ابوالقاسم مسیح آبادی

This study investigated the relationship between psychological characteristics and the level of individual financial knowledge with subjective risk-taking and financial disputes of shareholders in the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2024. The statistical sample of the study included 265 shareholders of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included various questions in the field of psychological characteristics, financial knowledge, risk-taking and financial disputes. The results show that there is a significant relationship between financial literacy and subjective risk-taking of shareholders, as well as between computational skills and subjective risk-taking of shareholders. Also, a positive relationship was observed between financial literacy and financial disputes of shareholders, as well as between computational skills and financial disputes. However, the relationship between subjective risk-taking and financial disputes of shareholders was not significant. The study also showed that personality traits and family communication patterns also have significant effects on financial disputes and subjective risk-taking of shareholders. These results can be used as a basis for management and educational suggestions for shareholders and capital market analysts to reduce financial disputes and improve financial decision-making.

Today, society's expectations of the audit profession have increased, which requires this group to provide their professional services in the form of an ethical decision-making process; Auditing is a process that is always accompanied by judgment and decision-making, and since the quality of judgment and decision-making is related to the individual characteristics of the auditor, there is an urgent need to further investigate the behavioral factors and the psychological field of the auditor; Ego depletion represents one of the most under-recognized developments in recent psychological research. Based on this, in the current research, the effect of ego reduction on the quality of judgment and ethical decision-making of auditors is investigated. The research is experimental in terms of the method of data collection and is placed in the field of behavioral and psychological research. Therefore, the number of 35 auditors working in auditing institutions during 1401 was selected as the statistical sample of the research using available sampling method; The data related to the statistical sample was collected and analyzed using SPSS software. The data related to the reduction of the ego was realized during the experiments and designed scenarios and the Stroop test. The results indicated that the reduction of ego causes a difference in the quality of their moral judgment and decision making. The research results can be considered in the development of normative and descriptive behavioral theories in auditing.

The aim of this study is to identify Identify the cpmponents of the auditor's professional doubt and rank the individual differences components and behavioral factors affecting the  professional doubt. The research method is descriptive and through the inductive approach, the research components were first collected from the theoretical foundations and analyzed through Delphi analysis. The statistical community consists of experts from the scientific community and university professionals who have executive records in the auditing profession, and the sample size as panel members is 12 people. The sampling method in the current research is a targeted approach. According to the opinion of the elites, the auditor's professional doubt has sub-components that, in order of priority, include such things as questioning mind, suspension of judgment, interpersonal understanding, self-esteem, research to obtain evidence, problem-solving ability, critical evaluation, moral factor, multiple values. Enduring risks or threats is beyond obedience and moral goals. The components of individual differences affecting professional doubt, in order of priority, include factors such as psychological individual differences, judgmental individual differences, value-oriented individual differences, cultural individual differences, occupational and skill individual differences, individual differences due to personality type, individual differences due to style. Leadership, individual difference caused by professional ethics and Machiavellian personality and the components of behavioral tendencies affecting professional doubt include planned behavior as behavioral factors affecting the auditor's professional doubt

The present study has studied the effect of family communication patterns on financial literacy which has been applied in terms of purpose-based segmentation and descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population of this study consisted of three students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the summer of 1989 who were undergoing undergraduate and higher education. Sample size was determined based on Morgan table of at least 260 people. The questionnaires were distributed to 280 statistical population by simple cluster random sampling method. Analyzes were included. The validity of the research instrument was assessed by face validity, content and confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha. The research tools included the Family Communication Pattern Questionnaire (RFCP); based on the subject's family communication perception, derived from the Ritchie and Fitzpatrick model (1994) and the financial literacy questionnaire used by Yaghoubinejad et al. (2011) based on the Brad model (2008). Has been. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were used for inferential statistics.The results of the data analysis indicated a significant relationship between family communication patterns and financial literacy with a T coefficient of 0.615 with direct correlation and relatively strong intensity.

This study examines the impact of professional commitment and ethical values ​​on internal accounting controls. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method. In this research, based on the nature of the data, it is a quantitative research. The statistical population of the research consists of senior managers of listed companies. Cochran's formula is used to calculate the number of samples, and available sample method is used for sampling. This study was done in 1401. 230 senior managers of the company participated in the current research and answered the questionnaire used in the research. Kleikman and Henning's professional commitment questionnaires and Hunt et al.'s value of organizational ethics (CEP) and internal accounting control were used. The partial least square method (PLS) has been used for modeling and testing the questions. The results showed that the value of t statistic, the effect of professional commitment on internal accounting control, is equal to 3.665 and is higher than 1.96, so it is 0.05 at the significant level. Therefore, professional commitment has a positive and significant effect on the performance of internal accounting controls. Also, the value of t statistic, the effect of moral value on internal accounting control, is equal to 0.744 and is less than 1.96, so it is 0.05 at the significant level. Therefore, moral value does not have a significant effect on the performance of internal accounting controls. The results of this research can effectively help senior managers of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in a strong internal control system with the ability to rely on accounting information with regard to professional commitment and ethical values.

From a psychological point of view, individual decisions should be tested in terms of needs, individual preferences and desired values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the effect of ethical components on the judgments of 385 members of the public accountant community in 2022. In terms of the purpose, the current research is an applied research, and in terms of the data collection method, it is a semi-experimental research after an event in the field of accounting and auditing, which research hypotheses were examined using pls software, and the results of the research indicate that between the variables of the research, the effect There is a positive and significant effect and the ethical components have a close influence coefficient on audit judgment. This indicates that Iran's audit standards have been approved as a principle and are effective.This indicates that Iran's audit standards have been approved as a principle and are effective.

Agency theory is a basic theory that gives a scientific basis to the subject of corporate governance principles. The corporate governance principles are made of extensive organizational mechanisms that are effective in reducing agency problems through managerial actions and reducing the opportunistic behavior of managers to improve the quality of the company's information flow. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of corporate governance principles on managers' choices, which can have an increasing or decreasing effect on the company's earnings. To achieve the goal of the research, the statistical population included all manufacturing companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the statistical sample included 180 companies (1440 companies) from 2014 to 2021. To test the research hypothesis, statistical regression analysis of multivariable logistic panel data was used. The results showed that in companies with strong corporate governance principles, managers tend to use earnings-increasing methods. In companies with weak corporate governance principles, managers tend to use earnings-reducing methods

Managers, having a higher level of awareness about the stakeholders, try to make the image of the business unit look favorable. Therefore, they make choices that can have different effects on users' decisions. The aim of the current research is to investigate the role of two factors, company size and corporate governance, on choices that increase or decrease accounting earnings.

The statistical sample includes 180 companies (1440 companies-year) from the manufacturing companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2013 to 2014. The research hypotheses have been tested using panel data and multivariate logistic regression.

The results show that the corporate governance factor as well as the company size factor have an inverse and significant relationship with the choice of increasing or decreasing accounting earnings methods. 

In companies, the accounting earnings is determined by the accrual method and by applying the opinion of the managers.In this regard, managers influence earnings by choosing their methods. There are many choices for managers in the process of preparing financial reports that can increase or decrease the company's earnings.

Contribution: 

This research can provide a new study platform regarding accounting choices in the sense that it draws the attention of standard-setting institutions to the diversity of accounting methods and the freedom of action of managers in choosing methods.

The method of measurement and factors affecting tax avoidance is one of the important topics of accounting, and its measurement criteria are important in order to create an evaluation framework and its relationship with the concept of tax planning. Therefore, according to the possibility of accessing the data, the statistical sample consisted of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in two five-year periods (1389 to 1393 and 1394 to 1399) due to the change in tax laws, and 12 effective tax rates were selected as variables. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, for the entire sample and separately for each industry, taking into account the declared and determined tax figures of the companies, the highest frequency is due to factor loadings with accrual and paid tax factors in the long term, therefore, taking into account the determined tax figures, the highest coefficient The explanation is given by the effective cash rate difference TA_Cash_ETR and the lowest by the difference between accounting profit and taxable Perm, and including the declared tax figures, the two measures of the effective cash rate difference TA_Cash_ETR and the three-year cash effective tax rate Cash_ETR3 have the highest and permanent differences based on optional accrual items DTAX, have had the lowest explanatory coefficients, in other words, the mentioned criteria have the most and the least relevance in measuring the tax avoidance of companies active in Iran's economic environment. According to the nature of the industry and legal regulations, the most explanatory of those long-term criteria, especially based on cash flow, which is adjusted with the industry where the company operates, also despite the fact that it is more important to include the firm figures of the companies in order to measure the purpose of the research, with Including the stated figures, the mentioned criteria have been effective and reliable.

Auditing is a very sensitive and delicate job. On the one hand, the auditor must be more careful in performing his duties and, on the other hand, discover the signs of distortion in the financial statements; Such work pressure may lead to the erosion of the auditor's ego by reducing the power of the mind; Ego erosion is a well-known phenomenon in the psychological field, during which the brain faces a decrease in energy source due to performing various mental tasks, including decision-making and self-control to prevent the occurrence of certain emotions and actions. Based on this, in the present research, the effect of some auditing behavioral duties on the erosion of auditors' ego and the role of auditing experience is investigated. In terms of cognitive method, the research is experimental and in terms of data collection, it is a questionnaire and it is placed in the field of behavioral and psychological research. The data related to 35 auditors working in 25 auditing institutes located in Razavi Khorasan during the year 2022 were collected by available sampling method and analyzed using SPSS software and variance analysis test with repeated values. Data related to ego erosion have been collected during designed experiments and scenarios and the Stroop test. Designed scenarios and experiments show auditors' behavioral needs in a realistic and live simulation. The results show that auditors' behavioral duties, including cognitive processing, alertness, concentration, and inhibition of motivation, erode their ego. Also, audit experience moderates ego erosion caused by behavioral needs of cognitive processing, alertness and concentration, and hindering auditors' motivations. It is expected that with the results of the research, it can be concluded that psychological problems compared to physical problems have a significant effect on auditors' cognitive resources, which can be a significant warning to legislators.

Behavioral financial literature provides evidence that company managers are not immune to behavioral bias and have personality traits such as overconfidence, loss avoidance, overconfidence, and so on. On the other hand, companies are always affected by environmental uncertainties in terms of their operating environment. These uncertainties affect operations and financial reporting, especially earnings forecasting. Earnings forecasting can be influenced by investors' feelings, which often stem from subjective beliefs or other information unrelated to stock value, and can lead to extreme or deviant reactions of investors to good or bad news about the true value of stocks. For the first time in the country, this study examines the role of uncertainty on the relationship between investors 'feelings and managers' behavioral bias in profit forecasting. In this study, investors 'feelings have been calculated by indicators provided by Baker and Vergler (2007) and managers' behavioral bias in profit forecasting through the difference between projected earnings per share and actual earnings. Data analysis and testing of research hypotheses were performed by multivariate regression models and combined data in a statistical sample consisting of 76 manufacturing companies listed on the stock exchange during the years 2009 to 2017. The results showed that investors 'feelings have an inverse and significant relationship with managers' bias in profit forecasting. In other words, when investors 'feelings are positive and optimistic, managers' bias in earning forecasting is low but optimistic. Also, environmental uncertainty as a moderating factor does not strengthen this relationship.

Today, social media as a multidimensional communication channel, is considered as a complete tool for dissemination news and has provided market stakeholders with access to complementary information. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between disseminated earnings news on Twitter social media and the timeliness of accounting earnings information.Research

Data related to 345 companies listed in US S&P 500 (2016-2019), were collected and analyzed using Stata software. The tone analysis of the tweets is based on a specialized accounting vocabulary list.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the tone of disseminated earnings tweets by firms and the timeliness of the announcements of accounting earnings.

The interpretation of the results shows that the capability of social media as a news coverage channel allows companies to manage the earnings announcement timeliness by inevitably dissemination negative news on Twitter.Contribution: Thus, despite the effective role of social media as complementary awareness resources, this environment can be prone to strategic news dissemination by companies, and vigilance and caution by users of this environment should be considered.

The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the ability to manage and manage organizational risk on the auditor's opinion on the assumption of Going concern of member companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange. In the present study, 180 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2008 to 2020 (12 years) were examined. In other words, 2160 years - the company has been analyzed. Data envelopment analysis model was used to measure the management ability index and Gordon model was used to measure the organizational risk management variable. In this research, least squares regression has been used to test the research hypothesis. The results of the studies confirm that as the company improves its organizational risk management processes, there is no ambiguity in the audit report regarding the continuity of operations. In addition, the higher the management ability, the stronger the relationship between organizational risk management and the auditor's opinion about the continuity of the company. In fact, management ability has led to better organizational risk management and the auditor has not stated the challenge of Going concern the company's operations.

The effect of the existence of an audit committee on the relationship between managers' myopia and managers' ability with the type of audit report by Using 109 companies accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected for a 6-year period (1391-1396) using by a logistic regression panel model was used and a bi-test and t-test was tested in this study.To measure independent variables, the management shortness of the Anderson and Ciao (1982) model has been used to measure the management ability of Demirjan and his colleagues (2012). The results indicate that in the Tehran Stock Exchange, managers 'short-sightedness and managers' ability to communicate with auditor's comments and changes in the year after the modified commentary did not affect the audit committee. Also the audit committee has no effect on this relationship and does not moderate the relationship between myopia and the ability of managers with the type of auditor's report.Key words: Management myopia, auditor switch, auditor’s type of opinion, manager's ability.

Competent managers, along with financial and physical resources, are necessary for the success of companies. The competence of managers is not only the amount of their knowledge and technical skills, but also their psychological and social characteristics play a key role in shaping the competence of managers and their success in managing companies. The study aims to investigate the relationship between managers' social perception and earnings quality of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of this study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2017 and the sample includes 134 companies. Multiple regression was used to test the research hypotheses using EVIEWS software. The Perception of Social Interactions Questionnaire (Glass, 1994) was used to measure the perception of social interaction and the time series of earnings characteristics (stability and smoothing) was used to measure the earnings quality. The results of hypothesis testing showed that managers' perception of social interaction has a significant and positive relationship with earnings stability and a significant and negative relationship with earnings smoothing, which indicates a positive relationship between perception of social interaction and earnings quality.

In this study, the motivational action and planning opportunity in tax evasion of companies with financial constraints are investigated and also a new model is presented to identify companies with tax evasion.

The data in this study are measured through 16 models. The research period is 10 years from 2009 to 2019 for companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data were collected through the website of the Tehran Stock Exchange, corporate financial statements and new mortgage software. R software was also used to analyze the data and fit them into 9 research hypotheses.

In general, this study showed that the financial crisis in companies will cause tax evasion in the next period. The research results also indicate that there is no opportunity for tax planning in companies that are in financial crisis.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between financial constraints and tax planning opportunity with corporate tax evasion; Companies in financial crisis will have more tax evasion in the next period; Companies that have a financial crisis and have more tax evasion in the next period do not have more tax planning opportunities; There is a significant relationship between financial constraints and corporate tax evasion.

Contributions:

Knowledge enhancement of these results is considered from two dimensions. In the first dimension, attention to the economic crisis created for Iran due to international sanctions and a special look at tax revenues and other non-oil revenues as the first revenue of the country in the budget of 1400; And the second dimension refers to the specialized issue related to tax evasion of some companies. The results of this study also help tax auditors to identify companies that are evading taxes due to financial constraints.

Behavioral finance refers to how people make decisions under uncertainty conditions. The purpose of this study is to present a model for explaining financial behaviors of investors in Tehran Stock Exchange in the form of identifying influential behavioral factors and validating behavioral model. Data from the interviews are analyzed using content analysis method, resulting in the identification of 22 components grouped under 6 categories, according to which the questionnaire is designed. At this stage, the survey strategy is conducted, and then 300 questionnaires are distributed as available sampling method and 287 completed questionnaires are collected. Validity and reliability indicators show the high credit of the questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that cognitive biases are former than emotional biases, which besides the cultural influences and personality form investor’s decision making that lead to herding behavior. Results derived from questionnaires have been analyzed using descriptive and deductive statistics method (Structural Equation Modeling) and SPSS and AMOS software. Results from the study show that all behavioral biases directly and significantly influence the decision making of investors.

Behavioral finance is one of the most important financial issues and the attention of financial researchers in this field is increasing. Because errors and biases occur due to human tendency to shortcuts and overemphasis on experience, unfounded feelings, delusions and finger calculations, and in general distance from reality, although in some cases these biases are possible. May have positive results, but the probability of negative results is very high. Among the types of behavioral biases, mental accounting is an economic concept that has been less studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mental accounting on the financing and investment policies of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange 

The statistical population of the research includes 14 top investment companies during the period 2013-2019. In this study, the variables of financial leverage, cash dividend, debt ratio, debt maturity and the ratio of long-term debt to equity as indicators of financing policy and the variables of tangible fixed assets changes, changes in non-current assets, changes in capital - Long-term investments and changes in total fixed assets and long-term investments were used as investment policy indicators. 

The results show that investors' mental accounting has a significant inverse effect on financial leverage, cash dividends and a direct effect on debt ratio, debt maturity and the ratio of long-term debt to equity as indicators of corporate financing policy. In addition, the results showed that investor mental accounting has an adverse effect on changes in tangible fixed assets, changes in non-current assets, changes in long-term investments, and changes in total fixed assets and long-term investments as indicators of corporate investment policy. 

The results indicate that the mental accounting of investors has a significant effect on the financing and investment policies of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. As a result, the behavioral and emotional conditions of investors must be taken into account because investors are not entirely rational and make the wrong decisions in terms of emotions in the decision-making process. Investor bias causes stock prices to deviate from real prices and leads to incorrect stock pricing. Improper pricing of companies' shares affects financing decisions and, consequently, the company's investment decisions, and causes the decisions of the company's governing bodies to deviate from the optimal investment decisions.

People face moral dilemmas in their lives. Managers, accountants, and auditors also face a variety of situations in their careers, situations that tempt them to engage in unethical behavior. One of these unethical behaviors is fraud and earnings manipulation, which leads to ethical failure in companies. Given the potential for financial statement fraud and its detrimental effects on the economy, preventing and detecting financial fraud is important to prevent its disastrous consequences. Therefore, the introduction of an early detection tool is essential to alert executive bodies to further investigation or legal action. Developing a model through which to predict earnings manipulation and detect the unethical behavior of managers, allows for a better evaluation of the company's performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of Beneish and Spathis models to detect fraudulent financial reporting. Then the coefficients of these two models were adjusted using logistic regression and the ability of these two new adjusted models to detect fraudulent financial reporting was investigated. In this regard, the data of 99 manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (1089 observations) during the years 2008 – 2018 were reviewed. The results show that the initial model of Beneish and Spathis does not have good power in detecting fraudulent financial reporting, but the adjusted model of Beneish and the adjusted model of Spathis are able to detect fraudulent financial reporting with 83% and 82% accuracy, respectively.

The present study investigates the role of Managerial ability in designing and using the risk appetite document as one of the new and developed management tools to reduce the risk of continuing the company's activities.The findings of this study show that in companies where management design the level of risk appetite and use risk appetite documents in the company's activities significantly reduces the risk of continuing the company's activities. Companies that have not designed and used the risk appetite document Have been challenged to reduce the risks of corporate business continuity.Risk appetite documents actually develop an integrated approach to the prevention of business continuity risks in all important activities of the company .The more capable the management is in developing and applying risk appetite documents, the more activities will be covered by the risk management process and the more parts of the company will be involved in preventing and countering the risks of business continuity. Finally, the results of this study show that the ability of management has emerged as an important indicator in reducing the risk of business continuity of companies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of investors' mental accounting on Financing Policies of companies admitted to Tehran Stock Exchange. Statistical population was including of 14 top investment companies and their apposite invest taker companies (109 companies) during 2011-2017. In this study, variables of financial leverage, cash dividend, debt ratio, debt maturity and long-term debt to equity ratio were used as indicators of financing policies and Panel data model with fixed effects method was used for data analysis. The results showed that investigated investment companies exhibited subjective accounting behavior in 34.69% of cases. In addition, investors' mental accounting also has an adverse effect on financial leverage, cash dividend and direct effect on debt ratio, debt maturity and long-term equity debt. The findings can provide valuable insights for managers to achieve optimal financing levels and play an important role in economic growth.

The purpose of this research is to compare the four indicators of earnings quality that use only accounting data to determine the quality of profit and determine their impact on the degree of credit risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 156 companies were gathered between 2008 and 2017. In this connection, 20 financial indicators were used to determine the risk of credit and then its ranking by data envelopment analysis method. The relationship between the indices with the credit rating of each company was also tested and confirmed. Also, four indicators of earnings quality including sustainability and predictability features, profit / cash relationship, accruals, and, finally, earnings response coefficient and adjusted earnings response coefficient are used. First, the relationship of the 20 financial ratios applied with the credit rating determined by the data envelopment analysis method was verified in the form of a regression model tested and validated by the model. Then, the relationship between the four indicators of earnings quality with the credit rating of each company was tested. The results show that companies with lower credit risk have higher earnings quality. Also, with a decrease in the quality of profit indicators, their credit risk will also increase. From this research it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between credit risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and their main indicators of earnings quality. In this research, credit rating is the amount of credit risk that is calculated and ranked by data envelopment analysis method.

The agency theory from the economic perspective indicates that a rational economic man is after self-interest maximization. Therefore, to control the opportunistic behavior of the agent, independent directors should be appointed to the board. However, stewardship theory by considering the high-level needs of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and organizational psychology suggests that trust in managers leads to better performance. Since human behavior is influenced by variety of needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of board independence on financial performance by developing a theory of a combination of the above two theories. Balanced panel data of 124 corporations from the population of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011-2019 is collected. The test of hypotheses is conducted by nonlinear feasible generalized least squares regression method with the help of software Stata done. According to the findings of the study, no significant effect is found between board independence and operational cash flows. However, there is a quadratic significant effect with a downward concussion between the number of non-executive directors and net income. It can be stated that combining the economic perspective of agency theory and the psychological perspective of stewardship theory on board independence has a positive effect on firm profitability. In other words, the research findings confirm that the effectiveness of board consists of executive managers and the majority of non-executive members. Therefore, this study suggests a level of board independence that improves corporate profitability.

One of the fundamental basis of a company's success is having good and efficient managers; the managers' merits depends more on their behavior, personality traits, and attitudes than on their knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of managers' characteristics on information symmetry with mediating the social responsibility disclosure in Tehran Stock Exchange companies.

The statistical population of this study is all companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2018. The sample of study includes 50 Tehran Stock Exchange companies. In order to test the research hypotheses, structural equation model was used using partial least squares method through software (PLS3). Hexaco 6 Factor Questionnaire (2004) and the researcher made checklist were used to measure personality traits and social responsibility disclosure, respectively. In addiotion, to assess information symmetry, the difference between the proposed purchase price and the proposed selling price of the company's shares on the Tehran Stock Exchange was utilized.

The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between honesty, humility, agreement, conscientiousness and openness to experience and disclosure of social responsibility.Also, the above four personality factors can affect the symmetry of information by mediating the disclosure of social responsibility.