فهرست مطالب احسان زمانی

Thin-walled energy-absorbing elements in compressive loading are widely used in the transportation industry, especially in automobile manufacturing, airplane manufacturing, and urban and intercity train construction. As a new idea, coaxial double-tube energy absorbers are used in this research. The execution method is based on simulation in ABAQUS explicit finite elements software. Based on the validated model, a parametric analysis has been carried out in order to extract the effect of structure thickness, loading angle and density of polyurethane foam on the amount of energy absorption. Examining the deformed geometry of the sample after loading, the dynamic loading coefficient and the effect of the load angle on the maximum value of the structure collapse to the initial length is one of the topics that has been taken into consideration. In the end, according to the design goals, which include the maximum amount of energy absorption, the lowest amount of initial maximum force and the lowest weight of the structure, the optimization process of the design variables, using the optimization algorithm and formulation of multiple goals and with the help of finite element software data, has been completed.

In this research, energy absorption in sandwich panel structures with honeycomb core and skin made of glass-epoxy multi-layer composite, aluminum, and two-dimensional glass fabrics impregnated with shear-thickening fluid under low-velocity impact loading has been investigated. Polyethylene glycol 400 and hydrophilic fumed silica with nanometer dimensions were used to make the shear thickening fluid, and then a rheometer was used to verify the rheological properties of the fluid. The test was carried out at two heights of 100 and 500 mm with a drop weight device. The sandwich panel honeycomb core has been tested once filled with shear thickening fluid and again empty of shear thickening fluid. The results of the rheology test show that the viscosity value increases with the increase of the shear rate. The impact test results show an increase in energy absorption in the structure of sandwich panels filled with shear thickening fluid compared to empty sandwich panels. At the drop height of 500 mm, the absorption of specific energy in the sandwich panel structure with a skin made of two-dimensional glass fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid, the ratio of sandwich panel with a skin made of aluminum and composite increased by 27.93, and 9.47%, respectively, and energy absorption in The sandwich panel with composite skin has increased by 16.86% compared to the sandwich panel with aluminum skin.

Every film inevitably takes place in an architectural space. Throughout the history of cinema, it is difficult to find works that do not contain any architectural elements. From this point of view, the use of architecture is very important in order to comprehend and understand a film. This study aims to investigate the impact of modern architecture on the mise-en-scène of the movie “Playtime”. The two main questions that this study intends to answer are: “How and by what elements modern architecture has influenced the mise-en-scène of the movie “Playtime”? and “How and why Jacques Tati has introduced modern architecture into the film?”Although architecture in cinematic works has always been present, the study of architecture about a film becomes valuable when the buildings used in that film have a particular and meaningful role in the film. The importance of the movie “Playtime” is that it seems impossible to understand this film, without considering the function of modern architecture in its mise-en-scène, and it is necessary to consider two basic conditions: familiarity with the language of modern architecture and acquaintance with the visual language of cinema, especially the function and meaning of mise-en-scène. Modern architecture, by its special features, has inspired Jacques Tati to use certain features in his mise-en-scène in the movie. The theoretical framework of this research is the functional similarity of architectural elements and mise-en-scène. At the beginning, a brief description of the historical course and features of modern architecture is provided, and then the theoretical issues of mise-en-scène and its overlap with the components of modern architecture are expressed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of modern architectural components in the mise-en-scène of “Playtime” with emphasis on their cinematic performance. It is modern architecture that, with its features, determines the proportions of the story. The results of this study indicate that Tati's visual comedies have fully exploited the potential of the use of modern architectural elements in mise-en-scène, comedies that are the basis of Tati’s satires on the inefficiency of modern architecture.

 People who take statins respond differently to them due to genetic differences. One of the most significant enzymes involved in drug metabolism is cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme, coded by the CYP2D6 gene. Individuals who carry two non-functional alleles in this gene are considered as poor metabolizers. Recognizing poor metabolizers may help prevent adverse effects of drugs. 

 This study aims to assess the association of CYP2D6*4, as the most frequent non-functional allele of CYP2D6 gene, and response to atorvastatin in patients with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in northern Iran.

 A total of 180 patients with high LDL level underwent treatment with atorvastatin for 8 weeks to assess their response. They were assessed in terms of CYP2D6*4 polymorphism using the amplification-refractory mutation system/polymerase chain reaction method and the results were validated by the sanger sequencing method. At the end, the association between CYP2D6*4 allele and response to atorvastatin was assessed. 

 In patients, the percentage of the CYP2D6*4 variant was 7%. This allele was not observed in homozygous patients. There was no significant association between CYP2D6*4 polymorphism and response to atorvastatin, which might be due to low frequency of CYP2D6*4 in patients. The observed allelic frequency was close to the frequency reported in previous studies for healthy Iranian people.

 It seems that CYP2D6*4 polymorphism is not the cause of poor metabolism in poor metabolizers in northern Iran. Therefore, to diagnose poor metabolizers in this region, further studies on other genes are recommended.

 Aging is one of the important factors in the development of age-related diseases. Acrylamide can be produced during carbohydrate-rich foods prepared at high temperatures. Recently, studies showed that acrylamide can induce cellular senescence. On the other hand, Rutin as a natural flavonoid, has a potent antioxidant activity.

 This study aims to evaluate the ptotective effect of Rutin on oxidative-induced cellular senescence induced by acrylamide.
Methods NIH3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were used in this study, which treated by different concentrations of acrylamide and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the malondialdehyde and glutathion concentrations. To evaluate the senescence process, β-galactosidase activity was measured by enzyme staining and β-galactosidase activity assay kit. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. 

 Exposure of cells to acrylamide and H2O2 significantly reduced the cell viability, and Rutin significantly improved cell viability in cells treated by acrylamide (P<0.05). Rutin also increased glutathion level in cells treated by acrylamide and H2O2 (P<0.05). The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in the group treated by rutin and H2O2 than in the H2O2 group (P<0.05).The β -galactosidase activity was increased in the H2O2 and acrylamide groups. The use of rutin with acrylamide significantly reduced the activity of β-galactosidase enzyme compared to the acrylamide group (P<0.05). 

 Oxidative stress may be an important mechanism in acrylamide-induced  senescence in NIH3T3 cells. On the other hand, Rutin, as a potent antioxidant, can reduce cellular senescence by inhibition of oxidative damage.

Increasing the electrical resistance and reducing the conductivity of nanotubes due to the impact forces have attracted a lot of their use as power sensors. In this paper, the impact of a nanoparticle on simply supported and clamped double-walled nanotubes has been investigated by using elasticity nonlocal theory. The spring constant for each nanobeam, which is influenced by the geometry of the structure and its shear and bending deformations, has been obtained using mass-spring system. The results of this analytical method have been compared with the results in the background research. According to the results, by increasing the speed, the dynamic deformation in the middle of the double-walled nanobeam increases. The dynamic deformation in the double-walled nanotube is smaller than single-walled nanotube and the maximum dynamic deformation of the double-walled nanotubes is increased by increasing the mass of nanoparticle. Also by considering the van der Waals force between the layers of double-walled nanotube, maximum dynamic deformation in the middle of nanobeam reduces.

Anthrax is a particularly dangerous infectious disease that affects humans and livestock. Efficacious vaccines that can rapidly induce a long-term immune response are required to prevent anthrax infection in humans. Domains 4 and 1 of the protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF), respectively, have very high antigenic properties. In this experimental study, the pET28a-lfD1-pa4 expression vector was designed, constructed and transferred into E. coli BL21 (DE3) plysS. For this purpose, pa4 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned in a pGEM T-easy vector. The pGEM-pa4 and pGEM-lfD1 were digested by XbaI and HindIII enzymes. The ligation reaction was performed by ligase T4 enzyme and the gene cassette, lfD1-pa4, was subcloned in pET28a and transferred to E. coli BL21 (DE3) PlysS. Expression and purification of chimeric proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting techniques. The chimera LFD1-PA4 and mixed LFD1+PA4 proteins were injected four times into mice and antibody production was relativity evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The results showed that both chimeric and mixed proteins are immunogenic, but LFD1-PA4 has a higher potential to stimulate mice immune system. LFD1-PA4 chimeric protein induced a higher immune response than LFD1+PA4 mixed protein and elicited antibody responses to LF and edema factor (EF), therefore, it holds promise to be a more effective trivalent vaccine candidate to use in anthrax prevention.

In this paper, the energy absorption and delamination damage in thin composite plates reinforced with nanoparticles under ballistic impact are investigated analytically. During perforation process in the nanocomposite plates considered different regions such as: fracture region, elastic deformation region, delamination region. Mechanical properties like tensile modulus, fracture strain, shear modulus, strain energy release rate specification of projectile and target were used as input to the analytical model. Then, by using of analytical relations and input data are achieved the deflection, strains and tensions around the impact point of the target. Also the amount of energy absorbed by different failure modes and the kinetic energy variation of projectile and target at small time intervals, the radius and energy of the delamination and residual velocity of the projectile is estimated. Finally, the results of analytical models on the nanocomposite plates compared with experimental results under ballistic impact and a good agreement was found. According to the results obtained the effect of nanoparticles on the improved mechanical properties of composite materials and also investigation of various failure modes is discussed.

Antimicrobial peptides have been considered as the key to change in the current antibiotics. AcAMP, Antimicrobial peptide is one of them, which has been purified from the Aspergillus clavatus ES1 fungus, and its biochemical properties and characterization indicate that this peptide has unique properties. The aim of this study was to express the gene of AcAMP peptide in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and investigate its antibody titration in mice.
In this experimental study, the AcAMP peptide-producing gene with BamHI and SalI enzymes was amplified from pUC57 containing gen using PCR and cloned to pET28a expression vector () and transformed into E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) in the next step. The expression of the AcAMP recombinant protein was induced by IPTG and purified by the affinity Ni-NTA chromatography. The recombinant protein was confirmed using Western blotting. Mice were intraperitoneally immunized with purified protein, and IgG titration was measured by ELISA method.
The recombinant pET28a () expression vector was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. The 9 kDa produced protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Antibody production process, using indirect ELISA, indicates the increasing trend of antibodies titration, especially after the fourth injection.
Purified recombinant AcAMP peptide and produced antibody can be used in antimicrobial research such as antimicrobial activity characterization of recombinant peptide and peptide identification in various applications

In recent years, microbial and cancer resistance to common antibiotics and drugs has become a new threat to the global health, resulting in extensive related researches aiming at finding effective drugs with no/minimum side effects. Many reports indicate that the fungus as a wide kingdom of eukaryotes, produce many antimicrobial peptides as a new generation of antibiotics. Thus it could be considered as an appropriate option to be introduced as new biological molecules with antimicrobial properties. Most of these antimicrobial peptides have anti-tumor activity and kill many cancer cells and also stop its growth by less known mechanisms. Introduction of this new material with its important and multiple pharmacological effects, has made the fungi to become important source for isolation and identification of new pharmacological molecules. In this paper we have reviewed the features and mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides isolated from fungus and also investigated the antimicrobial spectrum of each peptide.

In this paper, a 2D analytical model is introduced for predicting the ballistic behavior of the thin laminated composite plate based on tsai-hill and maximum strain criterions. At first, try to determine the moment deformation along with the expansion of transverse wave from impact point and the nonlinear strains and stresses in the composite plate. Then, the energy absorbed due to failure modes and deflection of composite plate such as elastic deformation energy, longitudinal and lateral fracture energy, kinetic energy of local movement, delamination and matrix cracking energy is calculated. For investigation of the various failed layers is used of tsai-hill and maximum strain criterions. In addition to the effects of strain rate on the mechanical properties of the composite layers is applied momentarily during Penetration process. Finally, the present analytical model based on tsai-hill and maximum strain criterions is compared with experimental results. The maximum strain criterion respect to tsai-hill criterion has shown a good agreement with experimental results in the calculation of ballistic limit velocity. According to the obtained results the share of fracture energy compared to the elastic deformation energy by increasing the thickness becomes more and more. And also, the kinetic energy of the local movement, delamination and matrix cracking energy have lower share in the process of energy absorption.

This paper investigates the changes in the thermal conditions of residential buildings in the 3rd and 4th quarters of Ghajarid Era. This study specifically aims to address the answers for the following questions:1) Is there a meaningful difference in the thermal conditions of residential buildings in the last 80 years of Ghajarid Era?
2) Do the possible changes of thermal conditions depend on the period in which the buildings are constructed? And is there a correlative connection between the above factors?
3) Does the apparent architectural agitation of the second half of Ghajarid Era affect the thermal conditions of residential constructions as well?
In order to achieve the answers, thermal conditions of 60 residential buildings, picked equally from the Kashan, Esfehan and Yazd provinces, were examined. Distribution of the buildings in the 3rd and 4th quarters of Ghajarid Era was considered for each province as well. The research method for calculating the thermal conditions of the buildings was the "performance approach". The outputs considering P Results show a meaningful decrease in the amount of the following thermal quantities: (H/A, G, H/H^) in the last 40 years of Ghajarid Era. These results suggest that the thermal condition of residential buildings in the 3rd quarter of Ghajarid Era was worse than the last quarter.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a known abused drug which could induce cardiotoxicity. Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor that is used in hypertension therapy and has known antioxidant effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of captopril against METH-induced toxicity in rat heart isolated mitochondria in hyperthermic condition.
Mitochondrial fractions were isolated from heart of Wistar rat with different centrifuge technique. Then, heart isolated mitochondrial were exposed to METH (LC50, 250µM) and captopril (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 µM) and incubated at 37 and 41 C. After 1 h incubation, mitochondrial damage was assayed by MTT test. Also, oxidative stress markers were measured.
Our results showed that METH significantly induced mitochondrial damage that was more pronounced in hyperthermic condition. Increased oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species formation and glutathione oxidation in the heart isolated mitochondria were observed after METH exposure that was more significant at 41 c than 37 C. Captopril significantly inhibited METH–induced oxidative stress in the heart isolated mitochondria. Also, captopril pretreatment significantly improved mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial swelling also increased after METH exposure, but was significantly decreased with captopril pre-treatment.
These results suggested that captopril could ameliorate METH-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction especially in hyperthermic condition. Therefore, the effectiveness of this antioxidant should be evaluated for the treatment of METH cardiotoxicity

Oil well perforators (OWP) are explosive devices that are used in drilling industries of oil and gas wells to access the reservoir and increase the wells efficiency. Oil well perforators performance is measured by the depth of penetration that can cause, for this reason depth as the main parameter must be examined. In this article, a complete report of numerical simulation and performance optimization of these devices, which are indeed small sizes shaped charges, is presented. To do this, the multi-material eulerian and the lagrangian methods are used for simulation of the jet formation and its penetration into underground rock processes, respectively. For solving the problem of large deformation elements in lagrangian method, erosion criterion elements were used. Because the results of jet formation and penetration Process heavily influenced by the density of the mesh, In this study mesh sensitivity were examined.. Described simulation, is validated by the use of reliable results of some references and then, a new charge geometry is suggested which resolves the inhomogeneities in the distribution velocity of the tail and increases the effective length of jet in the penetration process.

Machining of thin-walled monolithic parts made of aluminum alloys is a key process in industries such as aerospace. In the final machining process, the cutting forces and machining temperature produce deflection for workpiece which results in the dimensional inaccuracies and distortion on the finished component. The purpose of this paper is to study the thermal and mechanical behavior in machining of aluminum alloys (Al)0)5-T0) using P7D (polycrystalline diamond) and 810 (cemented carbide) tools to investigate the correlation between both parameter on distortion. The study was made using a three-dimensional finite element method model in Abaqus software under orthogonal cutting conditions. The results represented the direct effect of the force and temperature on level of distortion in thin-walled workpieces. However, the mechanical loads have more influence on work piece distortion in comparison to the thermal loads. It was concluded that the polycrystalline tool has a superior performance in terms of cutting forces and temperature when compared to the cemented carbide tool. To validate the FEM model, the results were compared with experiments of the other papers. Results showed a good agreement with experiments.

The main problems in the machining of thin walled parts made of aluminum alloys are the distortion and dimensional instability after machining which lead to an increase in the production costs. In general, distortion in machined parts made of aluminum alloy is a function of the residual stresses. In this study, a three-dimensional FEM model in Abaqus under orthogonal cutting conditions is used for investigating the correlation between machining induced residual stresses and the distortion in thin walled cylinder made of AL7075-T6 alloy. Tocompare and validate the FEM model with experimental results of other papers, several simulation are carried out under different conditions using: 10 and P;D tools. Machining force, temperature and distortion were measured.; orrelation between residual stress and distortion was studied by measurement on some workpieces. The results represented the direct effect of stresses on level of distortion. Unlike experimental, there is no limitation in FEM model to compute amount of residual stresses in all directions. Results showed a good agreement with experiment. This indicates that the FEM model can be used to simulate machining process to predict its distortion with no limitation with saving of 600 euros for each test considering the equipments limitation in Iran.

In this paper, CFD modeling of heat transfer enhancement in a shell and helical tube heat exchanger is presented. Hot and cold water have been used as working fluids in the tube side and shell side, respectively. Effects of some important parameters such as hot and cold mass flow rates, baffles and pitch distance, on heat transfer are investigated numerically. The results showed that by increasing the helical tube pitch, heat transfer rate and velocity offset increases. By using the horizontal baffles, the Nusselt number in tube side increases to 8.3%. In a constant tube pitch, by increasing the cold water mass flow rate, the Nusselt number increase up to 11% and increasing the helical pitch increases the 16.9% in Nusselt number through the shell side. The CFD predictions were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was observed.

Axial compression behavior of foam materials can be explained by two ideal deformation scenarios: discrete crush band process and progressive collapse. In this paper، a perfectly new model for strength assessment and quantitative/qualitative description of one-dimensional progressive collapse of aluminum foams under impulsive loadings is presented and its capability to split this way of crushing into two distinct regimes of shock wave and elastic- plasic wave propagation is highlighted. Then، using conservation relations and the new introduced model، the analytical solution of dynamic deformation of aluminum foams in the two mentioned regimes is developed. Regime 2 considers the case when the crushing front velocity is lower than the linear sound velocity of the foam; but remains higher than the effective sound velocity for a perturbation in which the amplitude lies in the so-called “plateau region’ of the static stress-strain diagram. The physical difference between this regime and the fiest one entails not only the creation a shock front associated with the collapsing foam، but also an acoustic precursor in the case of second regime. Finite element simulation is also performed to validate the analytical procedure. The numerical prediction is found to be in very good agreement with the analytical results.

Close relationship between religion and burial architecture and the special respect and reverence of the holy shrines for Muslims were the main reasons for development of burial architecture. Thus، the structure of such constructions has symbolic values and is associated with holiness، religious and political identity of the deceased person. Various types of domes such as rok، nar، and double-shelled have been introduced to the world. Ourchin dome، which has typical characteristics of the tombs in southern part of Iran، has not been studied. Little information about this type of dome is available in the history of Iranian architecture. The existing information، a few names and dates of constructing، is limited to some reports and pictures provided by foreign tourists and unknown writers. Therefore، the origin and the reason for developing such domes as well as their role are still mysterious. Discovering the methods of construction، the design strategies، and identification of different types of dome، as well as their related issues have been of special interest to the Iranian architects. In Achaemenid period، the rich emperors of Iran supplied the structure of their palaces with resistant woods from trees such as cedar from Lebanon or other far away countries. Therefore، due to poor economic conditions، the need to spend a lot of money to provide wood، the absence of good climatic conditions to grow these types of woods in jungles and plains، and the availability of soil، curved arches and domes found their place as continental and structural phenomena in Iranian architecture. In Sassanid period، the construction of domes blossomed and became so prevalent that the structure and construction method of the dome covering has been being used as the general model and instruction until now. The double-shelled vacant، double-shelled completely gaped، nar، rok، the combination of nar and rok، and ourchin domes could be abundantly found in Iranian architecture. Ourchin domes are only found in south-western part of Iran. Even in that part، they are scarce، because this style of constructing the dome is different from that of the northern and central parts. This is exclusive to Iran and only a limited number of this type of dom is found in Iraq. This very point indicates the uniqueness of this style of architecture. On the top parts of the dome، the consistent set-backs of the structure are located beneath. Normally، the height of the ourchin dome is much more than the other types. Consider the vertex of a triangle on Shushtar and its base line drawn from khark to Boroujerd، the places in this triangle feature mozaras domes. Many foreign tourists who have seen mozaras domes called them Pineapple Domes or in French Dome Aveols. This type of dome was only built as a tomb or grave. The methodology of the current study is descriptive and analytical. In different parts of the study، comparative، retrospective، and fieldwork studies have been used. The root of the word، ourchin dome، and its meaning are pointed out. Also، the origin of the Iranian architecture، which dates back to the Seljuqid period، is introduced. Then، the geometric relationships of its sides are examined and different varieties of this dome [star and polygonal] are drawn. Studying the typology of the examples of this dome in Iran and Iraq revealed some remarkable points about their geometric height and shape as well as the number of the floors. It was concluded that that the main reason for developing the general structure of this type of dome was symbolic and not just religious. This dome، on its own or in combination with religious places، has played an effective and functional role over time

The impact of a massive plate on an initially stationary foam layer is considered. Analytical solution for dynamic deformation of foam materials for two shock wave and elastoplastic wave propagation regimes are developed. Explicit finite element simulation of the collapse of the foam's cells and their compaction behind the shock front are carried out. The numerical prediction is found to be in a desirable agreement with the analytical results.

Dealing with the methods of constructing a dome, knowing its various types, studying its structural performance, methods of drawing, styles, executive methods and related issue to it has always been preoccupations of Iranian architects. Amid these, the architecture of pineapple dome which is one of the features of mausoleum buildings in the southern part of Iran has not been given sufficient attention and there is a little data on it in the history of Iranian architecture. In this research the semantic and etymological meaning of pineapple dome has been discussed and the origin of the architecture of this type of dome dates back to Saljuk period. Then the geometrical relations among its saddles has been analyzed and various kinds of this dome including Koukabi(star dome) and polygon have been drawn. Studying the species of present samples in Iran and Iraq, noticeable points were evaluated on geometrical relations, height, form of dome and number of its saddles. Factors such as the performance of apex, method of construction, cover of dome, method of distribution of weight in the structure of the dome have been specified. Lastly, we will come to this conclusion that the main reason for its existence is a symbolic performance and not a pure religious symbol, because independently or in association and integration with religious spaces in the course of time, it has had an effective and pragmatic role. The research methodology in this research is of descriptive-analytical research type. Also based on need, in different parts of research, comparative analysis, retrospective studies and field work studies have been used. based on possibilities and opportunities, limits and threats, the article presents certain strategies to recreate sustainability.

Nature is the source and a symbol of existence. It is a sacred being in which all the organs are in order and balance. In gardens, our relation with the nature is in extreme. Meanwhile, Iranian landscape architecture and the gardens particularly crystallize the mystical balance of the world. This landscape design is in fact an old primary pattern to provide the human being with his complicated wills. It reflects the hidden aspects of an unvisual splendor which ends in peaces and complacency. The scope of this article is to analyze the structural and formal systems in Iranian landscape architecture in order to achieve a better understanding of the relationships between the ethical concepts and the formation of the Persian green space design. Herein, the ethical believes of the main two religions of Iran (Zoroaster and Islam) are of a greater importance. Considering these relations between the ethics and architectural design could indeed increase the quality of sensible green spaces in the context of Islamic cities. The research method of this article is analytical and descriptive. The contents rely heavily on three bases: 1) the information provided by observational methods during several inspections of the old Persian gardens before and after Islam (as a part of the authors` field work) 2) The consultancy of leading experts on landscape design and Iranian ethical architecture specialists from the University of Tarbiat Modares in Tehran. 3) Historical documents and travel accounts concerning the traditional design techniques and the architectural heritage of the Iranian region. The results show that the affection from different ethical concepts could increase the quality of design conformed to the country`s religious thoughts. And this could indeed provide a better condition for the survival of our landscape design.

Among different natural elements, water and plants are the most important ones. They usually influence the other natural elements. If they are carefully taken into consideration at the time of environmental design, a more qualified sustainable living space could be developed which could result in an economic saving as well. Meanwhile, it is important to be familiar with the different conceptual, functional and esthetic aspects of the mentioned elements to be able to organize them in a better way. Herein, the wise combination of water and plants in the Persian gardens is a remarkable example of its kind which crystallizes a sustainable design with respect to the above aspects.This paper investigates the importance of water, trees and flowers –as the leading environmental factors- in Islamic documents in addition to some gnostics viewpoints. The position of these elements in the Persian gardens is discussed afterwards.The results show that the Persian garden has a wise,philosophical design concept in which the environmental factors such as water and plants are arranged, not only to provide people with their physical needs (Functional and Esthetic aspects), but also to prepare them with a metaphysical and intellectual space (Conceptual aspect).These qualities have made the Persian gardens survive over the centuries, while harnessing a great cooperative relationship with nature.