اسماعیل اسفندیاری

Coup d'état as a form of political regime change is a phenomenon that has occurred in many countries, including Iran.Among the conducted researches, firstly, there has been less comparison of coup d'états, secondly, there is no conceptual framework that renders to analyze the causes, processes and consequences of coup d'état. In the present article, using the method of agreements and differences, the two coups of August 19, 1953 and the coup of July 9, 1980 in Nojeh have been compared and the similarities and differences of the two coups in terms of the causes of the coup, the implementation process of the two coups, and the consequences has been compared.The result of comparing these two coups in the two societies before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran is that: despite more efforts and more complex design and more expenses of the Americans to change the political system through a coup during the Nojeh coup, due to the fundamental changes in Iranian society after the Islamic revolution, this coup failed, although in terms of the causes of the coup and the execution process, there were many similarities between these two coups.

One of the issues raised today in the public opinion and the scientific community of the country is the questions and ambiguities regarding the relationship between the economic situation of the country and the role of the I.R.Iran in the resistance front. The main question in this article is about the impact of the role of the I.R.Iran in the axis of resistance on national interests from the perspective of political economy.In this article, as much as possible, we have tried to address all the political and economic components at both domestic and foreign levels, which are somehow related to explaining the position of the economy in the case of supporting the axis of resistance. It is obvious that running a country in a chaotic environment on the one hand and good governance to achieve maximum satisfaction of individuals on the other hand, has implications that logic dictates to look at all issues in a systematic way and avoiding comprehensive analytical reductionism in order to explain the position of the economy in the process of managing the resistance. The novelty of the article is that the issue of the country's economy and at the same time the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the axis of resistance has been studied in a field of internal and external components.

Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has faced the issue of Baloch ethnicity as a problem with political, security, economic and regional dimensions. Unfortunately, the geographical and linguistic continuity has also had an impact on the situation of the Baloch people in Iran, hence the sociological analysis of this issue is important. The leading research seeks to answer the question, what are the dimensions of the issue of ethnicity in Pakistan's Balochistan from the point of view of micro and macro sociology? In order to answer this question, an attempt has been made to answer this question by using the theoretical framework taken from Ara Randall Collins. Document analysis method is used in this article. It seems that various components such as past colonial relations, the instrumental use of identities in the colonial period, geopolitical element, the behavior of the chiefs and elders of Baloch tribes, the functioning of the modern government and the image of defeats and great and decisive victories on the mentality of the Baloch ethnicity in the formation of the problem Qoumi has been influential in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Paying attention to issues related to macro and micro sociology simultaneously is one of the strengths of Collins' theoretical framework. The theoretical framework derived from Ara Collins is able to explain well the origins of the formation, continuation and even the future of the Baloch ethnicity issue in Balochistan, Pakistan. This research is one of the qualitative researches that intends to study a case study in depth.

The present article is an attempt to extract the model of management of ethnic and social diversity in the constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has good capacities for managing diversity, ethnic and social divisions, and the legislator, with humane, Islamic, just and progressive literature derived from the monotheistic teachings of the Holy Quran and the brilliant life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), provides suitable grounds for overcoming ethnic divisions in Iran. This article is based on an applied, exploratory and qualitative research that has been accomplished using the method of document content analysis with emphasis on the content of the constitution and documentary-library techniques. Emphasizing five legal, religious, political, cultural and economic approaches, the management model is presented by looking at the existing capacities in the Constitution of the Republic of Iran in the strategic field of managing gaps, ethnic and social diversity, which is considered an approach based on Islamic unification.

For a long time, many efforts have been taken on improving gas turbine performance to increase the propulsive force and keep the chamber walls cool. In this regard, implementation of cyclonic and vortex engines have been proposed. According to increasing in the engine efficiency and keeping the chamber walls cool, the bidirectional vortex flow which is exited in the vortex engine, makes researchers more interested in it. In the vortex engine, due to its specific geometry, two vortex layers are established. The combustion occurs in the inner vortex layer, while the outer layer protects the walls from excessive heat transfer. The vortex engine with gas fuel and oxidizer has been manufactured in laboratory scale at Virginia Institute of Technology and it is under investigation. Practical usage of the vortex engine, with both liquid and solid fuels, has its own significance. Investigation and analysis of the flow field in such a chamber have been conducted in different research centers during last five years. The significant results of these studies are the analytical and numerical solution of the flow field by applying many simplifying assumptions. Selecting proper materials, determining the engine dimensions, designing injector plate, and some other parameters in engine manufacturing process require the flow field to be modeled in the combustion chamber which needs the governing equations to be solved. For investigating of the flow field in the vortex engine, the mass conservation, momentum conservation, and energy equations have to be solved. If the flow is turbulent, the equations become more complicated and many assumptions are needed to simplify the problem. Note that, by assuming the flow to be incompressible, the energy equation becomes segregated from the other equations. At the first stage, the goal of this project is to investigate the previous analytical solution and modify it to become compatible with other numerical and experimental results, provide numerical solution of the governing equations with the least possible assumptions, and compare the obtained numerical and analytical results with each other. Since the governing equations are non-linear and the flow is turbulent, it is impossible to solve the problem analytically in details. The flow will be simulated with respect to the result of numerical solution and applying the conventional methods and the results will be presented. It is to be noted that, if the fuel is liquid, modeling the spray combustion in a two-phase (gas-liquid) flow field is required, which will be described in this project as well. According to the flow field analysis, the propulsive and aero-dynamical results of the engine will be available, which are required to determine the designation parameters and manufacturing of the vortex engine test rig. Afterwards, by establishing the fundamental requirements for installing the appropriate test rig for the vortex engine, manufacturing of this test rig with its accessories will be described in details. The obtained results of this project, including the flow field investigation, test rig designation and implementation, are the first steps to achieve mass production of the vortex engine with both liquid and gas fuels which, according to its innovation and efficiency, has its own significance

There is general consensus among scholars that poverty and social deviations are interrelated phenomena. Though researches are not indicative of the existence of a direct correspondence between poverty and social deviations, they show some kind of relationship between the two. Consequently, as a social problem, poverty influences on the emergence and increase of deviations, especially, crimes of women, drug addiction, and theft. Religion, too, confirms the existence of correspondence between poverty and social deviations. Thus, poverty speeds up the tendency towards deviation in the same way greedy wealth seeking is a strong motive for committing crimes.