آرین ساطعی

The present study investigates the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth indices, chlorophyll content, protein of the aerial parts, and the amount of potassium and phosphorus in the roots and aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucali. Plants obtained from seven-month cuttings, spent a period of four months in soil without fertilizer (control) or in twelve treatments including biofertilizer containing Azotobacter crococum, urea fertilizer and four common types of NPK fertilizer in two concentrations of 2 and 4 g / l in complete randomized blocks in the greenhouse of the Islamic Azad University of Gorgan from the beginning of March 2019.The growth indices including the dry and fresh weight of the plant, roots and shoots as well as the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the root to the plant have been studied.The results of the present study showed that, contrary to expectations, chemical fertilizers, especially urea, mostly reduced the growth indices and especially the growth of the root system. Biofertilizer also did not improve growth indices compared to the control. Also, the use of these fertilizers did not increase the protein content of the aerial parts. Despite the increase in root potassium in some treatments or the increase in phosphorus transfer from root to shoot in most treatments, the correlation study showed that changes in root potassium or shoot phosphorus content were not correlated with growth changes. However, increase in shoot phosphorus showed a significant positive or negative correlation with shoot chlorophyll a and b content, respectively. Changes in chlorophyll content also had a negative correlation with root system development. The need to reconsider the cost of nitrogen fertilizer for this plant is a practical result of the present work.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of auxin and gibberellin on Euphorbia trigona Mill. in a randomized complete block design in 2020, and in greenhouse conditions. One minute pretreatments including auxin regulators NAA, IBA and IAA at a concentration of 500 mg / l and treatments containing GA, IAA, IBA and NAA, 250 mg / l were compared with each other and with control plants. Stems and roots fresh weight, dry weight, dry weight percentage, total photosynthetic pigments content as well as total terpenoids were measured. Fresh and dry weight and the percentage of dry weight of stem did not show sensitivity to the treatments and pretreatments, and the effects were not significant. NAA treatment had the most positive effect on roots fresh and dry weight, although the percentage of root dry weight was not significantly affected by the treatments. The highest significant increase in terpenoid content was observed in NAA treatment and NAA and IBA pretreatments. GA treatment had the most positive effects on the content of each of chlorophylls a and b, total and carotenoid content. In terms of effect on photosynthetic antenna composition, the most positive effects on the ratio of total chlorophyll to carotenoids were observed in GA, NAA, IAA and IAA pretreatments. IAA treatment also showed a significant increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio. The correlation between growth parameters with each other and also the correlation of chlorophyll content with each other and with carotenoids was positive and significant. However, the correlation of terpenoid content with none of the other traits was significant. On the other hand and from an application point of view, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements, naphthalene-acetic-acid treatment was effective in severely increasing the content of valuable medicinal compound, bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, compared to the control.

The present study investigates the effect of sulfur fertilizer on Euphorbia tirucalli L. in pot culture conditions. Plants were cultivated under 10 NPK treatments with sulfur fertilizers (granular or bentonite, with or without thiobacillus and ammonium sulfate each in two concentrations) and one NPK treatment without sulfur, compared with the control in randomized complete blocks for 4 months. Growth parameters including dry and fresh weight of plants, roots, shoots and the ratio of fresh or dry weight of roots to plants as well as protein, chlorophyll, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur content in roots or shoots were measured. NPK fertilizer did not increase phosphorus and potassium uptake but decreased root growth. Addition of sulfur fertilizers except for bentonite sulfur with a concentration of 0.8 g per 80 cm2 of soil with Thiobacillus commercial liquid fertilizer, 250 ml / l, had no effect on recovering the negative effects of NPK and even in most treatments, shoot dry weight and fresh weight decreased. Ammonium sulfate showed the most negative effect on growth parameters. Also, some sulfur treatments had a positive effect on increasing the amount of shoot protein. Chlorophyll a, b and total levels did not show a significant difference between treatments. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on soil pH was different and higher concentration of granular sulfur fertilizer containing Thiobacillus caused a more severe drop. None of the sulfur treatments increased the phosphorus of the shoot and even some treatments had a negative effect on the phosphorus content of the roots as well as the potassium content of the roots and shoots. Only in the treatment of granular sulfur fertilizer with Thiobacillus at lower concentrations, root potassium content increased. Negative effects of sulfur fertilizers were not due to increased sulfur uptake, because the sulfur content changes between treatments were not significantly different.

In the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar Marginata was investigated.Fertilizers including urea (46%), NPK compound fertilizer of type 20 20 20, and Dr. Bio biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter) were applied in two concentrations each, and their effects were compared with the effects ofsoil without fertilizer as a control. Increasing fertilizer in all cases, and especially in the case of biofertilizer, reduced the nitrate reductase activity of the leaves and also changed the overall nitrogen content of the root in favor of increasing it in the leaves. Urea increased wet and dry weight, total protein content, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids. Biofertilizer significantly increased fresh and dry weight and leaf protein content, fresh weight and content of free amino acids and root protein. This fertilizer had no significant effect on the alkaloid content of leaves and roots. Increasing the NPK fertilizer also increased the fresh and dry weight and free amino acids of the leaves and the content of total proteins and alkaloids in the leaves and roots and decreased the fresh weight and free amino acids of the roots.

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, which is one of the valuable medicinal plants that its usage effect has been confirmed in preventing migraine remedy by reducing the swelling, pain and the spasm of the blood vessels. Parthenolide is one of the most important sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew, which contains more than 85% of the total sesquiterpene in this plant and is known as the effective material in this plant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the gene expression of Germacrene A Synthase Tp (GAS) in Feverfew plants under salinity stress and Parthenolide amount changes by HPLC and essence compound by GC/MS method. In the present study, young leaves of Feverfew were placed under different salinity levels (zero salinity EC=3.2, mild salinity EC=6.1, average salinity EC=8.4 and severe salinity EC=10.2). Additionally, the changes in the expression of Germacrene A Synthase Tp (GAS) was investigated using Real Time PCR. The content of produced Parthenolide in leaves was measured by HPLC extraction and essence percentage was measured using GC/MS instrument. The results demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the expression of the studied genes in the leaves of plants under salinity stress compared to the control plants (p≤0.01). Moreover, the highest expression of GAS gene was observed in severe and moderate salinity treatments. Significantly changes in gene expression was accordance with changes in the amount of produced Parthenolide in leaves. Moreover, the essence percentage under stress condition (0.66%) was more than control (0.49%).

Possibility of the growth, biomass and photosynthetic pigment content fluctuations were surveyed in the soil cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. FS 65 via the combinations of two parameters means different concentration of salinity (17 , 80 and 160 mM) and time (24 and 96 hours). After purification, axenic culture of the cyanobacterium was pretreated with 24 and 96 hours in 17, 80, and 160 mM NaCl and then moved to usual culture media without extra salinity. Analysis included survivality and growth, in vivo pigment (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin and chlorophylls) and comparison of the combination of time and salinity on photosystem ratios. Results showed that the 24 hours pretreatments cause the complete deletion of the lag phase of the growth curve of such a strain. This may be an outstanding result regarding the role of lag phase on the acclimation processes and essential compartments of the nitrogenase and meanwhile intelligent outer layers envelopes. The main components of phycobilisomes means phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin increase more than sixty percent after 96 hours pretreatment in 160 mM salinity. The phosystems ratio reached to the maximum at 24 hours after 17 mM salinity and then decreased significantly at the 96 mM at 96 hours after inoculation. The difference between the intercalary times and treatments seems insignificance despite that there was obvious difference. Collectively, using pretreatments may have considerable effects on the energy transfer in photosystems and the production of the energy and reductans which seem the great advantageous for the large scale cultivation technology.

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is belonging to the Asteraceae family that was traditionally used as a fever and the most important constituent of the sesquiterpene lactones is Parthenolide. Parthenolide, a lactone germacranolide, is very important in preventing migraine and cancer treatment due to its medical value and pharmacological activity in particular. In the present study, young and mature leaves of Feverfew were at different salinity levels (control: EC = 3.2(Ds/m), mild salinity EC = 6.1, moderate salinity EC = 8.4 and severe salinity EC = 10.2). In order to study the changes in the expression of biosynthetic pathway genes, parthenolide, germinal A synthetase (GAS) and parthenolide synthetase (PTS) were evaluated by Real Time PCR method. The amount of parthenolide produced in the leaves was determined by HPLC extraction method using standard parthenolide curve and essential essence percentage by GC / MS. The results showed increased expression of the studied genes in young and mature leaves under salinity stress compared to control plants. The highest gene expression (TpPTS) was observed in young leaves in severe salinity (Ec = 10.2) and in adult leaves in severe salinity (Ec = 10.2) and moderate salinity (Ec = 8.4). Adult was related to severe and moderate salinity treatments. Also, according to the present study, the highest expression of TpGAS gene in young and adult leaves was related to severe and moderate salinity treatments. Also, according to the present study, the highest and lowest amount of parthenolide produced in young leaves belonged to severe salinity treatment (1.5mg / g essence) and control (0.2mg / g essence), respectively.  In adult leaves, the highest amount of parthenolide belonged to severe salinity treatment (1.5mg / g essence) and lowest belonged to control (0.1mg / g essence). The results of correlation between partitioning of germakren A synthetase and parthenolide synthetase genes was a positive correlation between the partitioning of germakren A synthetase and parthenolide synthetase genes.

For the first time, the effect of pretreatment of time (24 and 96 hours) and pH (7 and 9) at extremely limited carbon dioxide concentration on the exponential growth phase, photosynthetic pigments per cell, absorption shift of chlorophyll, structure and function of phycobilisome, light harvesting to reaction center pigment and photosystem one to photosystem two ratios were studied on stigonematalean cyanobacterium Fischerella sp.FS 18. Results showed that pretreatment treatments cause keeping the exponential growth phase at both 24 and 96 hours and pHs 7 and 9. In the opposite of absorption peak of chlorophyll, cellular pigments show no stable pattern regarding pretreatments. Phycobilisomes was the main point of treatment affects. The pattern of the rode part of phycobilisomes was the same at pretreatment reactions. The shift of phycocyanin was about one and phycoerythrin about nearly three. The highest rate of photosystem one to photosystem two ratio observed at 24 hours’ neutral condition. This changed by the time and caused efficiency decreasing of energy transport in photosynthesis system. Phycobilisome operation change may be a compensational mechanism to reduce the degree of such a decrease.

The effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal symbiosis on the colonization, root and leaf phosphorous content, root and leaf phosphatase activity, root volume and area as well as shoot dry weight of a variety of hulless barley were evaluated using a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) with 3 replications. Treatments were three levels of drought stress of 30, 60 and 90% field capacity and two levels of mycorrhizal with and without inoculation. According to the results, the highest value of leaf phosphorous (1.54 mg/g) was observed at mycorrhizal symbiosis against severe drought treatment. Root phosphatase activity was highest (297.9 OD min -1 FW-1) at severe drought stress with mycorrhizal symbiosis which in comparison with mild stress in the presence of mycorrhiza showed 16.6 fold increasing. The control and non-mycorrhizal symbiosis treatments had highest root dry weight (0.091 g). The lowest root volume (0.016 cm2) observed at mycorrhizal symbiosis × severe drought treatment. Generally, Inoculation of barley seed with mycorrhiza at severe water stress could transport more phosphorous to shoot, especially leaf via inducing of leaf and root phosphatase activity. Also, in addition to supply of nutrient sources especially phosphorous for plant, mycorrhizal symbiosis could play an important role in withstanding water stress in plant via increasing of root dry weight and area.

In order to identify the accelerated aging effects on enzyme and lipid peroxidation in soybean an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design by factorial arrangement with five levels of seed aging (3, 6, 9, 12, days to aging) and without aging, and two cultivars (Katol and Sahar) with three replications in seed testing Lab of Agricultural and Natural Research Center of Golestan. Accelerated aging was achieved by incubating the seed in a closed plastic box at 40 degree centigrade and close to 100% relative humidity for up to 12 days. Seed viability, electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation, superoxidedismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, Ascorbate peroxidase activity were measured in aged and non-aged seed. The result indicated that antioxidant enzyme activities except peroxidase were reduced and it causedhigher malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EC). All of this effect caused lower seed vigor during aging. There was significant correlation between EC with percentage of seed germination and showed EC could be considered as a rapid method for evaluation of aged seed. Results showed that Katol cultivar was more tolerant than Sahar cultivar to seed aging.

Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter is indigenous of the Mediterranean region and belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is effective in treatment of the chronic diseases such as cough, cold, cynosite inflammation, and bronchitis. It also protects lymphatic system and decreases acne infection of the skin. The essence of this plant decreases the mucus content and contains bornyl acetate, borneol, and T-cadinol. Germination is a fundamental part in the life of the plants and the establishment of the seedling is the first stage in plant growth which has a high significance in enhancing plant yield and performance in the soils which are under salinity stress. Salinity might significantly decrease the speed and percentage of germination and in effect prohibit the expansion of plant’s vegetation and the crop yield. The present study investigated the optimum temperature and the effect of different salinity concentrations on the germination of this plant. For determining the optimum temperature, various temperatures including: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35⁰C were examined. In addition, the analysis of the effect of the salinity stress on plant germination was carried out at different concentrations including: 0, 25, 50, and 75 mM NaCl. The results indicated that the optimum temperature for the seed germination of this plant was 20⁰C and the highest percentage of germination and root and shoot lengths were observed in the control treatment.

Elm-leaf blackberry or Rubus anatolicus (Focke, i.e. Focke ex Hausskn.) belongs to the Rosaceae family and Rosoiedeae subfamily. It is a wild plant which grows in abundance in Golestan region. It is used as a strong anti-inflammatory and antiseptic substance in conventional medicine. In this study, un/ripe elm-leaf blackberries were randomly gathered from two different regions of Golestan (i.e. Hasan Abad village of Jelin and Livan-e-gharbi village in Bandargaz). The total amounts of polyphenol and flavonoid in the methanol and ethanol extractions and the bramble juice were respectively determined using the folin-ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum chloride colorimetric procedure by means of a Spectrophotometer. The amounts of the two phenol compounds were higher in the ripe brambles in comparison to the unripe ones. Considering the regional differences, there was only a significant difference among the unripe brambles regarding the methanol extraction in the phenol content. However, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the two types of brambles, regarding the flavonoids obtained from both of the methanol extractions and the juice. Respectively, the total amounts of phenol and flavonoid in the methanol and ethanol extracts were generally higher than the other two extractions.

Mistletoe is an evergreen, perennial and epiphytic plant of Loranthaceae which obtains all of its required water and nutrients such as Nitrogen and a small part of the food from the host plant by a root-like organ called "Haustorium". This plant is very important in terms of medical and pharmaceutical and some of its effects in the treatment of many diseases have been proved. Two species of "Viscum album L." and "Arceuthobium oxycedri (D.C.) M. Bieb." both from the family Viscaceae are epiphytic plants. The dominant hosts of Viscum album L. in Gorgan forest are Parrotia persica (D.C.) C.A.Mey and Carpinus betulus L. respectively in altitude of 700 m and 1800m (above sea level). The host of Arceuthobium oxycedri (D.C.) M. Bieb is Juniperus polycarpus L in 2200m (above sea level). In this study, leaves and twigs of mistletoe and the host were collected. Three infected hosts from each species and three uninfected trees as control with similar conditions of diagonal and height were randomly selected, and the effects of these epiphytes on activity of antioxidant enzymes of the host plants, including Catalase, Peroxidase and Ascorbate peroxidase, were studied. The results showed that the infection of epiphyte caused drought stress in host plant and the activity of these enzymes was increased. The activity of Catalase in infected and uninfected hosts of V.album (P. persica and C. betulus) did not show significant differences, but in host of A. oxycedri (J. polycarpus) in male and female trees significant differences were observed. Activity of Ascorbate peroxidase and Peroxidase was significantly increased in all of infected hosts. But in none of the samples, activity of these enzymes was not dependent on the genus.

In this experiment, we studied the effects of ionic and nonionic iso osmotic and defferent NaCl solutions on morphology and proliferation of biflagellate, halophilic micro alga, Dunaliella salina. Osmotic pressure of 2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5% NaCl solutions were selected for preparing of iso osmotic solution (glycerol, ethylene glycol (EG), poly ethylene glycol (PEG), sucrose, mannitol and NaCl). Materials were added to Johnson medium. Dunaliella salina was obtained from Biology Department of Islamic Azad University, Unit of Gorgan. Growth condition was fixed in all experiments (litght, 5000 Lux, aeration, 1 hour daily, temperature, 255oC,). The microscopic results showed that Dunaliella salina not only can not proliferate in the iso osmotic solutions, without NaCl but also misses the mobility and finally dies after defferent times, in different solutions. Neverthless in the salt solutions Dualiella salina can proliferate and shows normal morphology and mobility. Based on results of this experiment, optimum proliferation occurred in 7.5% NaCl. Cell fresh wight wa less in 7.5% NaCl (probably because of more proliferation in this treatment). Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and -Carotene showed significant increases in 7.5% NaCl. It seems that Dunaliella salina can not adopt with nonionic osmotic stress. Lack of Na+, can destroy ion homeostasis and the power of resistance. Decrease or increase Na+ from optimum concentration is the stress that effects on activities.

The present study evaluated the effects of concentration of sodium chloride in medium culture on fluctuations of activeness of anti oxidant enzymes (such as catalase, scorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), fluctuations of smolites contents (such as glycine betaine, and proline) and fluctuations of quantity of pigments. The experimental strain was grown in three treatments with 2.5, 7.5 and 12.5 percent sodium chloride and was subject to evaluation of the target parameters. The strain grown in 7.5 percent treatment showed most growth compared to other treatments. Also greatest values for chlorophyll A (10.3 milligram per gram wet weight of algae), chlorophyll B (0.753 milligram per gram wet weight of algae), and beta-carotene (0.211 milligram per gram wet weight of algae); but an increase in chlorophyll B was seen in other treatments. Results of enzyme evaluations showed that activeness of peroxydase and ascorbic peroxydase increased significantly in the two other sodium chloride treatments (p<0.05). Moreover, glycine betain concentration in optimum condition was more than the other two treatments (P<0.05). In non optimum condition, concentration of proline increased significantly (P<0.05). Growth in 7.5 percent sodium chloride was greatest; it is likely that cells in order to eliminate stress of salinity change components of photosynthetic antennae to increase photo system 2 combined with synthesizing proline and anti oxidative enzyme proteins.

Plantago species generally are grassy plants that belong to Plantaginaceae, with large lamina on the ground surfaces. Plantago major L. grows widely in Asia, Europea, Africa, and North American and contains chemical compounds such as polysaccharides, lipids, coffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, terpenoids, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, ferrolic acid, galactoronic acid and so on. In this study, Plantago major L. plants were cultured in several pots irrigated with hougland solutions and after 20 days, during 3 leaves stage, irrigation was continued with hougland solutions containing different concentrations of CuSO4, 0 (control), 100, 300, 500, 700 and 100µM. Antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase, peroxidase, poly phenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase) and phenolics content in leaves and roots were measured. The aim of the study was the effect of copper concentrations on antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds content in plantago major L. The result shows that by increasing concentration of copper in the medium, activity of catalse, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase in the root and leaves decreased significantly (0.05) in comparison with control. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in roots and leaves increased, that was only significant in roots. Phenolics content increase in roots that was not significant but the decrease in leaves was significant.

Drought stress provokes ROS production in plant cell chloroplasts and subsequently causes lipid membrane peroxidation and damage. Pimpinella anisum L. is one of the aromatic herbal plants which has great export value. The aim of this study was applying exogenous ascorbate in order to control oxidative stress during drought tolerance. Changes of pigment content of leaves, total phenol compounds, malonedialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. In a pot study, drought stress introduced to treatments with 3 replicates based on 3 levels of field capacity (100, 60 and 25%) and ascorbate (1.4 mM) sprayed on them. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased with increasing in stress levels, while flavonoids and anthocyanins increased. Carotene and xanthophyll increased only in moderate stress level due to drought. Exogenous ascorbate increased chlorophylls and carotenoid content but decreased flavonoid and anthocyanin contents and had great effect on increasing phenol compound in all stress levels. MDA content remained relatively constant, but increased significantly in severe stress levels. Applying exogenous ascorbate led to decreasing metabolite. According to the results exogenous ascorbate could increase the ability of Pimpinella anisum in response to drought stress with different mechanisms and had protective effect against lipid peroxidation due to drought stress.