فهرست مطالب ابراهیم صفری

With aging, muscle strength decreases, and older people try to stay healthy as much as possible while maintaining their independence. Regular exercise is needed to control and delay the negative effects of aging. This study aims to investigate the effect of a combined exercise program on balance and respiratory fitness of active older men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 40 active older men (Mean age= 62±12.74 years) participated who were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into control and exercise groups. Their balance and respiratory readiness were measured using a static balance gauge and spirometry test, respectively before and after the intervention. The exercise group participated in combined exercise program (aerobic, resistance, and balance exercises) for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. The control group continued to perform their daily activities during this period. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22 using paired t-test and independent t-test. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The combined exercise program had a significant effect on improving static balance in both groups (P=0.002), but not on forced vital capacity (P>0.05). Regarding the forced expiratory volume over 1 second, its effect was significant only in the exercise group (P<0.05).

It seems that the combined exercise program can improve static balance and respiratory fitness of older men. It is suggested that the older men use this combined exercise program to increase their balance and respiratory fitness.

The Silver Gallium selenide crystal is more important than other crystals due to its intrinsic parameters. The transparency of the AGSe crystal is in the wavelength range of 10.06 microns, which uses the pulsed CO2 laser at atmospheric pressure (TEA) as the fundamental wavelength for the second harmonic generation. Therefore, the effect of parameters such as intensity, nonlinear crystal length, temperature and wavelength on the phase–mismatched and efficiency has been investigated. The coupled- wave equations are performed numerically by MATLAB software. The results indicate the existence of optimal length in the efficiency of the second harmonic generation in the crystal. In a crystal with a length of 1.05 cm, the efficiency reaches 80.35%. Also, the maximum efficiency of the second harmonic generation is 0.025W/cm2 (threshold intensity) and the crystal length is 0.5 cm. The results of modeling and numerical calculations in this work are in good agreement with the experimental results of others.

Influence literature, after the efforts of the Supreme Leader, has seriously entered the political literature of the country and research has been done around it. Existing researches, before knowing the nature and what is the intellectual-cultural influence, have considered its meaning and concept as obvious and obvious and have passed it. And have dealt with the solution; While according to the researcher's studies, the principle of what intellectual and cultural influence is has been neglected. From the author's point of view, cultural intellectual influence is a complex issue to the extent that a correct and deep understanding of it may change these strategies and lay a new foundation. To this end, this research uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain the concepts of soft power, soft war, cognitive warfare, etc. to explain the relationship between these concepts and intellectual influence and influence is an attempt by a foreign power to weaken and change the vital values of a society. It explains the survival of a necessary political system. In this regard, any idea that opposes the plan of liberal democracy is labeled as fundamentalist and must be changed through intellectual and cultural influence to an idea that can coexist with liberalism. Projects such as the "Network of Moderate Muslims", the "Network of Young Leaders", etc. have been established in this regard.

This study investigates the effect of using temperature-dependent and constant thermophysical properties on the precision of numerical simulation in the laser welding of titanium Ti60 alloy. A finite element model is made for 3 mm thick Ti60 alloy sheet piece and is affected by the laser beam using a three-dimensional moving heat source. For verification of the finite element model, the numerical results are compared with the results of experimental data. Also, the influence of the number of elements on the results is investigated. The results of the finite element modelling showed that the solidification starts from the bottom of the melt pool and progresses to the top of the sheet and along the weld seam. Also, the best results are obtained with all the thermophysical properties of density, thermal capacity and conductivity were temperature-dependent. The use of constant density reduces the maximum values of the temperature and dimensions of the weld pool, and the use of constant heat capacity increases these values. Still, these changes are such that (less than 2%), constant density and thermal capacity can be used to model the whole laser welding process. However, the use of constant thermal conductivity causes a large error in the maximum values of the temperature (about twice the value of this parameter), and the dimensions of the melt pool, and this parameter cannot be assumed constant in the simulation of laser welding.

In this paper, the thermal effects because of temperature gradient and the stress distribution on a Yb:YAG thin disk under the three-side pumping with different powers are investigated. The side surface of the disk is being pumped by three continuous working diode lasers and its underside plane is being cooled by water. The amount of distribution of temperature and stress in the disk is studied by the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the help of ANSYS software. The largest power absorbed by Yb:YAG crystal is 240 W which in this power, the temperature of active material reaches 408 K and its stress is 132 MPa. The variations of refractive index and focal length created in the thin disk are calculated by obtained data from ANSYS software and indicates that Yb:YAG disk remained isotropic and it is a suitable laser active substance.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a combined training course on selected biomechanical variables of the elderly active male athlete. 40 active elderly men participated in this study voluntarily in two groups. The experimental group practiced in a combined training program and the control group continued to perform their daily activities during this period. To compare the results before and after exercise in each group, Parametric Paired t test and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were executed using SPSS ver. 21. The results show that a combined training session was not significant in posture control and gait function, but can be effective in improving motor control, balance in active older men and reducing the risk of falls.

This study investigates the strength of Hastelloy X nickel-based superalloy and AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel composite joint produced by laser welding. Two pieces of 1mm thick dissimilar plates are butt jointed together on a sheet fixture and welded using a pulsed Nd-YAG laser beam. In the welding process, different values are used for welding power, laser beam pulse width and welding speed. Values for the beam frequency, shielding gas flow rate and beam diameter are kept constant on the surface of the work piece. After welding, suitable specimens were cut from sheet components and subjected to high-temperature tensile tests and constant load creep. The results of tensile and creep tests show that by choosing the right laser welding parameters, a proper bonding between Hastelloy X and AISI 304L alloys can be achieved. In some samples, the joints strength is higher than the corresponding value of base alloy strength (AISI 304L), and the failure occurred in the base alloy region. Optical and scanning electron microscopes have also been used to examine the structure of the joint. The data from these microscopes shows that joints almost free of defects can be achieved by optimizing the beam power, welding speed and pulse width.

In this paper, TEA CO2</sub> laser pulses focused by plasma shutters with 2.5, 5, and 10 cm focal lengths lenses were used to generate optical breakdown in various molecules having 1-5 atoms. Moreover, the dependence of the transmitted pulses temporal trace and the sparks geometry on the focusing power, as well as, the gas pressure, molecular weight, and ionization energy were investigated in detail. It has been observed that instead of the complete removal of the tail part in the transmitted pulse shapes, sometimes a fraction of them disappeares. For instance, the quenching time gap which is in the 0.05-2.6 µs range appeares in the transmitted pulse shapes for the 2.5 cm focal length. Such a quenching time at the lower scales, is also observed for He gas with the other focal lengths. The analyses of the generated plasma plume shapes and the focused laser beams paths reveales that this behavior is due to a quick dropping of the plasma density below the critical level before the pulse tail is completed.

The red-fleshed apples are from varieties of apples confer the competence and high ability in vitro to produce anthocyanins in their organs. Several factors affect the in vitro production of anthocyanins in plant tissue culture and to produce high, the optimizing of these factors are very necessary. Light is one of the most important factors that many studies have been done in this area but the laser irradiation effects has not been investigated. We have studied the effect of combine lasers treatment of He-Ne with diode on in vitro production anthocyanin and cellular growth of cell suspension of red-fleshed apple. This experiment with 18 combinations treatments (blue laser at the intensities of 67.09, 32.74, 30.4 and 13.73 mW/cm2 and a red laser at the intensities of 6.46, 4.82, 1.54 and 0.666 mW/cm2 and two controls including darkness and fluorescent light) as a factorial design based on CRD with three replications for each treatment were applied.With increasing of combination lasers radiation intensity, production rates monomeric total anthocyanins (TMA) and total anthocyanins (TA) increased but lead to was reduced the cell growth. Results of this work showed that probably high intensity of combination lasers radiation treatments as a stress factor made decreased cell growth and induced high concentration of anthocyanins in the cell exposed to stress and good for decreasing injures proceed from stress and also lead to persevered cell of red-fleshed apple through high concentration accumulation of anthocyanin in vacuole.

The present research is aimed to analyze the phonological processes of Galeshi dialect such as; compensatory lengthening, deletion, lenition, raising and metathesis. The theoretical framework of the study is on optimality theory, and the dialectal data gathering has been via recording ten hours of speech together with the researcher's intuition as a native speaker. The data has been transcribed according to IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) and the research method is descriptive- analytic. Accordingly, the phonological processes and compensatory deletion of /h/, /?/ in two- syllable words in CVC.CV (C) context leads to compensatory lengthening of vowel in first syllable; deletion of consonants /t/, /d/ as a second number of a consonant cluster or succession of consonants; deletion of coda voiced consonant after long vowels), lenition (change of /b/ to [v] and /Œ/ to [X] ; raising (change of /e/ as a low vowel to [i] as a high vowel; metathesis (substitution of /r/ replaces /d/and /b/ in "madrese" and "kebrit" words and /s/ replaces /k/ in "taksi' word.(have been exemplified within the tables and analyzed in tableaus by the use of the constraint rankings in OT.
The results depict deletion and insertion as the highest processed and metathesis as the lowest.

Wheat is one of the most important and strategica crops in Iran and the world. It is rich in protein and has a high economic value. Therefore, it is very important to determine the safety of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify wheat kernels infected by fungi, such as Penicillium Expansum and Fusarium Graminearum using setup of monochromator and imaging in visible and non-visible range. Alvand and Sardari wheat cultivars that allocated more cultivation area in the country were chosen for this purpose and three following comprehensive systems were used. The basis of the first system was employing detector and imaging visibly and non-visibly in the range of 630-680 nm of laser light. Setup of monochromator and image analysis in the visible and non-visible ranges were used in second and third system, respectively. For this purpose, CCD visible camera, visible-infrared and infrared cameras used for imaging of healthy and unhealthy wheat samples in ultraviolet, visible and infrared lights. In this system, eighteen features in RGB, LAB, HSV, HSI, YCbCr, and YIQ color spaces were extracted and used as neural network inputs. Wheat samples are classified into six classes of healthy Sardari, healthy Alvand, Sardari infected with Fusarium, Sardari infected with Penicillium, Alvand infected with Fusarium and Alvand infected with Penicillium.

Due to the consumers demand for high quality food، new safe and effective methods of food processing and preservation have been developed. The application of optical radiation in the food industry for preservation has been known as a new technology. This method is quite effective to inactivate a large number of microorganism’s particularly pathogenic microorganisms that often cause infection and food poisoning. However، when this kind of treatment is applied some changes might occur. Therefore the aim of this project is to understand the effect of such treatment on the physicochemical properties of eggalbumen. The effects of visible Continuous Waves (CW) lasers on structural changes (using SDS-PAGE) and physicochemical properties (organoleptic and pH) of egg Albumen were studied. The results of this investigation indicated that visible laser radiation even at the maximum power and highest time period (180 minute) did not affected the structural and organoleptic characteristic of egg white proteins. Evaluation of the pH values showed that there were not significant differences between the control and the treated samples. It can be concluded that visible continuous lasers radiation might be employed as a new safe sanitation method in egg industry، however further research is required to understand more about its precise and potent application.

Application of optical radiation such as laser and other short wavelength radiation for inactivation of many food-borne pathogen microorganisms in food industry (as major challenges in the food industry and so that many diseases are resulted from this food contamination) was known as a new technology. Effects of green Continuous Waves lasers on structural (using SDS-PAGE method) and physicochemical properties (organoleptic and pH value) of egg Albumen proteins was studied. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that none of the laser radiation treatments, had not changes in structural nor Organoleptic properties (including color and odor quality) of egg white proteins even at the highest time used, Evaluation of the pH values showed no significant difference between control and treated samples in this study. Using of the green continuous-wave laser irradiation method in the food industry can be considered as a new sanitation method for breaking eggs.