فهرست مطالب اردشیر انتظاری

In recent years, many family concepts have undergone semantic changes. Since the child is the main focus of the family, parents and women's understanding of this concept will determine many decisions in the field of fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the "meaning of a child" and examine women's understanding of this concept. This research describes the actor's understanding of the meaning of a child with a qualitative approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twenty married women with children and without children in Tehran by purposive sampling and analyzed by using Smith's six-step technique. The main theme of the research showed that a child is a dynamic and influential concept. In the emotional view, the themes of "good feeling," "filling the scene of life," and "hardness and sweetness" and in the supportive view, the themes of "generational support," "old age support," and "spiritual support" emerged from the findings. A child is a double-edged sword, which means that it is both an obstacle to growth and a factor for success and growth. Growth and development in the personal and marital sphere is one of the most important meanings of a child. A child is a container for filling emotions, which contributes to the stability and continuity of marriage by injecting good feelings. The findings of this study were able to present a clear picture of the meaning of a child.

Due to its epidemic nature, the spread of the Covid-19 virus has caused many changes in human behaviors and biosocial patterns, which can be observed in the lifestyle of society. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the lifestyle changes resulting from the Covid-19 epidemic and extracting themes of post-Covid-19 lifestyle. To achieve this goal, a systematic review method based on the approach of Wright et al. (2009) was utilized. The sample consisted of 22 Persian and English articles on post-Covid-19 lifestyle. After collecting the research, they were analyzed and evaluated from three perspectives: first, structurally; then, the content of the results was conceptualized; and finally, their methodological evaluation and critique were conducted. Based on the analysis, the post-Covid-19 lifestyle encompasses five main themes: virtualization of everyday life, health-oriented life, socialization of governance, social distancing, and articulated panic. The post-Covid-19 lifestyle has become virtual and media-driven, influenced by global changes including virtualization and the Covid-19 epidemic. Health-oriented and medical discourse has dominated this lifestyle, with social distancing becoming its essence, and articulated fear taking root in the mentality of citizens and dominating their lifestyle. Ultimately, in the post-Covid-19 lifestyle, we will witness increased attention from citizens and governance systems towards cultural, social, and environmental dimensions of various issues. In general, the post-Covid-19 lifestyle will be a distinct phenomenon compared to the pre-Covid-19 lifestyle.

Protest as non-institutional forms of political participation are an undeniable reality in any society. The frequency and proliferation of this fact in history after the Islamic revolution and its changes have doubled the need to pay attention to this form of collective action. As a result of these actions, the protestors chanted slogans that expressed their wishes and demands for political and social changes and their ideals for fundamental changes. In this article, using the thematic analysis method and based on Snow and Benford's framing theory, an attempt has been made to separate the slogans of the protests of the last three decades based on three interpretive frameworks, Slogans should be identified in each framework and each period of protests to reveal the thematic changes of slogans in three decades. The results show that in the protests of July 1999, the motivational interpretative framework and in the protests after the presidential elections of 2009, December 2017, and November 2019 have also assigned the diagnostic framework the most weight to the slogans. The findings showed that in the protests of 1999, freedom-loving themes, in 2009, political-justice themes, and in 2017 and 2019, anti-Islamic themes had the most frequency among other themes.

This scholarly article explores the reconfiguration of religion and religious organizations within the framework of the world risk society. The emergence and proliferation of global risks have presented significant challenges to social structures and constructions. These risks, unlike those caused by natural forces or external factors, arise as unintended consequences and side effects of centuries of human attempts to rationalize, control, and determine the material world through science, technology, and rational institutions. Paradoxically, the very institutions once celebrated as drivers of progress and prosperity have now become major sources of threats and risks. The dominance of risks on a global scale has initiated a profound transformation, leading to a transition into a realm of indeterminacy, uncertainty, and fluidity. Consequently, numerous social institutions are undergoing metamorphosis, setting the stage for the reconfiguration of societies.  To accomplish the central goal of this research, i.e. the role of religion in the global risk society, a qualitative methodology, combined with document and library review, has been systematically employed. This methodological choice allows for a comprehensive exploration of the reconfiguration of religion in the context of the global risk society. The research methodology encompasses theoretical verifications, extensive library studies, analysis of available statistics and documents, in-depth examination of concrete cases, and a thorough review of existing studies. The main aim of this article is carried out in the form of addressing the following four central questions:1. What kind of transformation and challenges have social institutions encountered in the contemporary world, particularly under the influence of the global risk society?2. How can the reconfiguration of religion in the global risk society be investigated and understood? 3. What are the transformations and manifestations of religion in the global risk society? 4. What are the effects of the cosmopolitanization of risks on transnational religious organizations in the contemporary world?Addressing these questions will be done in the form of the following structure: Firstly, the general coordinates, characteristics, and fundamental forces of the global risk society are described. Next, the article evaluates the role of religion in relation to one of the most significant forces of this society, namely the distribution of the risks. Concrete examples are then examined to analyze the process of transnationalization of religion, the expansion of transnational religious organizations, the cosmopolitanization of the world, and their consequences.  This article draws on the concept of the world risk society to shed light on the cognitive dynamics involved in understanding risk determination in the contemporary world. The article posits that the new world order is shaped by the avoidance and distribution of negative outcomes, i.e. bads, rather than the accumulation of conceived goods. It identifies three main categories of risk—environmental, technological, and societal risks—and underscores their critical role in the emergence of the world risk society. Furthermore, the article explores the world risk theory as a social theory of modernization, emphasizing the influence of organizational types, the modern division of labor, and scientific and technological engagements with nature as primary sources of global risks in the present era. The impact of the rise of the world risk society on religion is examined in the third section of the article. This exploration focuses on the dominant force of risk society—the distribution and globalization of risks. The article argues that the ascendancy of risks triggers various and sometimes contradictory responses from different religions, ranging from resistance, innovation, criticism, and retreat to destruction, reconstruction, and revival. The indeterminacy and fluidity induced by the world risk society have led to the emergence of diverse religious configurations across different times and spaces. The article investigates the emergence of religious fundamentalism in the context of the world risk society and analyzes the influence of individualization and globalization of risks on religious configurations, presenting specific examples. Transnationalization is identified as a key manifestation of religious reconfiguration in the world risk society. The study provides empirical and concrete examples to analyze the impacts and manifestations of this process on religious configurations.   In conclusion, this article argues that the emergence and restructuring of transnational religious organizations represent a significant aspect of the reconfiguration of religion in the world risk society. The unique characteristics of these organizations in the context of globalized risks are outlined, and their global operations in various domains are introduced. The article examines the different elements and parameters of these organizations, including transnational networks, global governance structures, technological utilization, religious practices and beliefs, human resources, financial networks, communication infrastructures, leadership structures, and membership regimes. Through the application of criteria such as geographical reach, membership and support base, ideology and belief system, organizational structure, external relations, engagement with global risks, and use of technology, a comprehensive classification of transnational religious organizations in the world risk society is presented, accompanied by empirical examples. Finally, the article highlights the exponential growth of transnational cyber religious organizations, attributing it to the globalization of risks, reconfiguration of religion, and expansion of cyber communities. The salient features of these organizations and communities are delineated, and significant examples are introduced.

This article examines the weakness of society in formal education policies in Iran as a threat. In different contexts and periods, a pattern of education often appears in the service of the individual, in the service of society, or in the service of government. In this article, by reviewing the lineage of Iran's formal education system in historical events and dominant rationality, we examined if the weakness or absence of society in Iran's formal education system before the Islamic Revolution has prevented the possibilities of formation of a unified collective identity. The findings showed that the content of the courses and the rationality of the educational programs acted in the direction of identity assimilation by eliminating the capital of identity pluralities. In addition, it is revealed that geography produces a special imagination that produces a kind of ethnic nationalism. The history lesson tries to construct a collective identity based on race by presenting an idealistic and mythical narrative of ancient history and a selective approach to historical periods and personalities. In addition, uniformity, by transcending geography and history, by spreading to all the objective and mental realms of the student, penetrated language and culture.

There is a gap between everyday definitions of justice and policy texts. Purpose of this study is to investigate the definitions of justice in these two areas in order to eliminate possible gaps. Types of definitions including distributive, procedural, interactional and epistemic justice extracted from theoretical texts were selected for theoretical sensitivity and virtual ethnography and thematic analysis were used to examine cyberspace and policy texts. The results show that young people's definition of justice mainly includes distributive and procedural justice and is consistent with the commodity definition of formal discourse, while centralism and differentiation in the distribution of goods seen in policy findings are criticized. Although cyberspace data emphasized the importance of informational and epistemic justice for young people, but informational justice means exposing young people to information and decision-making, and epistemic justice means involving young people in the process of making sense of justice and their presence in policy-making processes has rarely been seen in policy-making texts. Although some youth documents and resolutions have emphasized youth participation in various matters, there has been no codified policy regarding the presence of youth in organizations, parties and non-governmental organizations that are involved in macro-policies. Youth oriented cultural policies also face problems such as disregard for different lifestyles, otherization due to pathological attitudes that lead to policing and judicialization of issues, and outsourcing of their duties.

With the progressive withdrawal of some governments from social responsibilities, cross-border trade has become the primary source of income, and residents of border areas and institutional agents are considering it as an alternative to development. In this way of life, the smuggled goods porterare a symbol of alienation and rejection, as they are perpetually exposed to conflict due to the absence of favorable conditions. The purpose of this study is to examine smuggled goods porter’s social exclusion from the perspectives of non-institutional actors and institutional agents, mediated by life experience and smuggled goods porter’s situation in cross-border trade. In the theoretical section, the critical perspective of theorists such as Foucault, Bourdieu, and Vranken has been utilized to formulate concepts in accordance with the objectives and questions.In accordance with the critical paradigm, critical ethnography was used to conduct research operations in the method section. The target population consists of institutional and non-institutional actors associated with smuggled goods porters in the border trade sector in the town of Baneh.Using targeted and snowball sampling methods, 49 informed and involved participants were chosen for semi-structured interviews.The results demonstrated that smuggled goods porters’ life experience in cross-border commerce was characterized by powerlessness, bureaucratization, suspended citizenship, institutional discrimination, degrading, increasing marginalization, spectacle, an insecure and painful living environment.Smuggled goods porting is a structural and historical phenomenon that has been shaped and maintained by mechanisms, as stated in the conclusion? The social exclusion woven into the fabric of border areas is one of the most significant of these mechanisms. Smuggled goods porting behavior is a result of exclusion, and its perpetuation has been accelerated.

Our purpose in this research is to identify the types, strategies and consequences of constructing of justice. Most of the definitions of justice are made by youth and in the Iranian virtual space. Therefore, the main method is virtual ethnography and the data was analyzed by semiotic reading and thematic analysis. Types include agentic/critical, responsible, utopian, individualistic and national/transnational justice. Distributive, procedural and interactional justice are the most represented. Although epistemic justice is not expressed directly, it is seen in most definitions. Similarities can be seen between some aspects of the Islamic definition of justice with the Marxist, human rights, and liberal definitions of justice, although the latest definition simultaneously emphasizes individualism. There are strategies such as integrating the definitions of justice, iconizing, the role of power with various discourses, and resisting it in virtual space which has led to elitist definitions of justice, virtual agency of users due to the lack of direct possibility to bargain with power, dual otherizing, resistance to otherizing, and the spread of negative emotions. There was a lack of space in the dialogue between the youth and the power around justice.

social networks have become a part of the everyday life of Iranians. at the same time, there are discussions about the role of social networks in religiosity and the user behavior toward religion in society, and the question is whether Internet social networks make their users secular or not? so far, no study have focused on this phenomena independently, however it is been mentioned within other researches without providing any reasons against or behalf of that. This article tries to provide at least seven new arguments for the impact of Internet social networks on users, including secular content, hidden content management, no place and communication with countless individuals, timelessness and engagement , fast and continuously diffusion of information, individual privacy and finally interactivity and importance of likes. It is also noted in this paper potential reasons for the possibility of resisting the secularization such as "the greater impact of the real world, the usage type and time spend in social networks, the freedom of speech and behavior of users in these networks and the possibility of the formation of religious community in the Internet". the polarization theory has also been applied to research findings and all discussed arguments summarized under substantial changes of social networks.

Justice is one of the most important issues in Iranian society. The main issue of the present study is epistemic justice and the gap between its definitions in everyday life and policy making domains. For that matter, we purposefully selected the pages of young users on social media networks of Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Telegram and then conducted their virtual ethnographic, thematic and semiotic analyses. Thereafter, policymaking texts were thematically analyzed, as well. While the findings of cyberspace confirmed the existence of hermeneutical (epistemic) injustice; we saw two types of otherization in space where the first is elitist and the second is based on reading of the dominant discourse of being the criterion that people are trying to confront with. The consequences of these otherizations include the contrast between official rulings and opinions of the people, the polarization of the society, being voiceless and probelmatization of difference. Epistemic justice at both national and transnational levels that are connected to each other manifested itself in the data. A review of relevant policy documents confirms the lack of opportunities for youth participation in macro decision-making, inattention to different lifestyles, otherization, pathological attitudes and policing and judicialization of issues. It seems that by eliminating the shortcomings of existing programs and operationalizing them, taking advantage of the academic capacity of universities and moving from abyssal thinking through radical plurality and de-linking, we can see the elimination of epistemic injustice, especially among the youth.

According to the prevailing approach to development, the path of growth, at various micro and macro levels, is through production and focus on high value-added industries such as cultural industries.Planning and management in the process of production,distribution and consumption of cultural products is one of the most well-known and important tasks of governments in the world, which is considered as the main axis in the development of Economics of culture(DOEC).Government role-playing in EC needs characteristics to facilitate the development process. One of the most important of these indicators, which is based on the existence of institutional infrastructure, is the combined indicators of good governance(GG).The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between GG indicators and the DOEC of countries.Using the method of comparative-quantitative analysis among 20 developed and developed countries in EC and Iran, the DOEC and GG has been studied. The results show that Iran's DOEC and GG indicators are far from developed and developed countries and this indicates the underdevelopment of Iran's EC. Also, the results of correlation analysis and multiple regression show that there is a direct relationship between the index of GG and the DOEC of these countries with an acceptable intensity(R2 = 0.50).

The present article aims to provide the social meaning of "work" to the staff of Royan Research Institute (RRI) to answer the question that: What does "work" mean for the staff of (RRI) and what are the central phenomenon, the core category and the central categories around the meaning of "work" for the staff of (RRI) ? The method used according to the research problem and question; Also, the adopted strategy is based on a grounded theory and the information is collected through an in-depth interview technique. "Work" at (RRI); In the form of two processes, "scientific activities" and "executive activities" are going on simultaneously and in parallel and in the face of the fields; It has seven different meanings. At the first level or in the organic dimension, "work" means "activity"; At the second level or family means "livelihood"; At the third or social level, "work" means "service"; In the organizational dimension and in the fourth level, "work" means the promotion of the organization and the fulfillment of the "mission"; In the national dimension and in the fifth level, "work" means "courage"; In the international context and at the sixth level, "work" means "honor"; And at the last level or spiritual dimension; "Work" means "worship." At all seven weekly levels, "work" means meeting a basic need. The central phenomenon derived from the data is "happy growth"; At all seven weekly levels, "work" means meeting a basic need. The central phenomenon derived from the data is "happy growth"; These two aspects are so intertwined that it is meaningless to imagine one without the other.

The quantitative development of higher education depends on the policies adopted by different governments. But social demand can disrupt these policies. Increasing number of universities and uneven development of higher education influenced by global developments such as mass becoming one of the factors affecting the social demand of the population for the development of higher education in the country.  The purpose of this article is to explore the impact of Iranian higher education development policies on social demand and the causes of social demand for higher education in the country.For this purpose, qualitative method was used. At the data gathering stage, firstly, a documentary study of the policies and laws of the country in the field of higher education policies was carried out, and in the other part of the research, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 higher education informants and stakeholders.The findings of the present study indicate that population growth and the growth of basic literacy rates in the country over the past decades, on the one hand, and social justice and the public's awareness of the right to know on the other have been the basis for their social demand.Social demand has led to the lack of territorial planning in the field of higher education and thus to the inadvertent establishment of educational centers, the high unemployment of university graduates and the consequence of passive policies in the field of higher education, and education has been deprived of quality.Therefore, given the social demand of higher education in Iran, which is rooted in the acquisition of cultural status, the causal link between higher education and employment is not conceivable.

The structural and functional status of the family in Iran is changing. One of the important changes is the increase in the age of marriage of young people. It is important to study this change as an indicator for postponing family formation.
In this study, in order to explain the age of marriage of young people, in spite of the social, economic and cultural factors of the society, the choosing spouse space is discussed..
In order to derive research hypotheses the second transitional theory of demography, the cultural transformation of Inglehart, modernization, and the space of choosing spouse has been used.
The research method is survey and its population is all young people during marriage in Tehran (1394). A multi-stage sampling method was used and the sample size was estimated at 379.
The results show that the socioeconomic status of the girl's family with a coefficient of 0.41, socioeconomic status of young girls with a coefficient of 0.25, lack of access to the space of choosing spouse with a coefficient of 0.19 has the greatest impact on the increase of girl's marriage age.
Also, the socioeconomic level of boys with a factor directly affects the increase in their marriage age. In other words, the higher the level of education, income and job status of boys, the age of their marriage increases.
The results show that the socio-economic status of the girl's family and the social status of the young boys have the greatest impact on the increase of their marriage age.
Finally it can be concluded that the inverse relationship between the socio-economic base and the marriage age represents a change in the family's lifestyle and social values ​​system.

The policies of the country's higher education development have had a great impact on the development of higher education, especially its quality dimension, and the country after the Islamic Revolution witnessed the establishment of many higher education institutions. Higher education has functions such as production, transfer, exchange and use of science. The country's higher education policies have, however, been towards transition. The main issue of this paper is to review the policy development of higher education and analyze the causes and reasons for higher education development policies and its impact on the employment of university graduates. The present research is carried out qualitatively and in a documentary way in the field of studying documents, laws and policies, and by secondary analyzing the official statistics of the country in the field of higher education and employment. In the other part, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 informants and practitioners of higher education, and with the Thematic Analysis tool, the main themes of higher education development policies were obtained. The findings of this research show that social demand is the main cause for the development of higher education and the implementation of justice education as the main reason for the development of higher education in the country. However, the imbalance in the quantitative and qualitative development of higher education and the lack of consideration of land use planning has been the main factor behind the outdoors quantity development of an unremitting amount of higher education in the country over the years.

Social networking and partnership concepts are extremely common in the modern world, especially among academics. The significance of knowledge sharing is that; it results in learning. In this regard, the role of learning as the potential for sustainable development of human society in the era of digital technology is concerned. The purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing students’ knowledge sharing behavior in the Social Network of a university. Therefore this is a descriptive-exploratory study, in order to identify variables that affect students’ knowledge sharing behavior in cyberspace. The study has been conducted via both web-based and email-based questionnaires. Electronic questionnaires distributed during a period of three months, and in two rounds. Furthermore, based on random sampling, data of 203 questionnaires obtained and subsequently KMO index was used to check the adequacy of the sample size. Using the LISREL software, at the social dimension, individual dimension and environmental dimension respectively have impact on student knowledge sharing in social network of Tehran University. Among these, communication factors from social dimension; attitude to share knowledge from individual dimension; and cultural (educational) factor from environmental dimension have shown the most significant impact on students’ knowledge sharing behavior in University Social Network respectively. Conclusions and directions for future research are also formulated.

Among the three basic phenomena of fertility, mortality and migration, which leads to demographic changes, the present paper tries to analyze the mortality among the ideas of Avicenna, a Persian physician and philosopher (370-428 AD). The way to advance the study and achieve the desired objectives, was adopted by using documental-analytical method. The results showed that Ibn Sina''s book «The Law», in addition to discussions about life and life expectancy, and addressing its causes, such as in the area of public health, the health of mothers, children and the elderly, also directs one’s attention to the phenomenon of death; is shown for example, fetal death during pregnancy, maternal death during pregnancy, and childbirth are talked about and described quite extensively, and seen as a medical specialty.

This study is ethnicity and fertility.It does emphasize on the fertility of the Arab and non-Arab ethnic groups and differences in Ahwaz .The overall objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the reproductive behavior of ethnic groups residing in the city of Ahvaz and its risk factors in order to achieve an appropriate analytical framework for explaining the relationship between ethnicity and fertility. This data collection technique, a questionnaire. Statistical population, including all the married women 15-49 years old, lives in Ahwaz. The study is sample of 600 women's wife, married to multi-stage cluster sampling from a statistical population selected, And data obtained from this study in two parts and with the help of SPSS, descriptive and inferential analysis are located. The findings of the study, is the average fertility of Arab women (3/25) and non-Arab women (2/25) respectively higher and lower than average fertility of the whole sample (2/79). Test score results (X2= 85/324, Sig =0/000) indicate that reproductive experience of women of different ethnic groups are Arabs and non-Arab. The correlation Eta= 0/387 intensity will verify the relationship.

On the basis of the viewpoints of Marshall McLuhan, Søren Kierkegaard, Gilles Deleuze, Manuel Castells, Hubert Dreyfus and other philosophers and sociologists and scientists of information and communication studies, a conceptual model based on three types of historical structures of the mind and the description of features of each and the role of modern network technologies in changing the nature of human mind is presented. This model may be used in futuristic studies for understanding the effects of the networking space in the generalism of users and the reduction of individualistic tendencies among them.Design/Methodology/ Approach: On the basis of the viewpoints of the abovementioned experts, a number of indicators were defined for generalism and individuality. Based on these indicators, some questions were extracted for evaluating the viewpoints. The final questionnaire assessed the history, quantity and quality of the presence of the study population in the internet. It also evaluated their individualistic and generalistic tendencies based on Likert scale. The amount of exposure to the World Wide Web affects the increase of generalism against individualism. However, this affect does not show a considerable intensity. Several factors affect the generalism and individualism of individuals and the development of a networking environment is one of the most important of them. In addition to the effects that the content of these networks have, a portion of this effect is due to the fundamental structure and nature of networks. Modern information networks endorse the famous theory of McLuhan that "The medium is the message".