اسداللهاسدی

A key step in the success of tissue regeneration is the selection of suitable biomaterials for the preparation of extracellular matrix-mimicking scaffolds. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is used as a scaffold in regenerative therapy and drug delivery applications. The purpose of this study is to develop a PCL nano-scaffold enriched with piracetam and octreotide and to investigate its neuroprotective effects on neural progenitor cells.

First, drug-enriched nano scaffolds were prepared and their properties were evaluated with different tests. After preparing the electrospun nano-scaffold enriched with piracetam and octreotide drugs, PC12 cells with a density of 1 x 104 cells were planted in the wells of the 96-well plate. After 2 hours, H2O2 was added to the wells to achieve a final concentration of 57 mM. Cell viability was then determined 24 hours later using the MTT method.

The morphology of the scaffold and its chemical structure showed appropriate porosity. The biocompatibility of the scaffold, which was checked 24 hours after the cultivation of PC12 cells, showed an increase in the viability of the cells as well as the proper connection of the cells on the scaffold.

Our results demonstrated the biocompatibility and non-toxicity of the PCL scaffold, along with increased cell survival on PCL/piracetam and PCL/octreotide scaffolds.

Neurotransmitters are released from neurons and establish neural connections. These substances play an important role in the formation and connections of the nervous system. The amount of neurotransmitter increases at the same time as the synapse is formed. Neural communication is carried out with the help of a large number of synapses along with various types of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters can be defined as chemicals released from neurons that act on specific receptors. These substances can be expressed in large amounts during certain stages of development, but then remain in only a few synapses. In this study, we will review the types of neurotransmitters and the molecular mechanisms involved in their secretion, describing the importance of this topic in understanding and addressing neurological disorders.

Studying neurotransmitters and the molecular pathways involved in their production and release can be instrumental in treating and potentially preventing neurological disorders.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a spice that is used worldwide as a coloring and flavoring agent. Saffron is also a source of numerous bioactive compounds with many health benefits. The rising prevalence of neurological and psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, has become a significant concern in recent years. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a role in the induction and development of these disorders. Although researchers have spent considerable time studying these diseases, there are still limited drugs to treat them. This article reviews the medicinal properties of saffron and its compounds focusing on their neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, we explore their clinical applications in the treatment of nervous system diseases.

Saffron shows beneficial effects against a wide range of human neurological disorders due to its antioxidant and anti-depressant properties. Compounds found in saffron hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of certain brain diseases.

Spinal cord injury is a disease related to the central nervous system that leads to impaired sensory and motor functions, loss of axon, cell body and glial cell support. Currently, the treatment of spinal injuries is limited to physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and surgery. However, current treatment methods cannot fully and effectively regenerate damaged nerve fibers and improve nerve function. Neural tissue engineering has focused on building biomimetic scaffolds inspired by the complex structure of the spinal cord together with cells to repair spinal cord lesions. In recent years, the 3D bioprinting technique has been used to make highly specialized and complex biological models, such as the spinal cord. Bioprinting is done by placing bioink on a substrate in layers. The additive approach of bioprinting enables the construction of fine 3D tissue models with precise control over the spatial position of cells.

The application of 3D bioprinting technology in the field of making cell-rich scaffolds and in vivo studies in spinal cord injury models indicate the bright prospects of this technology in the field of treating spinal lesions. However, to completely simulate the spinal cord tissue and improve the nerve function of the spinal cord after injury, it is necessary to conduct more research with different cells, biomaterials, and spinal cord injury models. In this review article, the method of 3D bioprinting, the types of printing techniques in spinal cord tissue engineering, and the studies conducted in line with the application of bioprinting in the treatment of spinal cord injuries are discussed.

Tissue engineering refers to methods that are based on the use of scaffolds, cells and biologically active molecules to produce tissues with specific functions. The purpose of tissue engineering is to build structures that can regenerate, maintain and improve damaged tissue or the whole organ. Today, by using tissue engineering methods, various natural and synthetic scaffolds have been designed that can be used for nerve grafts. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the scaffold must be similar to the extracellular matrix of the body in order to avoid adhesion, growth and support the differentiation of cells. An ideal neural scaffold should have biodegradability, biocompatibility and proper tensile strength. Recently, the use of polycaprolactan as a suitable biodegradable material has been evaluated in many fields of tissue engineering. Antioxidants are among the substances, which seem to be able to prevent neuronal death by reducing the amount of ROS. Flavonoids include many compounds that have various biological effects in the body. Silymarin (Silybum marianum) is a flavonoid that has many effects, including anti-cancer effects and antioxidant properties. Tragacanth is a known natural polymer that has excellent biological properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, antibacterial and wound healing ability. It is obtained from the stems and branches of the Asian species tragacanth. It has outstanding structural stability against heat and acidity. The aim of this study is to produce polycaprolactan/ tragacanth /silymarin nanoscaffolds and to investigate the viability of pc12 cells on the scaffold under oxidative stress. Considering that silymarin has antioxidant properties, the use of polycaprolactan/ tragacanth /silymarin nanoscaffolds can prevent neuropathy of nerve cells.

Scaffolds used in this research were prepared using the electrophoretic method. For this purpose, an electrospinning machine was used, which is equipped with a rotary collector with a thickness of 70 mm and a width of 50 mm. In order to prepare a polycaprolactan/ tragacanth nanoscaffold and load silymarin on it, a 7% polycaprolactan solution (dissolved in acetic acid), 0.7% by weight tragacanth solution (dissolved in acetic acid) and 0.9% by weight silymarin solution were mixed by a magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes, and in order to make the solution uniform, sodium didecyl sulfate (SDS) with a concentration 1 percent by weight of the solvent was added to the solution and the suspension was homogenized for 20 minutes with an ultrasonic device, then the scaffold was prepared by an electrospinning device. . The nanofibers were collected in a period of 6 hours, the sample collection speed was 1 ml per hour, and the nanofiber samples were collected by rotating at 250 rpm. The distance between the injection needle and the scaffold is 12 cm and this process is done at a voltage of 15 kV. The morphology of the scaffold was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the chemical structure of the scaffold was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. To investigate the antioxidant properties of the scaffold, glucose 80 mg/L and H2O2, 150 macro L were used.

Examining the morphology and chemical structure of the scaffold showed the proper porosity of the polycaprolactan/ tragacanth scaffold and the successful loading of silymarin on the scaffold. Evaluation of the oxidant properties of the scaffold after 24 hours of PC12 cell culture on it showed the increase in cell viability on the scaffold and the appropriate antioxidant properties of the scaffold.

The results of this research showed that the enrichment of polycaprolactan/ tragacanth scaffold with silymarin increased the proliferation and survival of PC12 cells under oxidative stress. Therefore, this scaffold can be a suitable candidate for tissue engineering in oxidative stress.

Trans-anethole is a steroidogenic plant derivative. Adiponectin secretion and dopamine release is lower in patients suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the present study the effects of interaction of trans-anethole and L-dopa were investigated on serum concentration of adiponectin in PCOS model rats. Following estradiol valerate- induced PCOS, forty-five PCOS rats in 9 groups received saline, trans-anethole (50 mg/kg), L-dopa (100 mg/kg), sulpride (10 mg/kg), SCH23390 hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) or simultaneous injections of these drugs via intraperitoneal injection. Five intact rats received saline. Blood samples were collected via tail vein. Serum concentration of adiponectin was determined by ELISA. Mean serum concentration of adiponectin significantly decreased in PCOs rats compared to intact group. Adiponectin concentration in PCOS rats receiving trans- anethole or L-dopa significantly increased compared to PCOS group. Simultaneous injections SCH23390 hydrochloride and sulpride inhibit the stimulatory effects of L-dopa on serum concentration of adiponectin via exerting synergistic effects. Simultaneous injections of trans- anethole and L-dopa synergistically caused a significant increase in serum concentration of adiponectin compared to PCOS group. Trans-anethole as a steroidogenic plant derivative, may be an effective agent for increasing the activity of dopaminergic neurons and controlling the metabolic complication derived of decreased levels of adiponectin secretion in PCOS.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is one of the most ancient and well-known medicinal plants, and its useful role has been well - established in treating of many diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Fenugreek on spermatogenesis, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in male diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±20 gram were used. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of six. group1: control group, Group2: diabetic, Group3: diabetic+Fenugreek (8gram /kg diet), group4: diabetic+Fenugreek (2gram /kg diet). This treatment continued for 4 weeks. Blood glucose, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and sperm profiles were determined.

Blood glucose in diabetic rats which received Fenugreek significantly reduced compared with diabetic animals. Fenugreek also reduced body weight and MDA level of semen (p<0.05).On the other hand, Fenugreek increased the total antioxidant capacity of semen (p<0.05) and normalized sperm profiles (p<0.05).

According to the present results, it can be concluded that consumption of Fenugreek extract probably reduced MDA level, body weight, and normalized sperm profile thus, Fenugreek extract can be used to treat sexual dysfunction in males.

Viruses pass cell walls and enter cells using their spikes, So one of the efficient ways to stop viral infections is to disturb their spikes functionality. In this research, the process of energy absorption and transfer by SARS-COV2, MERS-COV, UK-COV, and SARS-COV spikes was studied. In this research sample viruses exposed to radioactive radiations and results were compared by Geant4-DNA and analyzed. A strategy to reduce the virus life cycle is energy absorption. In this research, the response to viruses spikes to radiation was simulated. Samples were exposed to 10 eV–2 keV electron beams. The level of Energy absorption and its relation to the number of infected patients was studied. It was concluded there is an inverse relationship between absorbed energy level and patient death.

One of the functions of RNA editing is to change the RNA sequence without changing the genomic DNA sequence and changing the fate of cellular RNA. Therefore, studying the clinical application of RNA editing for targeted therapies is necessary.

All articles related to the subject of the study were searched in the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar database.

The changes that occur within the RNA editing are A to I base replacement by adenosine deaminase (ADAR) on RNA and C to U replacement by the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide1 (APOBEC1). Recently, the role of RNA editing in human diseases has been reported.

RNA editing can be used as a new strategy to identify new disease biomarkers and more personalized treatments for various diseases.

Tissue engineering is a growing field to repair and replace the defective function of damaged tissue or organ, and today it is proposed as a new treatment to replace conventional transplant methods. For this purpose, polymeric biomaterials (scaffolds) and living cells are used. The purpose of this study is to fabricate polycaprolactan (PCL) nanoscaffold and load silymarin on the nanoscaffold to check the biocompatibility and proliferation ability of pc12 cells on it.

In order to prepare polycaprolactan nanoscaffold and load silymarin on it, 7% polycaprolactan solution (dissolved in acetic acid) was mixed with silymarin solution with a concentration of 0.9% (weight percent), and then the scaffold was prepared using electrospinning device. The morphology of the scaffold was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the chemical structure of the scaffold was evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Toxicity of the scaffold and cell survival of PC12 cells were investigated by MTT test and SEM microscope respectively.

Examining the morphology of the scaffold and its chemical structure showed the appropriate porosity of the scaffold and the successful loading of silymarin on the PCL scaffold. The toxicity of the scaffold was investigated 24, 48 and 72 hours after the cultivation of PC12 cells, and the results showed an increase in cell viability and proper attachment of cells on the scaffold.

The results of this research showed that the loading of silymarin on polycaprolactan scaffold increases the proliferation and survival of PC12 cells. Therefore, this scaffold can be a suitable candidate for nerve tissue engineering.

The peripheral nervous system has an innate ability to regenerate itself, and several factors, including neurotrophic factors, play an important role in this process. Neurotrophic factors are molecules that affect the peripheral nervous system and play a vital role in nerve protection, growth, and regeneration. In severe injuries, internal nerve repair is not very effective. Given current treatments have many limitations and side effects. The use of some natural and herbal stimulants seems to have fewer side effects and accelerate the regeneration of the peripheral nerve. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the role of neurotrophic factors and study the therapeutic effects of natural stimulants in the regeneration of peripheral nerves.

Neurotrophic factors could play an important role in repairing and supporting peripheral nerves. Moreover, the use of some natural stimulants as herbal medicines, due to less side effects, provide a suitable environment for the regeneration of peripheral nerves.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is growing at an early age. Genetic factors probably play an important role in the early onset of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene rs2241766 (+45 T/G), rs1501299 (+276 G/T) and rs17300539 (-11391G/A) on the age of diabetes onset and initiating insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this case-control study, 183 patients with type 2 diabetes and 155 healthy individuals participated. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Genotyping was performed by using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR). Data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 26).

According to results, in rs2241766 (SNP+45 T/G), the age of onset of diabetes and age of starting insulin therapy in the TG genotype carriers was significantly less than in TT genotype carriers (Respectively P=0.035, P=0.048). In SNP+45 T/G, 48.6% of patients with diabetes onset age<35 years were carrying the TG genotype (P=0.013). TG genotype (OR=2.381, 95% CI:1.430–7.994, P=0.006) was associated with the significantly increased risk of diabetes onset age <35 years.

According to the results of the present study, SNP+45 T/G of the adiponectin gene has a significant effect on the early onset of T2DM as well as the rapid progression of the disease. Evaluation of effective genetic variants can be useful in pre-diabetes screening for early detection and prevention.

The current mode of treatment based on synthetic drugs is expensive and causes genetic and metabolic alterations. However, a safe mode of treatment is needed to control the development and progression of the disease. According to this, herbal medicines and their compounds have less toxicity and side effects than conventional medicines. It is proven that herbal medicines can play an important role in disease management through their biological activities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemicals that have a specific physiological function in the human body. Ginger is mentioned as one of the most important herbal remedies in many ancient texts of traditional medicine. It also controls a wide range of diseases in traditional medicine. In addition, ginger has strong anti-inflammatory, anti-appetite, and antioxidant effects (to control the production of free radicals). Furthermore, it has been widely used to treat nervous system diseases, such as memory impairment, epilepsy, neurotoxicity, and pain. Moreover, the majority of therapeutic properties of this plant are due to the presence of 6-Shogaol, which is a major bioactive component of this plant.

Ginger and its components could be considered promising factors in the treatment of some neurological disorders.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which neuronal hyperexcitability causes seizures. This neurological disorder occurs in the hippocampus or cerebral cortex, and the neuronal network excitability affect the CA1 region of the hippocampus more than any other areas. Accordingly, studies have been conducted on the use of new methods of prescribing drugs to treat this disease. Novel methods increase effectiveness and reduce toxicity compared to oral antiepileptic drugs. The purpose of these new methods is to bring the optimal concentration of the drug to the epileptogenic zone.

People with epilepsy need long-term drug treatment. Therefore, it is important to identify safe, tolerable, and effective drugs.

Sex impacts the manner in which a person responds to such disease as susceptibility and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex differences in the genotype distribution and allele frequency of some of the adiponectin gene polymorphisms and the comparison of the interaction of the studied polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes-related environment risk factors between males and females.

This study included 103 males and 79 females with type 2 diabetes and 94 healthy males and 61 healthy females for control. Genotyping was performed using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-26.0. The interaction between SNP-SNP and SNPs-environmental factors was analyzed using MDR (version 3.0.2) software.

Sex-genotype interaction effect was significantly associated only for triglycerides with SNP-11391G/A (p= 0.027). For SNP+45T/G, the difference genotypes were distinctly associated with hemoglobin A1c (p=0.024), body mass index (p=0.033) and body fat percentage (p=0.018). For +276G/T fasting insulin level detected a potential difference in genotypes (p=0.016). Regarding to the results of MDR analysis, the combination of fasting blood glucose, rs17300539 and sex was the best three-factor model. In this model, the distribution of patients according to sex is demonstrated that most men with GA and AA genotypes of -11391G/A had Hemoglobin A1C more than 8.5 while in women there was no relation to genotype found.

Sexual difference impact the interaction between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental risk factors. According to the findings of this study, the effect of environmental risk factors on the progression of type 2 diabetes related to Adiponectin gene polymorphisms are demonstrated within the males more than females.

Research on intelligent nanomaterials that accelerate the process of nerve regeneration and treatment by different methods such as antioxidant effects, stimulation of nerve cell proliferation, modulation of the immune system and inflammatory factors is great importance. The aim of this study was to prepare cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles and evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects on PC12 cell line.

Cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles were prepared and their structural properties were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To evaluate the antioxidant properties of the compounds, free radical trapping methods 2 and 2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl were used. Cell viability in the presence of compounds was measured by a toxicity test (MTT) [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.

FTIR spectra and TEM images showed the processing of nanoparticles with an average size of less than 100 nm with cinnamon coating on their surface. Also, the antioxidant capacity of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles was significantly higher (*p<0.038) than extracts and nanoparticles alone at similar concentrations. Evaluation the results of cytotoxicity showed that the lowest toxicity was observed in the cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles group.

Results showed higher antioxidant properties and low cytotoxic effects of cinnamon-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles compared to other groups, which leads to better efficacy, proliferation, longer cell survival, its green synthesis and coverage by cinnamon

Since potassium plays an important role in the vital activities of the plant and is one of the inhibitors of the destructive effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of potassium nano-chelated on some physiological and morphological characteristics of wheat in drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized basic design with three replications was performed in potted culture in the greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The factors include the first factor of drought stress at three levels of osmotic potential (0, -4 and -8 Bar), the second factor of wheat cultivars (Rasad and Gascogn) and the third factor including nano-chelated potassium (non-application of nano-chelated potassium, 35 and 65 mg /litr). Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium and drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 was applied simultaneously to plants in three to five leaves stage for five days and then samples were taken from control and treated samples. Foliar application of nano-chelated potassium increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments, leaf chlorophyll index, quantum yield, height of aerial and terrestrial organs, dry and wet weight of stems and roots. Drought stress reduced maximum fluorescence, quantum yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll and the average stem length, internode length, leaf length, root length and also reduced wet and dry stem weight. Among the studied cultivars, the highest amount of measured physiological and morphological traits under drought condition was related to Gascogn cultivar. In other words, this cultivar showed a better response to drought stress under foliar application of potassium nano-chelated, which indicates greater tolerance of this cultivar to drought stress. In general, the application of nano-chelated potassium at a concentration of 35 mg / l moderated the damaging effects of drought stress and increased plant defense mechanisms, especially improving the plant's photosynthetic system.

Among all the factors that affect human health and success, maintaining balance and paying attention to physiological characteristics and body composition can be very effective in childhood. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of anaerobic gymnastics training (AGT) on static, dynamic balance, physiological indexes, and body composition in obese and normal-weight boys.

In this semi-experimental study, sixty obese elementary gymnasts age 8-12 years old were randomly divided into four groups ((obese experimental group, n=15), (obese control group, n= 15), (normal weight experimental group, n= 15) and (normal weight control group, n=15)). The experimental groups had 45 minutes of AGT, which was held 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Anthropometrical and body composition characteristics, and balance were measured before and after 8 weeks of AGT.

According to the results we found the significant changes (P<0.05) following AGE in obese experimental group (weight= -8.09%, p=0.001, body fat% = -12.81, p=0.001, body fat weight = -19.38, p=0.001, Vo2max = +6.62, p=0.03, static balance = +32.69, p=0.001 and dynamic balance = -6.16, p=0.001). Also, in normal-weight experimental group we found the significant change of (Vo2max = +7.49, p=0.01, maximal heart rate = -3.34, p=0.04, static balance = +23.64, p=0.002, and dynamic balance = -9.97, p=0.001). Also comparing the percentage of changes in variables between the four groups, we found that there were significant changes in the variables of weight, p= 0.001, fat percentage p= 0.005, body fat weight p=0.005, static balance p=0.001, and dynamic balance p=0.002.

Static and dynamic balance improved after 8 weeks of AGT in both obese and normal weight children. In addition, the present exercise protocol reduced body weight, improved body composition, and increased maximal oxygen consumption in obese children.

Background and Objectives Nervous system damage causes many economic costs annually. Although many efforts have been made to treat these injuries, nerves are not yet completely regenerated. Primary damage to the nervous system is followed by a series of events such as inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and the spread of damage. Oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between the production of free radicals and metabolic reactions can damage mitochondria, proteins, cell membrane structures, and adipose tissue, andover time causes damage and disease of nerves system. Nerve cells need a lot of oxygen and antioxidants, so low levels of antioxidants or an excessive increase in the production of free radicals can exacerbate the damage. The use of synthetic or natural antioxidants is necessary to prevent oxidative stress and its destructive effects. In this regard, nanoparticles with long half-lives can be promising in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system. Therefore, the biological use of nanoparticles, as a new therapeutic approach that is still in its infancy, has been emphasized in the treatment of diseases and lesions of the nervous system. Therefore, the aim of this article was to determine the protective effects of nanoparticles in the treatment of nervous system lesions.

Tissue engineering is a part of biotechnology that includes the development of biological implants for tissue regeneration to improve tissue or organ function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the interactions between adipose tissue stem cells and decellularized sciatic nerve scaffolds in rats.

Rats were anesthetized by injecting a mixture of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Sciatic nerve fragments (15 mm) were removed above the three-pronged site in the thigh muscle and decellularized after cleaning the surrounding tissues using the Sandal method. Then, adipose tissue mesenchymal cells were implanted on the scaffold, and the growth and viability of the cells implanted on the scaffold in the presence of cerium oxide nanoparticles were measured by MTT assay.

The results of histological evaluations showed that the scaffolds were completely decellularized and hematoxylin/eosin and Dapi staining confirmed these results. Specialized tissue evaluation by Masson trichrome staining as well as biomechanical analysis showed that collagen and elastin fibers were relatively preserved in the extracellular matrix. Cell viability on the scaffold increased in the presence of nanoparticles.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles increase cell stability, proliferation, and maintenance of adipose tissue mesenchymal cells and may be beneficial in the treatment of peripheral nerve lesions.

Selenium is a trace element and its nanoparticle has antimicrobial activity and due to their low toxicity and excellent biological performance, it has many biological applications in tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium nanoparticles on stem cell interaction on rat decellularized sciatic nerve scaffolds.

In this laboratory study, the effect of selenium nanoparticles on stem cell interaction on rat decellularized sciatic nerve scaffold, scaffolds were prepared using Sondell decellularizaton method and stored in PBS solution containing antibiotics. Biomechanical and histological evaluations of scaffolds were examined using the light microscope. In the next step, adipose stem cells were seeded on the scaffold and the viability of the cells on the scaffold in the presence of selenium nanoparticles were measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.

The tensile test showed that after decellularization, extracellular matrix components such as collagen, laminin, and elastin were retained in the scaffold. Also, DNA content was significantly reduced in the scaffold group (p<0.01). The results of MTT test showed that selenium nanoparticles had no toxicity on stem cells cultured on the scaffold.

The biocompatibility of scaffolds and the viability of stem cells treated with selenium nanoparticles were not significantly different from the control group. Therefore, it can be evaluated as a reinforcing factor to increase the efficiency of scaffolds for the use in regeneration of the nerve lesions.

Kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The GnRH neurons receive inhibitory inputs from ghrelin, RFamide related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased levels of GnRH/LH and kisspeptin, and decreased release of GABA, ghrelin, and RFRP-3. In the present study, the effects of GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, were investigated on GnRH, KiSS1, RFRP-3, and ghrelin gene expression in the hypothalamus of PCOS model rats. For induction of PCOS, female Wistar rats weighing 180-200g received intra-muscular injection of estradiol valerate. Fifteen PCOS rats in three groups received intraperitoneal injections of saline, 5, or 10 mg/kg baclofen for two weeks. The hypothalamic samples were dissected. Gene expression levels of GnRH, KiSS1, RFRP-3, and ghrelin were determined by real time qPCR method. Results revealed that baclofen significantly decreased the mean relative KiSS1 gene expression compared to PCOS group. Also, the mean relative RFRP-3 gene expression significantly increased in the baclofen-receiving rats in comparison to PCOS group. Furthermore, baclofen did not change GnRH or ghrelin mRNA levels in comparison to PCOS group. According to these results it can be concluded that in PCOS condition the GABAergic signaling pathway may suppress GnRH neural activity via down or up regulation of the intra-hypothalamic neuropeptides upstream of GnRH neurons.

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles less than 30 nm in spherical shape and using simple and eco-friendly method was fabricated. ZnO nanoparticles in between of metal oxides have maximum interest because they are inexpensive to produce, safe and can be prepared easily. This metal oxid has potential applications like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antioxidant. In the present article, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by both chemical and green methods. Thymus pubescens leaf extract was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer in the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The crystalline structure, chemical elements, morphology, weight variations, functional groups, and optical characteristics of the fabricated ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and UV-vis DRS instruments. The results of the XRD and SEM were confirmed the size and morphology of nanoparticles less than 30 nm in spherical shape. Furthermore, the presence of some biocompounds from the extract on the prepared nanoparticles was recorded by TGA, FT-IR, and UV-vis DR spectra. The anti-bacterial activities of the nanomaterials were studied by CFU method. The biological function of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed a favorable anti-microbial efficacy against gram-negative (E. coli) and gram positive (S. aureus) bacteria. Our results indicated that the fabricated ZnO nanoparticles using Th. pubescens leaf extract, against E. coli (13.1 ± 0.46) have the highest anti-bacterial activity than that of S. aureus (17.8 ± 0.35). Therefore, the ZnO nanoparticles can be introduced as a potential proficient disinfectant.

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation of cells within the heterogenous tumor with the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into various cell lines. They also have a high tumorigenic potential in all tissues and organs of the body compared to other stem cells. CSCs reside in special microenvironments that are referred to as the niche. CSCs niches are comprised of different types of cells that cause CSCs to be survived and their features to be improved. In this review article, CSCs features, their separation and identification methods and bilateral relationship between CSCs and niches have been examined. Also, major signaling pathways such as Wnt/βcatenin, Notch, Hedgehog and Hippo that are frequently altered in CSCs and provide a supportive role for CSCs, and the therapeutic targets of these pathways, that are effective in eradicating CSCs and cancer treatment, have been studied.

Molecular data are powerful tools to resolve taxonomic problems. Each gene in each taxon shows a degree of variation through which we can understand phylogenetic relationships among different taxa. In this survey, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Bovini were reevaluated using 24 mitogenomes and cytochrome b (cytb), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1) mitochondrial markers. We used all the gene sequences of extinct, domesticated, and wild species within the tribe Bovini. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Based on the mitogenomes, the average base composition of mtDNA sequences was 27.1% T, 26% C, 33.5% A, and 13.4% G, showing a strong AT bias (60.6%). Our results revealed that the genus bison is not an independent taxon in the taxonomic rank of the genus and it is completely a paraphyletic taxon. Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) showed a sister relationship with other species belonging to the subtribe Bovina and it might be better to place this species within the subtribe Bovina. Also, in the mentioned subtribe, we distinguished three distinct monophyletic groups. In all of the phylogenetic trees, the subtribe Bubalina was a monophyletic taxon, and Syncerus caffer had a sister group relationship with other species belonging to the genus Bubalus. The obtained data should be taken into consideration in future conservation efforts for this tribe.