial decorations and growth lines were observed. Evaluation of barnacles by Scanning Electron Microscope could be an appropriate method for more exact identification of barnacles.

Study on diversity and distribution of macrobenthos on Karaj River, was conducted during year 1393-1394. In the study area, selected five study sites and faunistic macrobenthos the seasonally by quadrat and 5 time repeat, samples were taken at each station. Samples collected by 4% formalin and isolated, identified and were counted. In this study, 6 orders, 22 families and 24 genus were identified from macrobenthos and the winter and spring seasons in sequence had the most and the fewest abundance of macrobenthos, on Karaj River. Between five selected stations on Karaj River, the station 4 in winter season had the most abundance (1067) and the station 5 in spring season had the fewest abundance (254) of samples. Insecta had the most abundance (88.7 % of total) and Malacostraca had the fewest abundance (1% of total) between five classes were identified on Karaj River. Among the cases identified, 879 species per square meter Simulim sp. with the highest abundance and species Asellus aquaticus, Atherix sp. With frequency of 1 per square meter the lowest among the species had been identified. On average during the year Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 1.73, Simpson dominance species was 0.74 and Margalef richness species was 3.31. According to the biological values HFBI, stations, spread over 3 classes very good quality (Station 1), excellent (stations 2 and 3), very good (4 stations) and good (Station 5) was reported.

Sponges are one of the most important benthic animal community in the Persian Gulf. This research was conducted in the area of inter-tidal of Hormuz Island during the spring and summer of 2015, and a total of 6 stations were considered for sampling. After sampling from surface, middle and deep sections of sponges and digesting organic material in the samples, spicules were studied. 6 species were identified in this study. The species which were identified in this study belong to the category of Demospongiae, orders of Haplosclerida, Chondrillida, Hadromerida, Halichondria and Astrophorida, families of Chalinidae, Chondrillidae, Hemiasterellidae, Ancorinidae, Niphatidae and Halichondrillidae. The identified species are as follows: Ecionemia solida, Hemiasterella bouilloni, Chondrilla australiensis, Haliclona sp., Halichondria sp. and Niphates sp. The species Haliclona sp., Chondrilla australiensis, Hemiasterella bouilloni and Niphates sp. have spicules with megasclere monaxon shape without microsclere spicules and Ecinemia solida has megasclere tylostyle spicules and star-shaped microsclere.

Neritas are among the most dominant groups of Gastropoda in the Persian Gulf. There is no previous study in relation to molecular and phylogeny of Neritas in the study area. The molecular identification of Nerita species have been studied for the first time in the northern rocky coastal zones of Persian Gulf during 2013 and 2014. After morphological identifications of species, DNA extraction, amplifying partial of cytochrome oxidase COI and 16S rRNA and sequencing procedure were done in the laboratory. In this study, 6 COI and 6 16S rRNA sequences, belonging to 3 species, were obtained. Also, phylogeny analyses with drawing phylogeny trees of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian were done using MEGA6 and BEAST softwares. Morphological and molecular identification results were similar for 2 species and dissimilar for one species. This discrepancy shows that a combination of morphological and molecular studies is more reliable for species identification than either of them solely. The results also showed that Nerita species are monophyletic.

Neogastropoda is one of Caenogastropoda’s orders belongs to Gastropoda class. There are some families of this clade in the Persian Gulf. The phelogeny and divergence time of them have been studied for the first in the northern rocky coastal zones of Persian Gulf during years 2013 and 2014. After morphological identifications of species, DNA extraction, amplifying partial of cytochrome oxidase COI and 16S rRNA and sequencing procedure were done in the laboratory. In this study 7 COI and 3 16S sequencing belonging to 4 species were measured. Also, phylogeny analyses with drawing phylogeny trees of Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimonyand Bayesian were done using MEGA6, PAUPand BEAST softwares. Results showed that the members of Neogastropods in the Persian Gulf have been divergent in middle Eocene; So that their common ancestor astimatedin about 47 million years ago. In addition Neogastropoda is a monophyletic clade.