اسعد اردلان

Impunity in international law is defined as exemption from punishment for committing human rights violations. Criminal negligence is becoming a deep concern in non-governmental organizations in the global arena, forcing them to attempt to bring human rights violators to justice. Hence, many non-governmental organizations in the world pay special attention to the prosecution of human rights violators, and try to push governments and international organizations to chase and pursue the perpetrators, without any regards to the perpetrators’ political status. These concerns and efforts have also led to the formation of international coalitions under the rules of international law.
In the case of impunity regarding the violation of Palestinian rights in the occupied territories,the grassroots organizations have entered the war in two ways: first, they preparedocumentariesof the violation of Israel’s international obligations toward the Palestinians, such as the destruction of residences, forced resettlement, seizing lands, violence toward the inhabitants of the occupied territories, and etc. Then, they provide free legal assistance for defending human rights. With the efforts of non-governmental activists, the siege of Gaza, as being one of the inconsistent measures with human rights, has been identified as a major crisis in the world. This paper assessesthe role and the effectiveness of grassroots organizations’ activitiesin informing the world about the impunity of the authorities and organizations that violate the human rights of the inhabitants of the occupied territories.

The nation and territory of Iraq encountered the issue of national sovereignty and then its consequences in the early years of 20th century. Protectorate, independence, coup d’etat, integration and Pan-Arabism are among the most important factors which have shaped the history of Iraq in 20th century. Beside these, Iraq has had different fluctuations in relations with its neighbours. The advent of two wars and invading Iran and then Kuwait is the product of Ba’thist government of Iraq. Disconformity between demands of Iraqi nation and its government during the last century and ignoring the international norms by Ba’this regime resulted in collapse of this regime by attack of U.S-led international coalition in March 2003 and it created a looming for democracy for Iraq. In this context, this article studies the issue of future of Iraq, democracy in Iraq, Iraqi constitution, political, social, economic and bureaurocratic system and also federalist system. This study attempts to present a political analysis of present and future of Iraq