فهرست مطالب آزاده نظری

Premature birth is one of the most common causes of infant mortality worldwide. In many countries, preterm birth rates increased between 1990 and 2010. Vaginal infections are important causes of preterm labor (PTL). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of vaginal infections in causing preterm labor.

This study was a case-control study. The target population was pregnant women referring to Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, in 2018 who were aged 20 to 38 years and were diagnosed with PTL. The control group included an equal number of women with the same age range but term labor. To investigate candida, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, and group B streptococcali, swab samples were taken from the vagina and rectum. Different laboratory methods were performed to isolate the above-mentioned microorganisms, including microscopy of wet mount smear, Gram stain, culture on Sabouraud agar, and 5% sheep blood agar. Moreover, four Amsel criteria were used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. At last, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS-19 software with a p-value of 0.05.

A total of 300 patients were included in the study, and the mean age was not statistically significantly different between the two groups of PTL and term labor. No statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of vaginal candidiasis (P=0.081), bacterial vaginosis (P=0.906), and trichomonas infection (P=0.904) between the two groups.

It seems that the genital infections examined in this study do not play a role in increasing the prevalence of premature birth.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disease, a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increased cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot, amputation and death in patients.The aim of the present study was to examine the predictor role of negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care in remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The method of the present study was descriptive, correlation type, and the population was from all the patients with type 2 diabetes who were members of Diabetes Association in Chahar-Mahal-o Bakhtiyari. Among this group, using the convenience sampling method, and on the basis of Morganʼs table, 300 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruitment. Using MackEuy and othersʼ negative repeating thoughts questionnaire (2014), Mans & Malouf emotion regulation strategies questionnaire (2009), Toobert & Glasgow self-care questionnaire (2000) & Modanloo acceptance and treatment follow-up questionnaire (2014), the experiment group was investigated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Our findings have shown that negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care predict the remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes significantly.

With pay attention to identify of the predictor role of negative repeating thoughts, emotion regulation strategies and self-care in remedial acceptance and adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes, and high prevalence of this disease too, it seems that psychological intermediations, with pay attention to role of mentioned variables to decrease of psychological problems and increase of adherence in them, pay attention to role of negative repeating thoughts too, compatible and incompatible strategies of emotion regulation and adhere to self-care could be taken as prevention of deterioration type 2 diabetes and better controlling.

One of the characteristics of Iranian society is cultural diversity, thus it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of intercultural communication and try to identify factors affecting it. In fact, In fact, cultural and ethnic diversity is effective in the occurrence of certain behaviors and general people's lifestyles according to background variables such as gender, and Socioeconomic status. Therefore, this study seeks to determine how social interactions based on habit and cultural background in the fields of practice (reference groups), combined with various methods of educating and informing, affect smoking and control it among adolescents. This is descriptive-survey research in terms of survey type and was conducted in 2020. It involved 319 school-going adolescents in Varamin County, Tehran, Iran (aged 16-18 years) who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire on the use of tobacco products. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed, using relative frequency, frequency percentage, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kendall’s, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and the chi-square test. The findings show that contextual factors, dominant culture based on ethnicity, peer groups, and family gatherings all have a direct and significant influence on smoking proclivity. Social networks and peer groups were also more effective than mass media and schools in informing individuals about smoking’s risks.

Participation in leisure activities with peers and family gatherings is beneficial, but some activities such as smoking, may increase harmful health behaviors. This is the first study which investigates how students in Varamin, Tehran, Iran, perceive smoking during their leisure time.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 and involved 319 school-going adolescents in Varamin County, Tehran, Iran (aged 16-18 years) who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire on the use of tobacco products which was designed based on the Likert scale. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using, frequency (percentage), t-test (Independent Two-sample), analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), Kendall’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and the chi-square test (less than 0.01).

Overall, five ethnicities in the target population were examined in this study. Smoking among Arab, Fars, and Lur ethnicities, with mean scores of 4, 3.6, and 3.41, respectively, were higher than smoking among Turks, other ethnicities, and Kurds, with mean scores of 2.86, 2.36, and 2. In addition, smoking in family gatherings, the very low and low levels have the highest frequencies of 72 and 61, respectively, while smoking in friend gatherings, average and high levels have the highest frequencies, i.e., 99 and 57, respectively, with (Sig: 0.000) is less than 0.01.

This reinforces the need to be alert for, and respond to, gender and ethnic disparities regarding the pattern of risk and protective factors. Thus, leisure activities and ethnicity may be key factors to tailor prevention programs to their unique characteristics and needs.

Gestational diabetes is an state of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed during pregnancy. Metformin is a biguanide oral hypoglycemic agent and is used in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its use in treatment of gestational diabetes has been controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of metformin on serum lipid profile in hyperglycemic pregnant rats and their progenies. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: intact control, sham, hyperglycemic and 2 experimental groups treated with metformin at doses of 160 and 300 mg/kg. The hyperglycemia was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic glucose (4g/kg) and medroxyprogesterone (3mg/kg) twice daily since the 5th day of pregnancy through the end of the gestational period. Furthermore, experimental groups received 160 and 300 mg/kg metformin in drinking water since 5th day of gestation through the end of the pregnancy. The maternal blood samples were taken on days 0, 5, 15 and 20 of pregnancy, while neonatal samples were collected on postnatal days of 15 and 30. Biochemical factors (triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol) were measured spectrophotometrically by routine laboratory techniques. Following injection of hypertonic glucose and medroxyprogesterone, serum glucose levels were significantly increased in hyperglycemic pregnant rats compared to control. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in hyperglycemic pregnant rats and their newborns were partially increased in comparison to control group. Treatment of hyperglycemic pregnant rats with metformin at dosages of 160 and 300 mg/kg decreased the lipid levels in the mothers and their newborns compared to hyperglycemic group, although the changes were not significant. Our findings suggest that the hyperglycemic pregnant rat model is a reliable model for gestational diabetes in human. Metformin is a safe and effective treatment for rat dams during gestational diabetes and their progenies. Therefore, it may be suggested that metformin can be used in treatment of gestational diabetes in pregnant women.