فهرست مطالب آزاده عتباتی

Today, the use of raster data from climate databases such as WorldClim is one of the reliable data sources that have been used instead of the point data of weather stations. However, the use of these climate databases with low spatial resolution has generated limitations for many studies related to biological and ecological studies. This study aims to investigate the relationship between air temperature and land surface temperature and then reproduce the land surface temperature with the high spatial resolution for downscaling of annual average air temperature using two widely used products, namely,  annual average air temperature from the WorldClim database and annual average day and night temperature from MOD11A2 v061 MODIS sensor. In this study, firstly, the performance of machine learning models including random forest, artificial neural network, elastic network regression, and support vector machine for downscaling of MOD11A2 v061 product from 1 km to 250 meters was assessed. For this purpose, continuous and discrete predictor variables including height above sea level, latitude, vegetation cover, soil texture, slope direction, and land cover were used. Then, WorldClim's annual average air temperature was downscaled from 1 km to 250 meters using the land surface temperature with a 3rd-degree polynomial regression model.  Also, the weather data of seven synoptic stations were used to check the validity of the downscaled product. The results of the Taylor diagram represented that the random forest model has the best performance for the downscaled land surface temperatures with a root mean square error of 0.54 degrees Celsius. Also, the 3rd-degree polynomial regression model has a lower relative error rate in producing downscaled air temperature. The value of the root mean square error of the results for the uncorrected and corrected downscaled air temperature was 1.32 and 1.21 degrees Celsius, respectively, which did not show a significant difference at the 0.05 level according to the paired t-test. The findings of this research show that the downscaling of the mean annual air temperature of WorldClim has the required validity.

Heat-humidity stress is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the development of the fetus and the health of pregnant maternal., Studies in this area have been limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term exposure to heat-humidity stress in the form of THI on fetal growth and development. For this purpose, animal models were used...  pregnant NMRI mice that were exposed to heat-humidity stress in the chamber during the second period of pregnancy (3, 5, 8, 10 and 15 minutes) daily for short periods Placement courses (GD 14.5-17) is designed in accordance with the growth and development of the human embryo. Exposure to thermal-humidity stresses in the second period (GD6.5-14) during of pregnancy shows an increase in maternal mortality and fetal weight loss, crown-to-rump length (CLR) and placental weight in comparison with the control group. Also, with increasing thresholds of stress at different thresholds of the index, embryonic abnormality (Exohatics, Facial Deformity, C-Shaped Body, Ear structure defects, Hemangioma and Limbic Adhesion) have increased. T-test of two independent samples and ANOVA confirmed the above-mentioned results at the level (p-value<0.01). The results of this study can be effective in the development of care programs, treatment and education of pregnant mothers, and to monitor the thermal stresses and design of warning systems.

Khorasan Razavi province has the potential for growing and producing rapeseed because of favorable environmental conditions, so that the northern and central cities of province have high potential for cultivation of rapeseed. Modeling the correct relationship between environmental conditions and yields is a critical step to find how crop-planting choices in different regions of Iran.Spatial modeling in GIS is one of the most important strategies that can provide a basis for measuring environmental factors and land suitability for the cultivation of a particular product by combining statistical methods and spatial data. In this research, the link between water, soil and meteorological factors and yields modeled during the growing season in sample farms.

In this research, the position of 24 sample fields of rapeseed farming was recorded by Global Positioning System (GPS) and then actual yield was calculated. To explore how the environmental conditions and yields relationship has changed over space, we used ten environmental parameters influencing rapeseed productions yield, including elevation, slope, aspect, EC and pH groundwater resources, mean air temperature, incoming solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, wind exposition index, Soil texture during the growing season. The values of each independent variables were extracted into samples by nearest neighbor method. Then, after normalizing the variables and taking into account the range of numbers, the samples were divided into two subsets: training (60%, 14 farms) and the testing dataset (40%, 10 farms) randomly. Two methods of nonparametric K of the nearest neighbor and random forest were then used to estimate rapeseed yield over the study area.

The results of mean absolute error percentage in the methods used showed that K is the nearest neighbor with 26% error and random forest with 11% error. The results of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index for validation data set represent the value of 0.65 for K nearest neighbor and 0.82 for random forest method. In general, the results indicate that the random forest method has a lesser error than the K nearest neighbor method in estimating the yield of rapeseed productions for the study area.

Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that among the variables used, two variables of wind supply index and average temperature had the most effect on the yield of rapeseed in comparison with other variables. Also, according to the final map, it was determined that suitable areas for rapeseed cultivation over Sabzevar region are located in the northern and northwestern regions. Low yield in the central regions of this part is mainly due to the excessive salinity of water and gypsum formations. Crop yield is a result of combination of genetic factors and also environmental conditions of the cultivation, which we emphasized on the environmental factors in this study.

Fires in natural areas are one of the factors decreasing forested area of northern Iran. In this study, forest and rangelands susceptibility to fire were analyzed using data-driven methods over Mazandaran Province. Fourteen important environmental and anthropogenic parameters influencing forest and rangelands susceptibility to fire were used to model probability of fire susceptibility. Binary logistic regression and artificial neural network, as two well-known data driven methods was then used to evaluate environmental and anthropogenic performance on landfire and map of forest fire susceptibility estimates were prepared in GIS environment. The area under the successive rate curve (AUSC) showed that ANN method modeled forest fire susceptibility with an accuracy of around 88% and BLR with 85%. 21.6% of the total area of Mazandaran province is located in areas with high and very high susceptibility levels of forest and rangeland fire. Overall, ANN method showed promising results to estimate landfire susceptibility. The forestry and rangelands fire susceptibility map presented in this study can be used as a basic map of the strategic planing in Mazandaran province to reduce probability fire damages.

In between aquatic ecosystems, wetlands and rivers have a great ecological importance. Heavy metals from geological and anthropogenic sources are increasingly being released into natural waters. Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has seriously increased worldwide attention, and a lot of studies have been published on the heavy metals in the aquatic environment. Under certain environmental conditions, heavy metals may accumulate to toxic concentrations and cause ecological damage. Mercury is a special concern in marine ecosystems, where methylation occurs during the process of biotransformation and accumulates in biota. Mercury is a toxin to the central nervous system and it can readily cross the placental barrier. Lead is attracting wide attention of environmentalists as one of the most toxic heavy metals. The sources of lead release into the environment by waste streams are battery manufacturing, acid metal plating and finishing, ammunition, tetraethyl lead manufacturing, ceramic and glass industries printing, painting, dying, and other industries. Lead has been well recognized for its negative effect on the environment where it accumulates readily in living systems. Lead poisoning in human causes severe damage to the kidney, nervous system, reproductive system, liver and brain.
The aim of this study is determination of mercury concentration in the muscle, intestine, gonad and kidney of Rutilus rutilus, Hemiculter Leucisculus (Anzali wetland), and Alosa Caspia Caspia (Caspian Sea), and mercury and lead concentrations in the muscle of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Schizocypris altidorsalis, and Schizothorax zardunyi (Hamun wetland). The results of this study were compared with global standards. As well as in this multispecies monitoring, health risk assessment of consumers by EPA/WHO instructions has been done. The main objective was to evaluate the potential health risks associated with heavy metals via consumption of fish from the wetlands using the Average Daily Dose for Intake Process (〖ADD〗_pot) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) from heavy metals.
2-1- Case study
The Caspian Sea (Fig. 1), which is located in the northern I.R. Iran, is the largest lake in the world and is connected to the distant Baltic through canals and the River Volga. It is unique closed water basin, plays the important role in the establishment of the climate. The Anzali Wetland (193 km2) (Fig. 1), located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, is internationally known as an important wetland for migratory birds, and was registered as a Ramsar site in June 1975 in accordance with the Ramsar Convention. Hamun wetland, the largest freshwater expanse of the Iranian plateau, is listed in the Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar.
2-2- Sampling
The fish species including Rutilus rutilus, Hemiculter Leucisculus (from Anzali wetland), and Alosa Caspia Caspia (from Caspian Sea), Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Schizocypris altidorsalis, and Schizothorax zardunyi (Hamun wetland) randomly were collected.
Fish samples (20 samples from each species) were transferred to the laboratory and stored in refrigerator. Afterwards, the tissues were separated and dried.
2-3- Mercury and lead analysis
The dried samples were ground and changed into a homogenous powder and then the mercury concentration rate has been determined by advanced mercury analyzer, model 254. Lead concentration rate has been determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Perkin Elmer 4100.
2-4- Health risk assessment by EPA/WHO 2-4-1- Hazard Identification
Hazard identification involves gathering and evaluating toxicity data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and the conditions of exposure under which injury or disease is produced. The subset of chemicals selected for the study is termed “chemicals of potential concern”. Data from acute, subchronic, and chronic dose-response studies are used.
2-4-2- Dose-Response Assessment
The dose-response assessment involves describing the quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a chemical and the extent of toxic injury or disease. The US EPA established the Reference Dose (RfD) as below:RfD = (NOAEL or LOAEL)/(UF ×MF)
NOAEL: No Observed Adverse Effect Level
LOAEL: Low Observed Adverse Effect Level
UF: Uncertainly Factor
MF: Modifying Factor
2-4-3- Exposure Assessment
Applies a generalized dose-response relationship to specific conditions for some population. Characterizes the sources of an environmental hazard, concentration levels at that point, pathways, and any sensitivities. Exposure assessment involves describing the nature and size of various populations exposed to a chemical agent, and the magnitude and duration of their exposures. The exposure pathway of heavy metals to human through ingestion of contaminated food has been studied by many researchers. Average Daily Dose for Intake Process 〖ADD〗_pot is calculated as:〖ADD〗_pot=( (C× IR×ED))/(BW×AT)
C: Concentration of toxic material
IR: Ingestion Rate
ED: Exposure Duration
BW: Body Weight
AT: Averaging Time
2-4-4- Risk Characterization/Risk calculation
The Average Daily Dose for Intake Process (〖ADD〗_pot) (Total Intake) is compared to the RfD. If 〖ADD〗_potThe concentrations of Hg in tissues of Rutilus rutilus, Hemiculter Leucisculus, and Alosa Caspia Caspia was measured (Table 1).There was no significant difference between the independent variables of gender, age and weight of the dependent variable is the amount of mercury in the tissues of the Rutilus rutilus. But between the length and the amount of mercury in the kidney of Rutilus rutilus, there was significant difference at 95% (p=0.015) (Figs 2 and 3).
Mean concentrations of Hg in muscle of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Schizocypris altidorsalis, and Schizothorax zardunyi were 0.14, 0.28, 0.15, 0.15, 0.34 and 0.36 mg/kg respectively (Table 1). The results of laboratory analysis showed that there are significant difference between the concentration of mercury in the muscle between species (p0.05).
Table 1 shows ADDpot and HQ of heavy metals in muscles of fish samples from the wetlands. Among the fish species examined in this study, Hemiculter Leucisculus with a HQ value of 0.009 has the lowest potential health risk to mercury and Schizothorax zardunyi with a HQ value of 1.2 has the highest potential health risk to mercury. The HQ through the consumption of Schizocypris altidorsalis and Schizothorax zardunyi was higher than 1 (for mercury), indicating that there is potential health risk associated with the consumption of these fish from the hamun wetland. The results for lead concentration indicate that there is no HQ value > 1, indicating that humans would not experience any significant health risk if they only consume metals from these species of fish from the hamun wetland. The concentrations of mercury in all species were below the limits for fish proposed by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and European Union (EU) (Table 2). Lead concentrations in Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were under the scope proposed by FAO, WHO, FDA, Turkish Acceptable Limits (TAL), United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (UK MAFF) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRS), but lead concentration in Schizocypris altidorsalis, and Schizothorax zardunyi were higher than WHO and TAL (Table 2).
It should be noted that maximum consumption of 0.020 kg/day of Schizocypris altidorsalis and 0.019 kg/day of Schizothorax zardunyi there is no potential health risk (CRlim).
The results of the present study aimed to provide data from Caspian Sea, Anzali wetland, and Hamun wetland as indicators of natural and anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystem as well as to evaluate the human hazard index associated with fish consumption. The human health hazard Quotient (index) showed that the cumulative risk greatly increases with increasing fish consumption rate, thus yielding an alarming concern for consumer health.

The aim of this study was to identify similar areas of physiography and climatic potential of walnut in Baft city. Logistic regression and discriminant analysis were used for the purpose of classifying of study area using a set of predictor variables to find the suitable areas to grow walnut. For this purpose, environmental conditions affecting walnut trees used included Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Precipitation, Precipitation of Driest Month, Precipitation of Wettest Month, Elevation, Slope Gradient and Aspect. 70% of the data, as training data and the remaining 30%, are used as model validation data. Using probit logistic regression and discriminant analysis, the effect of variables used on walnut in Baft County was calculated and then map of walnut was calculated. The results showed effect of physiographic and climatic variables on walnut. The results of validation data set in this study showed that probit logistic regression with 75% and discriminant analysis with 86% able to accurately explain the favorable areas for walnut cultivation. Suitable physiographic areas and climatic potentials for planting walnut trees are located in the central, northern, and northwestern regions of Baft area.

Gills of fish in direct contact with the water environment and hence is vulnerable to aquatic pollutants. In this study, 20 adult fish, Cynoglossus bilineatus, were caught at two different sites in Hormozgan. Province, namely Bandar Kong and Bandar Abbas in summer and gill histology were studied. The histological changes in gills were detected microscopically. Histopathologial changes in gill were classified and histopathological alternation index (HAI) was calculated separately for each station. HAI value in Bandar Kong represents slight alteration. In contrast, we observed severe and irreversible changes in gill tissue in Bandar Abbas. Meanwhile, various histopathological abnormalities were observed in gills of fish specimens. In the gill filaments, cell proliferation, lamellar cell hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, lifting of the respiratory epithelium, and the presence of aneurysmal areas were observed. Because Bandar Abbas city is near to waterfront and oil refineries, effects of environmental stress factors such as environmental pollution are more intense. Gill tissue is sensitive to pollutants and so can be used as a biomarker for monitoring the environment. For this reason, the use of histopathological analysis of gill fish, particularly fish Demersal, in application to evaluating water quality can be used as a tool for more accurate evaluation of environmental quality in the region.

Optimum number of air quality monitoring stations in Mashhad is an essential task for management of the urban environment. However, real monitoring and accurate information on the status of air quality require proper spatial distribution of air quality monitoring stations in the city of Mashhad. The aim of the present study was to determine optimum site locations for air quality monitoring, including Downtown Pedestrain Exposure Station, Downtown Background Exposure Station, and Residential Population Exposure Station by three Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques.
In the precent study, sites for new air quality monitoring stations t in Mashhad were determined based on a proposed protocol in the United States. Accordingly, the criteria effective for site selection such as population density, distance from existing stations, vicinity to vegitation, vehicle density and other factors were used by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy set, and Probability Density Function (PDF).
Location similarity of the sites proposed by decision making methods was evaluated to know its reliability. The compactness of distribution of the proposed sites were compared by applying spatial statistic methods auch as Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) and Standard. The results from ANN indicated that fuzzy set mapped the suggested sites was fully scattered within the entire city of Mashhad and was statistically significant at 99% confidence level. The PDF method also offered the same spatial pattern as fuzzy set. Overall results of this study indicated spatial optimization of suggested sites location for fuzzy set and PDF.
The overall results of the decision-making methods used in this study indicated that it is necessary to increase number of air quality monitoring stations at Northwest of Mashhad due to the urban growth in the city. The results also showd the possibility of using Probability Density Function (PDF) as a method of decision-making in GIS for locating and ranking of new air quality monitoring stations.

The most important indicator of climate in a region is vegetation community. Climate can be different over large areas، because of changes in vegetation community. Vegetation influences weather and climate in its surrounding areas mostly by way of evapotranspiration and albedo so they play a role in the earth’s energy balance. These effects on the earth’s energy balance are taken through air temperature، relative humidity، rainfall، solar radiation and cloud cover on their own micro-weather (Neilson، 1986، Small and Kurc، 2003 and Weiss، et al 2004). Disasters such as drought، flood، forest fire and among them can occur whenever the global energy balance become outside of normal range. Remote sensing data provide valuable information for vegetation studies because it presents a quick look evaluation of the vegetation conditions. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)، Land Surface Temperature (LST) and land surface albedo are key biophysical variables for studying land surface processes and surface-atmosphere interactions. These variabels can be calculated by transforming raw satellite data. The aim of this paper was to study relationship between NDVI، LST and land surface albedo due to the impact of vegetation on surface temperature and albedo and identify dryness status in the northern Iran.

Study area is located in the northern part of Iran which covers with dense vegetation such as Hyrcanian forests in the north and sparse vegetation in the southern part of the Alborz Mountain range. This area is an alteration bio-climate region lying between the humid climate in the north and arid and semi-arid climate in the south. The methodology used in this study consisted of remotely sensed data processes. The remotely sensed data processes involved data acquisition of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)، data pre-processing (i. e. atmospheric correction، geometric correction، and data masking)، and data processing (i. e. derivation of vegetation، biophysical indices such as NDVI، LST and land surface albedo variables). In this study، MODIS data was selected because the MODIS sensor has several benefits compared to other instruments for example MODIS has a wide swath of 2330 km that covered the entire study area. The MODIS dataset had a variety of products that each contained different levels of data processing. In this study، Level 1B dated July، 2010 (MOD021KM and MYD021KM calibrated and geolocated) was used to derive NDVI and surface albedo، and retrieving LST. This level 1B collection contains calibrated and geolocated radiances at-aperture for all 36 MODIS spectral bands at 1km resolution. In this study، Simplified Model for Atmospheric Correction (SMAC) was used for atmospheric correction of MODIS data. Absorbtion in visible light (solar radiation) occurs in live green vegetation because of photosynthesis. Scattering (reflectance) of solar energy in the near infrared occurs at the same time. This difference in absorption and reflectance lead us to NDVI. NDVI is an vegitation index which measures this difference to show vegetation density and condition. NDVI value ranges between -1 and +1. The values close to zero means no green vegetation and close to +1 (0. 8 - 0. 9) represents the highest density of green vegetation. LST is an important parameter in determining the earth radiation budget and heat and moisture flow between the surface and the atmosphere and temperature strongly influence vegetation processes. Thermal bands of MODIS data (band 31 and 32) converted to radiance then converted to brightness temperature using plank law for calculating surface temperature. Albedo is also an important bio-physical indicator of reflecting land surface energy distribution and balance. In the process of broadband albedo retrieval، an empirical regression was used for MODIS data (Liang et al.، 2002). Finally، regression and geostatistical approach (e. g. CoKriging) was used in this study to estimate LST and surface albedo using NDVI of MODIS data.

In this study three criteria such as mean absolute error، root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error have been used to measure the differences between the values estimated for LST and Albedo using regression and CoKriging geostatistical method. The results obtained in this research indicate that the geostatistical method of cokriging has good potential to estimate LST and surface albedo using normalized difference vegetation index. The results of the study show that changes in vegetation cover alter the LST and surface albedo، leading to a local temperature change. Plants and forest have a very low albedo and absorb a large amount of energy. The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index and LST and surface albedo equations were then used to found the surface dryness condition in the study area. The result of 3D feature space of Albedo-NDVI-LST spectral shows that it has a suitable index for extracting drought information. The study revealed that coastal and forested northern slopes of the Alborz Mountain are identified with high normalized difference vegetation value (0/85)، minimum surface temperature (23° C) and albedo (7%). The southern part of Alborz Mountain and the central Iran experiences low normalized difference vegetation value (-0/09)، high surface temperature of 45 ° C and high surface albedo (38%).

In this study، the relationship between NDVI and LST and surface albedo was analyzed to estimate LST and surface albedo derived by regression and CoKriging methods. It has been recognized that there is a strong correlation between albedo، LST and NDVI. By comparison of the regression relationship among LST، Albedo and NDVI، results exhibit that LST and Albedo are negative correlations with NDVI. In this paper، a 3D feature space of Albedo-NDVI-LST spectral is analyzed for monitoring surface dryness condition. The result represents that surface albedo nad LST is affected by the change of vegetation. This 3D feature space is reliable index to show surface dryness status for soil and plant cover. it is recommended that 3D feature space of Albedo-NDVI-LST spectral can monitor to the surface dryness condition and also it is easy to operate for quick surface dryness assessment. Studies are underway to incorporate other variables in surface dryness condition.

The use of liver histopathology in various fish species as a biomarker in marine monitoring programs to assess the biological effect of exposure to contaminants is well established although the Euryglossa orientalis has repeatedly been recommended as an appropriate bioindicator for monitoring purposes in the Persian Gulf, information on histopathological liver alterations of this species is scarce. In order to obtain an overview, a total of 80 flounder, collected in the period between winter 2011 and summer 2012 from 7 sampling sites distributed over north of the Persian gulf, were histologically analyzed. Liver lesions were recorded and classified according to established liver lesion categories. A high prevalence of non-specific and early toxicopathic non-neoplastic hepatic lesions was recorded. In contrast, pre-neoplastic lesions were observed only in some cases and neoplastic changes were absent. Indices of liver tissue damage in Euryglossa orientalis Eskeleh Nafty Majidieh, Bushehr and Bandar Abbas significantly higher than other stations (p<0.05). The results revealed that the observed alterations may indicate effects of environmental stressors including contaminants. The results of the present study, thus, support the application of Euryglossa orientalis liver histopathology in environmental monitoring.

Cadmium is a non-essential heavy metal so it is lethal at low concentrations and it is the most toxic pollutant in aquatic environments. Cadmium cans directly affect the physiological and biochemical parameters of aquatic animals blood. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of sub lethal concentration of cadmium on Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) using a two biochemical parameter. Twenty specimens of silver carp were exposed to various concentrations of cadmium (0, 0/5, 1/0 and 1/5 milligram per liter) for a period of 96 hours. In this study the, level of protein and glucose of plasma were chosen as biomarkers. Results of this study showed that sub lethal concentrations of cadmium affected the levels of plasma protein and glucose in fish significantly, With increasing cadmium concentration, the level of protein decreased and the level of glucose was increased (P≤0/005). Common reasons for decreasing and increasing the amount of serum protein and glucose are changing in the level of the livers glycogen and preventing protein synthesis respectively.

In this study، the morphology and organization of pituitary was investigated prior to hatching and at larval، juvenile and adult stages of the Rutilus frisii kutum. The eggs were kept in aquaria to study the stages before hatching. Fingerling reaching 1 gr of weight were maintained in laboratory condition for 5 month. Specimens larger than 1 gr up to adult stage were obtain either from fish culture center. In small specimens the whole head was processed that for larger once whole brain bearing hypophysis along with a small part of skull were after decalcification. All specimens were studied by histological methods. It was noticed that a day prior to hatching the hypophysis could be identifiable as a separate entity as comprised a part of ventral diencephalons. Adeno and Neurohypophysis could not be differentiated. Hypophysis was found to be partly separated and attached to the floor of diancephalon about seven days after hatching. An unbranched neurohypophysis was identified، pituitary gland was almost entirely unattached after 40 days and was seen to be stalked after 70 days. It was observed that the specimens of 25 gr as older had immense similarity with adult in structure and organization of hypophysis. The juvenile of later on (5 gram onwards) had the neurohypophysis. Penetrating in to adenohypophysis، particularly in to intermedia forming neurohypophysis lobe.

Water pollution due to chemical substances as anionic detergents causes various disorders in aquatic ecosystems. We studied the effects of detergent on common carp using 6 treatments containing 0.5, 1,2,4, 6 and 8mg/l and one control. We used aquariums at a capacity of 150 liters and in each aquarium 8 pieces of carp 10 to 12cm long weighing 35 to 40mg each was introduced. Physical factors were measured with digital multi-meter unit CS535. Temperature and hardness of water were 23-24oC and 196mg/l, respectively. Air pump was used during the experiment for providing oxygen. Sampling was carried out to assay liver glucose and blood glucose every 24 hour during 7 days. Liver glucose concentration was determined by glucose oxidize enzyme and spectro-photometric method at 546nm length. Liver glycogen was determined after separation and hydrolysis with the same method as for glucose. Results showed that blood glucose was increased as a result of exposure to detergent, but liver glycogen was decreased when detergent concentration was higher than 2mg/l. A reverse correlation coefficient between the two factors affirmed the findings (P<0.001, r=-0.96).