ابراهیم بهرامی نیا

In recent years, the surge in greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, and climate change has emerged as a pivotal concern for environmental planners and policymakers. Given the predominant role of fossil fuels in carbon dioxide emissions, this study focuses on mitigating emissions, particularly in nations with robust fossil fuel economies. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of financial development and governance quality on carbon dioxide emissions within oil-exporting countries, utilizing the panel smooth transition regression model spanning the period 2000-2021. The findings substantiate the presence of a nonlinear relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially, financial development exerts a positive and significant impact on emissions; however, beyond a certain threshold, this effect reverses, becoming negative. Regarding governance effectiveness, many oil-exporting nations wield substantial market influence due to their significant oil revenues. Notably, oil exporting-firms in these countries are predominantly state-owned or quasi-state firms. Their insulation from competitive threats, coupled with a lack of adherence to regulatory frameworks, has resulted in elevated carbon dioxide emissions under both governance regimes.

The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

The purpose of this research is to assess the educational and economic needs of investors in the tourism sector in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. Research data were analyzed using the hierarchical method. The research community includes all the investors of the tourism sector in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, which according to the statistics of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of the province, this number reaches 200 people. The sampling method is available in the form of sampling. According to the findings of the research, the most important effective factors in prioritizing the education of investors in the tourism sector in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, from the strongest factor to the weakest factor, are: training in the correct methods of communicating with tourists, training in removing misconceptions about tourism , teaching the correct investment solutions in the tourism sector, teaching the economic basics of tourism, continuous and intermittent training to teach the principles of tourism, creating an effective and efficient educational system in order to understand the strategic needs of the tourism industry, insurance and tax training in the tourism sector, teaching the legal basics of tourism. The most important effective factors in the economic prioritization of tourism sector investors in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces, from the strongest factor to the weakest factor, are: income generation in the sports tourism sector, income generation in the transportation and hotel tourism sector, income generation in the tourism sector Therapy, income generation in tourism handicraft sector, income generation in tourism recreation sector, income generation in tourism ecotourism sector, income generation in cultural and religious tourism sector, income generation in natural tourism sector.

Agricultural transformation and processing industries have strategic importance in providing the consumption needs and the food chain of society. This is one of the most important industrial groups effective in the economic growth of developing countries. The experience of the world’s countries shows that the learning process with the knowledge development and training of a creative workforce affects the sectors of the economy’s cost structure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate cost savings in agricultural processing industries with two different learning-by-doing and production-learning approaches. To meet this end, the data of 18 food processing industries for 2002-2020 and The Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Error Correction methods were used. The results indicate that economies of scale have been realized in the short and long terms. So all sub-sectors operate at the optimal scale level. In addition, production learning with a rate of 0.83 and a high adjustment speed towards long-term equilibrium had a significant role in reducing the average cost. On the other hand, the results of workforce cost savings indicated that whiles the scale economies were constant workforce cost savings in long term is more than in the short term period. Also, in each period 44.6% of the learning-by-doing gap between the short and long-balance decreases. Overall doubling accumulation production led to a 32% decrease in average cost and reduced about 20% in the cost per unit labor force compared to its previous level. Therefore, it is recommended to identify effective resources in the realization of learning, the growth of technology-oriented start-ups, and the improvement of the skills and abilities of the different layers of employees in this sector through training, holding workshops, and non-academic courses.

This paper aims to identify factors affecting the price and production fluctuations in Iran's economy with an emphasis on the housing sector. A New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is designed for this purpose. This model of economy contains a representative household, a firm producing final goods in the housing sector, a firm producing final goods in a non-housing sector, a series of producers of intermediate goods in the housing sector and non-housing sectors, and a government monetary authority or an agent that is a combination of government and the central bank. The results show that a technological shock in non-housing sector has led to an increase in production and investment, a reduction of inflation in this sector, and an increase in household consumption expenditures. In the housing sector, too, the shock has increased production and investment. Given the relationship that has already existed between the housing and non- housing sector, the rise in the former has contributed to the production in the latter. A shock to the money growth rate, as a monetary policy, has boosted the inflation rate and the output growth rate in both sectors. Due to the higher elasticity of supply in the non-housing sector, the effect of the monetary shock on production in this sector is greater than that on the housing sector. Also, a shock in the government spending has increased production and inflation in both sectors and this impact on the price indices in both sectors is longer lasting than on production.

Prices as the most fundamental variable in the housing sector have the task of optimizing the allocation of economic resources. Statistics show that during the period under the study (1991-2011), housing sector in Iran has experienced four jumps in prices. In this paper, we build a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to study the fluctuations in prices and output of housing sector and identify the effects of monetary and oil price shocks on this fluctuations.
The impulse response functions show that higher money growth rate temporary increases output and inflation in the both housing and nonhousing sectors. In addition, due to the higher elasticity of supply in the nonhousing sector, the effects of monetary shock on production in this sector are more than the housing sector. Higher oil revenues through increased liquidity and then increasing demand of private sector causes higher inflation in the economy. The results show that a shock in oil revenue temporary increases production and inflation in the housing and nonhousing sector simultanously. The difference is that the inflationary effect of this shock is higher than its effect on the production.
Altogether, the comparison of the moments of the model and its impulse response functions with that of real world shows that our model can well illustrate the cyclical fluctuations of most important variables in the housing and nonhousing sectors.