فهرست مطالب احمد محمدی

One of the conditions mentioned for the person who is commanded to do good and is prohibited from doing evil is the condition of reaching the religious maturity age, which means whether a person who is commanded to do good and prohibited from doing evil must have reached the age of religious maturity or not. There are five theories about this issue. Imam Khomeini offers a new approach to this issue: Although a religiously immature person is commanded to do good and prohibited from doing evil – the Legislator never approves of doing evil or leaving good by anybody – this commanding the good and prohibiting the evil is not within the category of the religious decree of commanding the good and prohibiting the evil, rather it is because of the Legislator’s emphasis on doing or leaving certain acts. The data was collected from the texts on different approaches to this issue and their arguments were analyzed through descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that firstly, the age of maturity is the condition for the person who is commanded to do the good and prohibited from doing evil. Secondly, the reasons for asking the religiously immature persons to do the good and avoid evil in some cases are just educational and not necessarily jurisprudential and in some other cases they are related to the encroachment upon the people’s rights that children are prohibited from doing it.

In this research, the synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles was carried out by chemical dissolution method in three steps. Then, Au@TiO2 and Au@SiO2 core-shell nanostructures have been investigated. These nanostructures were used as photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Parameters such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor and conversion efficiency of DSSCs were obtained. The cell in which Au@TiO2 synthesized with mercaptoacetic acid ligand is used, has the highest efficiency. The primary causes of this are the heightened near-field effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and the creation of enhanced photocurrent due to plasmonics.

Measuring the efficiency, effectiveness and economic efficiency in the public sector and accordingly allocating resources based on the accepted indicators leads to an increase in public welfare. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive model of performance audit in the field of health.

This study was carried out using a mixed methods approach. Data in the qualitative section was collected by non-probability sampling method and conducting in-depth interviews with 16 experts and senior managers in the field of performance auditing. In the quantitative section, using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was estimated as 384 individuals. Data was collected using a questionnaire, the fuzzy Delphi method, and the partial least squares (PLS) regression in the MAXQDA 2020 software. The collected data was validated through a questionnaire to obtain the final research model.

Findings of this study indicated that the following indicators played a vital role in better implementation of performance audits in the field of health: staff empowerment, employing expert and efficient human resources, developing appropriate rules and regulations, managing internal organizational goals, organizing the organization, exercising control over internal policies, economic factors within the organization, laying the foundation for the implementation of performance audits, and organizational productivity.

According to the results of the present study, the extracted performance audit indicators can be used to evaluate and improve the quality of performance audit in various areas of health sector.

A significant part of the the capital of the leading organizations has been attributed to the considering human resources in recent years. The knowledgeable and capable managers know that the more they provide the prerequisites for progress and promotion of human resources, the more they guarantee the success, efficiency and superiority of their organization before other organizations. The most efficient way for achieving high competitive advantage and the most important superiority index according to tremendous changes in the economic conditions is empowering and making efficient the human resources in organizations. Human resource is the most important capital of the organizations. The purpose of this research is to propose a model of efficiency of investment in human resources. The statistical population consisted of all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method is descriptive and survey. The statistical sample included 155 companies selected via available sampling method. The data were collected by author-made questionnaire based on Likert scale. Kolmogorov- Smirnov test was used for normality test and structural equations modeling was employed for hypotheses test. The results showed that the quality of financial disclosure, human capital disclosure, improvement of business environment have a positive and significant impact on human resources.

The ongoing transactions in the society and the potential losses that may affect the parties involved in transactions has inspired jurisonsults to extract some criteria for regulating transactions to prevent financial loss. The absence of each of these criteria leads to the voidability and nullification of transaction. The criteria include: The power over surrender, value of the price and the priced item, rational benefits for both parties, ownership of transaction subject, clarity and specificity of the price and the priced item, and irrational prices, which are considered common phenomena in today’s market. The cryptocurrency market, which has emerged with relatively specific features, has characteristics that can reinforce the suspicion of voidability on their own. Therefore, aligning the mentioned criteria in juriconsulting books with the cryptocurrency market and analyzing their specific features revels that the criteria for the voidability of transactions in the cryptocurrency market is missing and the market’s specific features do not lead to their voidability. Rather, it’s entering the market without a scientific background that leads to the voidability of some transactions. Therefore, in order to eliminate the grounds for the voidability of transactions in the cryptocurrency market, we should acquire knowledge on the topic.

Mining cryptocurrency is a seemingly new issue that, like other newly emerging issues, should be examined in terms of its correspondence with the criteria of validity of ʻuqūd (contracts) or īqāʻāt (unilateral obligations) in order to determine the opinion of the holy sharīʻah regarding cryptocurrency mining. If some of these criteria are not observed, the exchanges will be invalidated and unreasonable. The power to submit, property, rational interest, ownership, clarity, and definiteness of the ʻiwaḍayn (two sides of the transactions) are among these criteria. In the present study, the criteria mentioned in jurisprudential books regarding the mining of cryptocurrencies were examined, and finally, it was concluded that there are no criteria for the unreasonableness exchange in the mining of cryptocurrencies, in mining cryptocurrencies, ʻiwaḍayn have financial value as an exchange that have many similarities to juʻālah, there is not even a religious obstacle to challenging their financial value, there is the power to submit them, and in terms of meeting the conditions of ownership, having a rational interest and being clear, there is no problem for them.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital technology, the emergence of blockchain and cryptocurrencies has presented new challenges and questions for religious jurisprudence. Among these, the practice of cryptocurrency mining has sparked debates concerning its conformity with Islamic laws, particularly in light of similarities drawn between mining activities and gambling [Ghomar] — a concept well-defined and often condemned in Islamic teachings. This paper aims to explore the intricate dynamics of cryptocurrency mining within the framework of Imamia Jurisprudence, scrutinizing whether the practice bears the hallmarks of gambling, as traditionally understood within the Sharia. Given the profound impact of digital currencies on global financial systems and the ethical considerations they raise, this investigation seeks to elucidate the religious standings on cryptocurrency mining, thereby guiding adherents in their engagement with this modern financial phenomenon.

Research Question:

The core inquiry of this study revolves around the assessment of cryptocurrency mining through the lens of Imamia Jurisprudence: "Does the process of cryptocurrency mining align with the characteristics of gambling as defined by Islamic law, thereby rendering it prohibited. This question seeks to unravel the ethical and religious implications of mining activities, which involve significant financial investment in competition for a potentially lucrative reward, mirroring aspects of chance and speculation akin to gambling.

Research Hypothesis:

This paper hypothesizes that despite superficial similarities between cryptocurrency mining and gambling—such as the reliance on chance, competitive investment, and the potential for monetary gain without traditional labor—there are fundamental differences that could distinguish mining activities from gambling under Imamia Jurisprudence. These differences hinge on the intentions behind mining, the nature of effort and investment involved, and the broader economic implications of cryptocurrency within Islamic ethical frameworks. The hypothesis posits that a nuanced understanding of these factors may reveal that cryptocurrency mining does not inherently constitute gambling and thus may not be universally deemed haram within an Islamic context.

Methodology & Framework, if Applicable:

To address the research question and test the hypothesis, this study adopts a descriptive analytical methodology, underpinned by a qualitative framework that involves the examination of primary and secondary sources within Islamic jurisprudence. The research will delve into the canonical texts, fatwas, and scholarly interpretations that define gambling from an Imamia perspective, subsequently applying these criteria to the process of cryptocurrency mining. Through comparative analysis, the study will identify the parallels and distinctions between mining and gambling, considering factors such as the element of risk, the role of skill versus chance, and the societal and economic contributions of cryptocurrency mining. This methodological approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the subject matter, grounded in the rich tradition of Islamic legal scholarship while engaging with the contemporary implications of digital finance.

The research meticulously dissected the characteristics traditionally associated with gambling within Islamic jurisprudence and juxtaposed these with the intrinsic elements of cryptocurrency mining. This comparative analysis yielded several critical insights, underscoring the distinct nature of cryptocurrency mining from gambling. Key findings include:     Rational benefit and ecosystem contribution: cryptocurrency mining was found to offer tangible benefits to the digital currency ecosystem, enhancing security and facilitating transactions. This utility and contribution render it distinct from gambling activities, which lack productive output or societal benefit.
     Nature of rewards: unlike gambling, where stakes are placed with the possibility of total loss or gain based on chance, cryptocurrency mining rewards are not predicated on the loss of another but are rewards for computational efforts contributed to the network.
     Financial risk and effort: the research clarified that the financial investment in mining does not equate to wagering since it involves expenditure towards productive work with inherent value, differentiating it from the speculative risk in gambling.
     Competition and intent: the competitive aspect of mining does not inherently signify gambling, as it lacks the direct adversarial win-lose scenario typical of gambling. Instead, mining competition is more akin to market competition, where success does not necessitate another's loss.
     Investment and loss: the argument that miners face a total loss in the absence of rewards was countered by the understanding that investments in mining infrastructure and operations constitute business expenses rather than gambles, with inherent value and potential for future gains.
     Chance versus effort: The role of chance in mining does not align with the gambling criterion of reliance on pure luck, as mining involves significant preparatory effort, investment, and an ongoing contribution to network maintenance.
     These findings collectively argue against the classification of cryptocurrency mining as gambling within the framework of Imamia Jurisprudence, highlighting the nuanced understanding required to evaluate modern financial technologies through the lens of traditional religious law.

The exhaustive investigation into the parallels between gambling characteristics and cryptocurrency mining concluded a significant divergence between the two under Imamia Jurisprudence. The research established that cryptocurrency mining does not embody the essential elements of gambling, namely, reliance on chance, direct financial wagering, and lack of productive contribution. Instead, mining is characterized by its integral role in the maintenance and security of the blockchain network, necessitating significant effort, investment, and skill.
     However, the conclusion that mining does not equate to gambling does not automatically confer legitimacy on all aspects of cryptocurrency operations within an Islamic context. The research underscores the need for further scholarly examination on other concerns related to cryptocurrency, such as the legitimacy of earnings and the intrinsic value of digital currencies.
     In essence, this study not only clarifies the position of cryptocurrency mining in relation to gambling within Imamia Jurisprudence but also opens avenues for further research into the broader ethical and economic implications of cryptocurrencies. It serves as a foundational piece for ongoing dialogue and exploration in the intersection of technology, finance, and religious ethics, emphasizing the importance of informed, nuanced scholarship in addressing contemporary issues through the lens of traditional jurisprudence.

One of the criteria for the progress of science production in academic societies is to write a scientific-research article. The publication of scientific-research articles in the contemporary period is a good opportunity to share the findings of researchers and inform the audience about the latest scientific achievements. Despite the quantitative growth of the publication of such articles in the last decade, not enough attention has been paid to their evaluation and criticism. In the field of Persian language and literature, one of the fields of research is the examination of the texts of mystics and mystics such as Hafez, Sana'i, and Molavi. In the meantime, Molavi is one of the people who have written many scholars about his opinions and thoughts and have shown his views according to his works. Among Maulavi's works, his spiritual Masnavi has a special place in introducing Maulavi's thoughts and many articles have been written about Maulavi. The purpose of this essay is to review and analyze these works due to their large volume.

In this article, 355 scientific-research articles published on Masnavi, in various academic and non-academic publications in Persian language from 2001 to 2013, with a descriptive-analytical method in two forms, the time of publication and the subject of the articles under review, review and classification It has been classified and the weak points of these articles have been examined in terms of structure.

In many of these articles, there are shortcomings and disadvantages such as the inconsistency of the title with the content, the disproportion of the abstract of the article, inattention or lack of attention to the background of the research, the use of inappropriate language, the descriptive and superficial nature of the articles, the lack of approach to analytical research, there is the repetitiveness of the subject, and the imposition of meaning on the text.

From the examination of the mentioned damages, it can be concluded that despite the large number of articles about Maulavi's Masnavi in the period of 2001 to 2013, the quality of these articles is not very favorable and since some of these damages are affecting the articles published in There are also academic and scientific-research journals, it is hoped that with the implementation of reform approaches and more accuracy of journals in accepting and publishing works, Masnavi's articles will be of better quality.

The purpose of this article is to review the collection of poems by Abdul Samad Amir Shaghaqi, one of the contemporary researchers and poets, which was published under the title (Speaking Poems). Considering that the published poems of this poet have literary values in linguistic, intellectual, lexical and rhetorical levels. is significant and so far no research has been done in this field, conducting this research is considered an effective effort in the field of introducing the poetry and thought of this poet.

This research is done with a descriptive and analytical method and based on library studies. First, the examples related to the discussed levels will be extracted and then by referring to related sources, the necessary description and analysis will be done.

Amir Shaghaghi's poetry has significant compliance with the principles and characteristics of Khorasani style poetry. He is a poet committed and bound to preserve and promote ritual and religious rites. There are also interesting interpretations in the field of lyrical poetry as well as attention to social and cultural issues in His poetry is visible.

Amir Shaghaghi's poetry can be examined at the linguistic, intellectual, lexical and rhetorical levels. He has also dealt extensively with the status of some religious personalities, social, cultural and other miscellaneous issues. At the lexical level, his mastery of the Arabic language and terms related to some sciences is evident. He has used simile, saj', tansiq al-sefat, Ersal al-masal and Phono tactics.

Evidence based on previous studies in measuring financial flexibility is primarily based on Western texts, which is not necessarily suitable for developing economies in countries such as Iran. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to create an Adjusted and multidimentional Financial Flexibility Index (FFI) to reflect the current characteristics of the Iranian Stock Exchange. To this end, we follow the research of Gamba and Triantis (2008), Rap et al. (2014) and Chang and Ma (2018) attempted to present a model of financial flexibility as a hybrid index and based on the experts' viewpoints, the weight of the composites could be determined. This research has been carried out in two basic stages. In the first stage, the indicators of financial flexibility were extracted using the library methodو Then, for validation and evaluation of these indices, which are appropriate to the Iranian financial market, these indicators were weighted using AHP (hierarchical analysis) technique by a sample of 15 academic experts and then by coefficient of variation. The results obtained from the consensus of experts in the field of weighting the indices showed that in the hybrid model of financial flexibility extracted first the cash holdings, second the ability to finance, third the cost of financing and fourth the financial constraint have priority in weights. According to the results, the hierarchical theory of capital structure is implemented in the Iranian environment and according to experts, because the multidimensional index of financial flexibility extracted indicates this.

The theory of learned helplessness was presented by Martin Seligman in the late 60s and the early 70s. According to this theory, the previous mental learning had a tremendous impact on future performance. Learned helplessness is a cognitive process that teaches people that staying in such a state leads them to passivity and inactivity, and can keep people stuck in the quagmire of backwardness. Previously, some authors presented articles on the theory of learned helplessness and development, but in this article, the connection between the two and the effect that learned helplessness has on self-concept is discussed. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that play a role in the lack of development of societies in order to guide them to the path of development by raising developed people. In this research, there is a kind of correlation and causal relationship between two variables: the independent variable - the role of learned helplessness - on the dependent variable - development process. The method of collecting data is in the form of library and documentary studies. The difference between the real self and the ideal self is the beginning of tension and intellectual conflict, and such a process is associated with the thinking that no matter how much effort is made to get out of helplessness, success and progress will not be achieved, and this is exactly the basics that Seligman teaches us in Learned Helplessness.

The sustainability of the environment and the quality of the urban environment is one of the issues that have received the attention of researchers because it is seriously related to the residents’ lives. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and prioritize environmental sustainability in the urban areas of Hamadan. First, eight neighborhoods were selected by cluster sampling and then by simple random sampling, the households living in these neighborhoods were selected as subjects. The sample size using Cochran's method was equal to 368 people. The instrument for measuring environmental sustainability included 12 criteria and 71 items. Data analysis was done using SPSS and GIS software. The 12 main criteria were used for the environmental sustainability of localities. The level of attention and importance of the sub-criteria was determined according to the residents' questionnaire. Using AHP and ANP methods, the importance of the criteria was determined and based on that criteria, quality of place, annoyance caused by traffic volume, environmental challenges, and protective measures of water consumption were considered the four important criteria. According to the analysis of the T single-sample, it was found that the indicators of water consumption protection measures, satisfaction with the mobility and accessibility index, annoyance caused by the volume of traffic, dissatisfaction with noise, and environmental challenges in Hamedan city are not favorable. Hamedan neighborhood sustainability map was prepared based on the criteria used, AHP and ANP methods, and GIS analysis. Findings revealed that Hamadan City is not very stable in terms of sustainability. The results also demonstrated that by using both methods, stable and unstable neighborhoods are the same (in some cases, there is a difference in rank), which shows that Hamadan city is not very stable in terms of sustainability, because the distance between stable and unstable neighborhoods is large. Eram Boulevard and Eram Bostan neighborhoods had the highest stability while Qalani and Chaparkhaneh neighborhoods had the lowest stability.

The aim of the current research is to explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital in Iran's economic environment. Also, in terms of nature and method, this research was analytical-correlation, which examined the factors affecting intellectual capital. The statistical population of the current research includes all the studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. Therefore, sampling was not done and all the researches that have been done about intellectual capital were reviewed until the end of 2019. STATA software was used to analyze the data, and according to the results of the research, among the factors related to intellectual capital, the added value of the market has the largest effect size and the capital structure has the smallest effect size. In conclusion, we find that the study of intellectual capital has made undeniable progress and has become more complete during the last thirty-three years in Iran. Nowadays, not only academics from different fields, but also other important social stakeholders (professionals, policymakers, managers, etc.) know more about this field. Researchers can challenge the status quo in future research and use innovative methods and new experiments on intellectual capital.

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems. There are several methods for removing heavy metals that require a lot of energy and are expensive. Therefore, the use of adsorbents such as algae has been considered. In this study, the efficiency of three species of microalgae Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus incrassatulus, and Scenedesmus obliquus in adsorption of lead-heavy metal was investigated. For this purpose, pH (3 to 7), algal density (0.25 to 2 g), contaminant concentration (20 to 200 mg / l), time (30 to 150 minutes), and temperature (15 to 35 ° C) were investigated. it placed. The results showed that the rate of absorption of heavy metals by these three species was not significantly different. However, pH, algal density, pollutant concentration, time, and the temperature had a significant effect on the efficiency of algae in removing contaminants from the environment. The highest amount of lead uptake by microalgae occurred at pH 6, 25 ° C, adsorbent level of 0.5 g, contact time of 120 minutes, and density of 150 mg / l lead. Lead uptake had no effect on lipid and biodiesel production by microalgae.

During the last two decades, major developments in the business environment in the world have emerged, which have had an all-round impact on the functioning and activities of economic enterprises on the society. So that the life of many organizations is focused on their ability to increase the accuracy of the cost management system and reduce costs throughout the process and value chain. Management accounting plays a vital role in using invincible strategies. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the social consequences of management accounting with an invincible approach. The research method was mixed, first the qualitative phase and then the quantitative phase. The method of the qualitative part of the foundation data theory type and the quantitative part was also done using confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the qualitative part was management accounting experts, operational managers and university faculty. The sampling method was carried out in the targeted qualitative section and after collecting the interviews until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 28 people were interviewed. The data collection tool was prepared in the qualitative stage, semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part of the questionnaire. The results of qualitative analysis by En Vivo software showed that the core codes included 50 codes, which reached 16 main codes according to the inductive approach. The results show: the role of management accounting varies from company to company and industry to industry, from economy to economy, which requires attention to management accounting tools including budgeting.

The impact of information on prices is the core of the market. This means that as soon as new information is released, an immediate and immediate response occurs, and prices change. Research on how stock prices react to market-level information and the company's specific information in the financial literature has received special attention. The main purpose of the present experimental study is to determine the effect of quality of management performance on information confidence indicators and market confidence indicators. To measure the quality of management performance from the management ability index of Demerjian et al (2012), to measure information reliability from the interaction between information quality assurance and cash flow reliability and to measure market confidence from three indicators of arbitrage risk, stock volatility and value risk. The stock market has been used. The statistical population of this study includes companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the data studied in this study include 150 Firm from 2008 to 2018. The research method is correlational and postoperative causality and the hypothesis testing method is correlation and regression test. The results of this study showed that the quality of management performance has a positive and significant effect on market confidence and no evidence was obtained on the effect of quality of management performance on information confidence.

Regarding the strategic role and importance of human resources in organizational valuation in modern business space, investment is highly important. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effective factors affecting the efficiency of human resources investment in Iranian capital market. This survey study had a descriptive design. The statistical population consisted of all firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample included 155 companies recruited through convinience sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire based on Likert scale was used for collecting the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the data and structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the quality of financial reporting, the quality of profit and financial stability, human capital disclosure, social responsibility reporting, motivational commitment of employees, conservatism in financial reporting, organizational atmosphere and improvement of business environment have a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of investment in human resources.

Doubts about the "Taklifee" ruling and not finding the "Amareh" is the way to adhere to the practical principle in order to remove the surprise in the position of action. Subjects of practical principles may be accompanied by necessary, accompanying or required, whether Sharee or non-Shariee and whether direct or indirect. The scope and validity of each of these are examined in the principles of jurisprudence under the title of "Mosbet" principle. Regarding the validity of the "Mosbet" principle, there is a difference of opinion among the scholars. The scholars of the principles that do not consider the "Mosbet"  principle to be a proof have insisted on it for reasons, the most important of which is the existence of conflict; This means that the "Mosbet"  principle can prove non-Sharee works (rational or normal works) for  what it  indicates, which in this case, is in conflict with the principle of the absence of said works. Some scholars do not consider the "Mosbet"  principle to be valid and authentic due to the existence of such an obstacle. On the other hand, some like Sheikh Ansari believe in the "Hokumat". From his point of view, basically, there is no conflict in the issue that can be used to invalidate the " Mosbet" principle. In this article, while examining and criticizing the existing views with an analytical method, the conclusion has been reached that the issue under discussion cannot be definitively considered as an example of conflict or "Hokumat", but in a new classification," Tafsi"  must be belived; In this way, some examples of it are examples of conflict according to some bases, and some examples are examples of "Hokumat" based on other bases. Therefore, it is not possible to deny the validity of the "Mosbet" principle by insisting on the problem of conflict.

Employees can perform their tasks well when they have the necessary skills, knowledge and ability to know the goals of the organization well. One tool that can help managers in this regard is the process of psychological empowerment. The present study examines the dimensions, components andindicators of an effective model of psychological empowerment of AJA university staff from the perspective of experts of this organization. The research was applied in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of approach and descriptive in terms of research method. The statistical population of the study consists of all DAFOOS AJA experts in the field of psychological empowerment who have a thorough knowledge of the organization and its goals and tasks. The sampling method was purposive and the number of samples continued until the theoretical saturation (in this study, the theoretical saturation was 10 experts). The assessment tool was a semi-structured 60-item questionnaire that was collected by the researcher, which was collected after reviewing the previous findings and then sent to the experts in two stages using fuzzy Delphi technique, and finally 61 final questions were obtained. Findings indicate that the effective model of psychological empowerment of AJA University staff, consisting of 3 dimensions of individual, organizational, meta-organizational and 12 components of personal traits, mental health, belief, moral, special abilities, management strategies,Organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural - social, economic, political-legal and technological.

Predicting the bankruptcy of companies is one of the most basic activities in auditing risk and uncertainty of companies. Therefore, designing bankruptcy prediction models is essential for many decision-making processes. The purpose of this study is to provide a two-stage model for predicting corporate bankruptcy using data envelopment analysis.

To conduct this research, first data envelopment analysis was used using market-oriented and accounting-based financial data as well as non-financial data to measure the scores of management efficiency and stock market efficiency of companies and then scores were used. The obtained performance has been used to predict the bankruptcy of companies and 9 models of bankruptcy prediction have been proposed. Also, the proposed models were performed using logistic regression of conditional fixed effects and the best model was selected using the ROC curve. The study period of this research is 13 years (1385-1397) and the number of samples of this research includes 184 companies and 2392 year-company observations.

The results showed that the proposed two-stage model has a very good predictive power. The results also showed that management efficiency scores are directly related to bankruptcy. In other words, companies with lower management efficiency scores were in a bad position in terms of bankruptcy risk. Also, accounting-based data had better estimates of bankrupt companies.

The two-stage model presented in this study can be used with high confidence to predict bankrupt companies.

Microalgae are diverse group of simple organisms, which are incorporated in pharmaceutical, cosmic, nutritional and biodiesel productions. The amount of growth in microalgae is affected by physical and chemical conditions of growth environment. In commercial scale in order to achieve highest amount of biomass or biodiesel, it is necessary to use culture media with proper combination of materials. Therefore, in this study, effects of different values of temperature, light intensity, lighting period, saltiness and pH were tested by their effect on cell concentration, biomass, lipid and biodiesel production in desmodesmus microalgae. As a result, the best temperature for increase in cell concentration of microalgae was 25 degree of Celsius,  light intensity of 4500 lux, light period of 17 hours, saltiness of 5 ppm and pH of 8. The highest amount of biomass was achieved in light intensity of 3000 lux, 18 hours of lighting, saltiness of 5 ppm and pH of 9. The highest amount of lipid was produced at temperature of 26, light intensity of 4200 lux, lighting period of 16 hours, saltiness of 12 and pH of 9. Finally, the highest amount of biodiesel was produced at temperature of 26, light intensity of 4200, lighting period of  16 hours, saltiness of 11 and pH of 9.