آسیه افتخاری

The problem of addiction potential experienced by young adults is usually accompanied by narcissistic personality traits. Research has confirmed two distinct forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Meanwhile, shame as the main emotion and attachment style plays an essential role in these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing research on addiction potential and the role of narcissistic factors, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. Using the Google Scholar database, key words such as Addiction Potential, Narcissism, Shame and Attachment Style were searched. PubMed was searched for Addiction, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, shame, and Attachment Styles. All time periods were used for this review and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted based on the criteria.

The results showed that in some studies, a significant relationship was observed among potential for addiction, narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns; in some other studies, potential for addiction was predictable through narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns.
In general, we can conclude that addiction is a big problem that is affecting many societies today, by identifying how these factors are formed in children and development paths affecting it, a big step can be taken in the direction of educating parents and communities.

Family's socio-economic status may significantly influence parenting style. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles of 7 to 12-year-old children, parenting styles, and the socio-economic status of parents.

This was a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study population included 7 to 12 children who studied in elementary schools of Tehran in 2021. A sample of 95 individuals were selected by random sampling method and evaluated by questionares regarding Socio-Economic status (SE) (Ghodratnama, 2013), Parenting Style (PS) (Baumrind, 1973), Kinship Center Attachment (KCA) (Halpern and Kappenberg, 2006). The information obtained from the samples was analysed by Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS 22 software. The level of significance was considered 5%.

There was a a significant correlation between the attachment styles of the children and parenting styles and the socio-economic status of parents (r= -.284, p<0.01). In parenting styles there was a significant relationship between authoritive parenting style and positive adjustment (r= -.258, p<0.05), emotional reactivity (r= .218, p<0.05), negative behaviour (r= .394, p<0.01) and distancing from caregiver support (r= .407, p<0.01). There was also a significant relationship between authoritarian and positive adjustment (r= .315, p<0.01), negative behaviour (r= -.311, p<0.01), distancing from caregiver support (r= -.379, p<0.01). A significant relationship was observed between permissive and negative behavior (r= .232, p<0.05).

Both authoritative and permissive parenting styles seem to be dysfunctional. They cause different behavioural and emotional issues in children due to their attachment styles.

Evolutionary psychology had revolutionized the mate choice in past years and the framework of a cognitive orientation based on intelligence and social status had attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, this study follows the intersection between evolutionary principles, cognitive models, and theoretical insights that can link these researches on mate choice that is called emerging evolutionary epistemology in recent years. The research was a narrative review study and the literature was searched through Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, Science Direct and SID with the words "sexual attraction, spouse selection, attractiveness in evolutionary psychology, attractiveness in cognitive psychology", and the relevant citations were included in this study. Search engines have been used for the last 5 years (From 2016 onwards) and more than three hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria. The results indicated that as much as in evolutionary psychology, physical attractiveness plays a role in choosing a spouse, personality, intelligence, decision making, cultural and social status of the spouse as cognitive factors also play important role in creating attractiveness. Accordingly, new models have been developed by combination of these two models at three levels (1) perceptual adaptation that records sexual signs with respect to sensory input, (2) judgmental adaptations that assess multiple signs in evaluation and (3) the search strategies that people pursue in trying to form a pair. Overall, more collaboration between personality psychologists, psychoanalysts, behavioral geneticists, and evolutionary psychology is needed to well understood the mate choice mechanisms.

Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, researchers claim that the concept of a behavioral immune system is not the same as pathogen avoidance. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate whether the behavioral immune system is the same as the pathogen avoidance system or has a broader meaning.

using Google Scholar database keywords such as disease avoidance, pathogen disgust, the behavioral immune system were searched. PubMed for the behavioral immune system, system over perception disease cues, and disease over perception bias was investigated. All-time periods were used for this review study and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria.

The findings show that there are three main mechanisms involved in the behavioral immune system. This system includes the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Therefore the results showed that the behavioral immune system has a broader meaning than the pathogen avoidance system.

Research on physiological correlations with emotional experiences shows that disgust is evoked in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system and neural activity. However little is known about the functional connections between anatomical structures, neurochemical processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are the manifestations of the behavioral immune system, and more studies are needed in this area.

In the growing number of divorces in Iran, the present study aimed to investigate the prediction of divorce adjustment through an emotional adjustment emphasizing gender considerations.

The present study was a correlation study, and data were collected through questionnaires, field study, and library. The statistical population was all divorced women and men in Tehran city in 2017, and the sampling method was purposeful. The sample included 112 divorced women and 134 divorced men with an age range of 20-40 years. For data collection, the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS) (1) and Emotional Adjustment Measure (EMA) (2) were used. Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, and multivariate analysis of variance method were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between emotional adjustment and divorce adjustment (p<0.01, r=.29), and men have higher scores than women in these factors; also, emotional adjustment was a significant predictor of divorce adjustment (β=0.720, p<0.01).

The results of this study reveal a series of post-divorce crises requiring management and restoration by divorced subjects. Although the challenges of life after divorce affect both sexes, women are faced with more harm in post-divorce time due to gender barriers. Therefore, programs to help increase emotional compatibility after divorce is recommended. Also, clarification of the divorce phenomenon is better to be considered from different aspects.

Behavioral immune systems allow organisms to detect the presence of disease-causing pathogens in their environment more immediately and engage in behaviors that prevent them from coming into contact with objects and individuals. There is extensive research linking behavioral immune systems to a variety of prejudices. These prejudices cause labeling and ultimately social stigma on these people. Therefore, the present study investigated the behavioral safety system and its unique effect on prejudice and stigmatization in people with infectious diseases.In this review study, the research literature was searched through Google Scholar and PubMed with the words "Behavioral Immune System, Prejudice, Stigmatization", and the relevant authorities were included in this study. Research has shown that people tend to associate illness with obesity, the manifestation of facial symptoms, physical disability, and foreign nationality in order to avoid becoming ill by predicting illness and thus overreacting to them. These reactions occur in many groups of people who do not actually have the contagious disease and are called a type of psychological allergy. These prejudicial reactions and labeling can cause social distress for these people and their long-term social isolation.

Disgust is triggered in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system activity and neural activity, but in functional connections between anatomical structures, chemical neurological processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena, the genetic structure is involved. Demonstrating behavioral immunity, there is not much information and more study is needed.

The stress, job satisfaction and depression can affect the performance of dental professionals in various fields. The aim of present study was to examin the level of stress, depression and job satisfaction among different specialized fields of dentistry in Zanjan provinc, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the depression, anxiety and stress scale questionnaire (DASS-21) and the Herzberg questionnaire were used to assess job satisfaction. The questionnaires were completed on the web, and the relevant link was sent to all specialists in different fields of dentistry in Zanjan province. Finally, 33 people participated in the study. Data were analyzed after appropriate code allocation using independent T-test and U-Mann Whitney tests and SPSS16.

The results showed the mean of stress (24.4), depression (17.48) and anxiety (13.28) among specialists. The mean of stress and anxiety among female dentists was higher than male specialists, but there was no significant difference between these two variables between the two sexes (P>0.05). In terms of job satisfaction, 21.2% were dissatisfied with their job. By gender, 26.6% of female specialists and 16.7% of male specialists were dissatisfied with their jobs.

Despite the general perception that work conditions are suitable for dental specialists, these people suffer from the stresses, anxiety and depression and may not be satisfied with their job. As these conditions can affect the performance of these people in the workplace, it would be necessary to take measures, to identify, and to increase mental health and job satisfaction.

Studies have shown that dental anxiety may be caused by various factors such as child mood, age, maternal emotional maturity, previous dental anxiety and parenting styles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between the parenting styles and pediatric dental anxiety and the predictability of this variable through parenting styles.

The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The study population was children aged 7 to 12 years who had referred to the dental clinics of Tehran in 1400. Sampling from one of the clinics was done randomly. A total of 100 questionnaires of modified child dental anxiety scale and parenting style inventory were given to the children and their parents and 95 of them could have been analyzed. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS22 software and Pearson correlation and regression tests.

The results showed that dental anxiety had a negative and significant relationship with authoritative parenting style (r=-0.286, P<0.01) and a positive and significant relationship with authoritarian parenting style (r=0.342, P<0.01). Authoritarian parenting style can be a predictor of dental anxiety.

Knowing the predictors of dental anxiety can help a pediatric dentist analysing who is most prone to dental anxiety. Based on this approach, a relationship based on trust can be established between the dentist and parents to make the necessary recommendations to parents in the office, reduce dental anxiety and improve oral health conditions in children.
 

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects people at risk for trauma. Although its diagnostic features have been reclassified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5), the disorder is characterized by excessive and unwanted trauma reminders as well as the avoidance of trauma reminders. Cognitive patterns and negative moods of this heterogeneity indicate multiple neurological mechanisms in the context of PTSD. Research over the past few decades has shown several potential ways to identify diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD. These include monoadrenergic transmission systems, the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), metabolic, hormonal pathways, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactions, and cerebral neural circuits. The present study presents the research literature concerning the most promising biomarkers in diagnosing PTSD with special emphasis on the interaction between neurological effects on disease risk and progression of symptoms. Such biomarkers are likely to be identified by multidimensional models derived from comprehensive descriptions of molecular, neurological, behavioral, and clinical phenotypes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder biomarkers can provide promising horizons for early diagnosis and treatment of the disorder and provide clinicians with tools to make more accurate diagnoses of the disorder. Also, the existing research literature in this field can serve the biological contexts related to PTSD symptoms and future studies' goals.

Radiography is one of the most important para-clinical methods in diagnosing and selecting treatment in dentistry. Due to the potential dangers of X-rays for patients, the professional responsibility of the dentist requires that unnecessary radiographs to be avoided. The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness of dentists in Zanjan about the principles of radiation protection in 2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 107 general dentists and specialists working in Zanjan and the questionnaires were distributed among them. The level of awareness of dentists in 27 questions of radiographic prescribing questionnaire was evaluated and in each of the mentioned questions, their gender, age, work experience, participation in retraining, having X-ray machine in the field of dentistry and type of activity were evaluated. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test, Independent T-test, and ANOVA using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that the level of knowledge of general dentists about the principles of radiation protection (14.35±3.08) was lower than that of specialized dentists (17.19±2.35). Those who participated in retraining workshops (13.85±2.99) had less knowledge than those who did not (15.97±3.97), which was statistically significant (P<0.05); However, there was no significant difference in the dentistschr('39') knowledge about the principles of radiation protection based on gender, age, type of activity, having an X-ray machine at the place of treatment, and history of clinical experience (P≥0.05).

Awareness of dentists at various levels was moderate. Therefore, designing and holding more purposeful retraining courses to maintain and improve the level of awareness of dentists according to the guidelines provided by the authorities, still seems to be necessary.

Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent endocrine diseases causing nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular complications. Dyslipidemia, acute pancreatic necrosis, and fat metabolism disorders in liver of diabetic patients have been reported. Studies suggest that grape seed oil constitute anti-oxidant activity capable of decreasing serum cholesterol as well as liver total cholesterol level. Wistar male rats were made diabetic by a single dose of streptozotocin (42mg/kg). The rats were fed with a balanced diet in two control and grape seed oil groups. After three weeks blood samples were collected and rats were euthanized, the pathologic changes of pancreas and liver and changes in the lipids of the plasma pancreas and liver were investigated. Plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL was significantly lower in grape seed oil group. There were no significant differences in plasma HDL between two groups. In diabetic control rats’ congestion, hemorrhage, edema, and diffuse necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells in pancreas and congestion, bleeding and inflammatory cells infiltration to the port area of the liver were observed. Significant reduction of edema in the pancreas of the grape seed oil group was observed. Although a decrease in hemorrhage in the liver of grape seed fed rats were observed, this did not reach to statistical significance. It is concluded that the grape seed oil could have beneficial effect on lowering LDL, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels as well as remarkable reduction of the pancreatic edema in diabetic rats.