اسماعیل عباسی

Coastal areas are the most important and sensitive areas to the effects of climate change, especially rising sea levels, which experience dangers and damage with a higher degree of confidence. The purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas of Pars Energy Special Economic Zone (Asaluyeh and Kangan) located to increase the water level of the Persian Gulf. The data used in this research include tidal data of Kangan, Bushehr and Imam Hassan stations, digital elevation model, aerial photographs of the region and Sentinel 2 satellite images related to MSI sensor in the range. Visible and infrared is close to the electromagnetic spectrum to make a true color combination with a spatial resolution of 10 meters. The results showed that, the highest risk is related to petrochemical complexes with infrastructure near the coast. The southern region of Pars One, in the area of ​​establishment of related and downstream industries and Bidkhoon mangrove forests with an expansion of more than 100 hectares, are at the highest risk even with a half meter rise in sea level. Failure to pay attention to the risk of rising sea levels could cause significant economic damage to petrochemical companies and related industries in the future, as well as to fragile and fragile coastal ecosystems. Therefore, a regional management strategy is essential to reduce this risk. One way to deal with this risk is to build ridge hills and use underwater breakwaters with T-head groin on beaches at risk of flooding.

Floods, as one of the most important annual natural hazards, cause irreparable human and financial losses specially in coastal area and delta rivers. Based on the presence of Iranian deer and the risk of their extinction due to flood losses in the protected area Mond, identifying areas affected by floods and providing operational solutions to reduce the losses of this species became vitally important. So, it is the main purposes of this study.

Vegetation cover, drainage density, distance from waterway, land type, land use, rainfall, land slope and land curvature have been used for modeling and zoning of floods in this study area

Results show that around 1850 hectares of the protected area affected in flood time with a return period of two years. The flood zone increased by 4300 hectares with a five-year return period. Also, the flood impacted area reached to 22,700 hectares in flood with a 10-year return period.

According to the output maps and field data, it was concluded that the creation of low-rise platforms in the optimal habitat of deer would be the best ways to reduce deer losses by flooding. The location of these platforms chooses based on the flood zoning map, the deer presence and gathering points as well as the places with heavy loss of deers in previous floods.

Commercial documents have their own unique features due to their various functions. The warehouse bill is included in the general concept of commercial documents. What are the fundamental differences between the above-mentioned document and commercial documents, in particular, is an issue that has been addressed in this article using the analytical-descriptive method. Specific Commercial documents include bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheque, which have some similarities with warehouse receipts in terms of efficiency and temporary characteristic. Endorsement, joint responsibility of the payers is among these features. In addition, one of the most important fundamental differences between this document and other commercial documents is in the stage of creating the document. The warehouse bill submitted to the owners of the goods in a special and printed form. The most obvious difference between a bill of exchange, promissory note and cheque with a general warehouse bill is the demanding, which means that in case of non-acceptance of the bill of exchange (default) by the promissory note or non-payment of the amount stated in the bill of exchange by the accepting promissory note, a default protest or non-payment protest will be set up, and there are many advantages in organizing this protest. Another fundamental difference in criminal prosecution is the issuer of the cheque, which is not present in the warehouse bill.

Mangrove ecosystems have abundant ecosystem services and play a significant role in the coastal ecosystems sustainability. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the temporal and spatial trends of mangroves habitat changes in the Nayband marine national park and the Bahu-kalat protected area, as well as determining the intensity of fishing activities as human threats to these mangroves. To examine the temporal and spatial trends of these mangroves, four plant indices, namely NDVI, SAVI, LAI, and RVI, were estimated and to determine the intensity of fishing activities, a map of mangrove habitat extent was drawn, consisting of 189 and 391 grid cells with dimensions of 4x4 kilometers, covering the coastal waters of the Nayband and Govater mangroves. Additionally, data on the geographical location and the number of vessels in the fishing ports of Bushehr and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces were collected. The findings of this investigation demonstrate an expansion in the area of all the studied mangroves from 1990 to 2019. On average, an increase in the Bidekhoon habitat from 32.96 hectares to 123.93 hectares was observed in Nayband Gulf, while in Gwadar Gulf, the area expanded from 275.76 hectares to 396.72 hectares. The reduction of mangroves in this region between 2000 and 2010 can be attributed to various factors, including local community harvesting of mangrove shoots, pollution from oil and gas industries, tourism, and the influx of non-degradable waste due to the proximity of these habitats to residential areas. Similarly, in Gwadar Gulf, the primary factor contributing to changes in hydrology and the subsequent decline of these forests since 2015 has been aquaculture. The most significant factors influencing the growth and establishment of the studied mangrove habitats are increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. Furthermore, the results showed that based on the current status of the studied mangrove habitats, the geographical distribution of fishing ports and the number of fishing vessels present in them, the Govater mangroves are subjected to higher fishing activity intensity compared to the Nayband mangroves.

Expertise is one of the important evidences in civil procedure, which plays an important role in the realization of fair proceedings. But the official judicial expert may make a mistake and this will lead to damage to one of the parties. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of criminal offense on the civil liability of the official judicial expert in Iranian and British law. The method of this article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed. Both in Iranian law and in British law, the basis of the effect of a disciplinary offense on the civil liability of an official judicial expert is based on the theory of fault. Therefore, in the laws of the two countries, if a judicial official causes damage to one of the litigants by committing a violation caused by intent or negligence, he is responsible for the damage caused. In order to be able to demand damages from the official judicial expert, the violation or fault of the expert must be proven, and the criterion for the violation or fault of the expert is actually the violation of the behavior of a conventional professional person in that field. Therefore, in this category, proving this violation or fault is associated with problems.

Drought is a creepy phenomenon, reversible climate and an unavoidable reality in different climates that is caused by a lack of rainfall over a period of time. The purpose of this research is to monitor in Bushehr province based on SPI and VCI indices using MODIS sensors. In this regard, using 54 time-series images of the Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) of MODIS satellite products from the growing seasons (January, February and March) between 2001 and 2018, the VCI, Vegetation Status Index, which is a normalized index to assess drought is calculated. Then, the standard SPI precipitation index for 5 synoptic stations (Borazjan, Bushehr, Deylam, Dayyer and Jam) was calculated during an 18-year statistical period, and according to the SPI classification table, very severe drought, severe drought, drought Moderate, almost normal, moderate wet, very wet and very severe wet were divided. Then the correlation coefficient of these two indices was calculated and it was found that the two indices have a significant correlation coefficient. The results of drought monitoring showed that during this 18-year period, in some years, the VCI index of severe drought (2009) shows that less rainfall occurred in the same year, and in 2014 it shows a very severe wet season where significant rainfall has occurred. Also, the results of the correlation between these two indices showed that the six-month SPI correlation coefficient has a higher correlation with the average VCI index than the quarter. In general, it was found that in the absence of meteorological indicators, a satellite index can be used to monitor drought.

Thunderstorms are one of the most destructive atmospheric phenomena that occur every year in different parts of the country, especially in the southwestern region of the country.The effects of these storms, which are manifested in the form of hail, torrential rains, strong winds, thunderstorms, in addition to providing water resources, lead to irreparable human and financial losses.Therefore, awareness and knowledge of thunderstorms, especially in the southwestern region of the country requires a correct understanding of the distribution of meteorological systems and physical mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of these storms. In this research, first to select the code of thunderstorm phenomenon and perform a cluster analysis is used of synoptic station data, high atmosphere data and to modeling selected days with WRF from FNL data with 1*1 degree separation with A 24-hour period .Using clustering method 3, Thunderstorm events were selected as representative and using WRF model, modeling was performed for selected days with different schemas. The modeling results showed that in the representative days, the status of CAPE, CIN, LCL, LFC indices in the stations where the thunderstorm occurred was appropriate. The model output precipitation maps show that precipitation occurred in the study area, but no thunderstorms occurred at all stations, and only a few thunderstorms were recorded. The modeling results showed that in the representative days, the status of CAPE, CIN, LCL, LFC indices in the stations where the thunderstorm occurred was appropriate. The model output precipitation maps show that precipitation occurred in the study area, but no thunderstorms occurred at all stations, and only a few thunderstorms were recorded. On a global scale, thunderstorms are a phenomenon that is recorded in almost all parts of the world and its occurrence in hot seasons is much higher than cold seasons. The diversity of climatic conditions and geographical features of Iran has caused the phenomenon of thunderstorms to be reported in different parts of it every year. Modeling is one of the methods of studying thunderstorms. The motivation for paying attention to numerical models of the atmosphere is the very poor resolution of planetary climate models in relation to local and regional climatic processes. Numerical atmospheric models have been developed to improve spatial detail and attention to regional and local variations.One of the most important models is the WRF numerical prediction model. The WRF Climate Prediction Model is a mid-scale numerical model that is widely used by researchers today for local-scale weather forecasting, air quality studies, and regional climate research.Statistical calculations and graphs show that the occurrence of this phenomenon in the region depends on the arrival of synoptic and out-of-region systems and convection. In proportion to the seasons, if large-scale and synoptic systems penetrate to low latitudes and affect the atmosphere of the region, the probability of hurricane occurrence also increases. In contrast, with the gradual warming of the air and stabilization of the atmosphere, the occurrence of this phenomenon is reduced. It reaches zero.The results of validation showed that configurations 8, 1 and 2 (Table 1) based on all three statistical tests have the lowest error rate to simulate precipitation, temperature and wind parameters, respectively. In fact, in order to simulate the mentioned parameters, cumulus, boundary layer, surface layer and ground (soil) schemas are the most important schemas that the most probable states of these schemas are considered for model implementation.The output of the WRF model for modeling three-day hurricanes shows that in these days the conditions of the studied indicators in some southwestern regions are quite suitable for the occurrence of thunderstorms and in accordance with rainfall maps and station observations in these parts rain and storm Thunder has occurred which can be a testament to the accuracy of the model results. Finally, it can be concluded that the results of modeling thunderstorms with the WRF model are satisfactory and can be used to model this phenomenon.The output of the WRF model for modeling three-day hurricanes shows that in these days the conditions of the studied indicators in some southwestern regions are quite suitable for the occurrence of thunderstorms and in accordance with rainfall maps and station observations in these parts rain and storm Thunder has occurred which can be a testament to the accuracy of the model results. Finally, it can be concluded that the results of modeling thunderstorms with the WRF model are satisfactory and can be used to model this phenomenon.

Recognition and functioning of warehouse receipt is one of the legal issues that was not studied in Iran’s law. Therefore, in this article firstly recognition and legal nature of warehouse receipt and secondly functioning of this instrument in Iran’s and US law were considered. Historically, warehouse receipt has entered in Iranian law’s litreture since 1961. Although, merchants have used aforesaid instrument prior sch time. In Iran’s law, this instrument has the collateral role. After submission of the commodity to the public warehouse, stockman is obliged to issue the warehouse receipt. This instrument is the proof of title of the commodity and it could be trasfered to the third party through endorsement. In Federal legal system and US Uniform Commercial Code, this instrument has the collateral, endorsable and bearing role. Warehouse owner may select one of the Federal and/or state regulation. In local level, it is possible not to meet unified procedure in warehouse receipt issue. Although, several states supervise on warehouse directly.

The large-scale computational network of planetary models are not able to predict climatic variables on a regional scale. In other words, these models are affected by processes with a smaller scale than the model network in providing predictions of regional precipitation. Therefore, the model outputs should convert into a regional scale. The research purpose is to investigate the different configurations of the WRF model in the simulation of 5-days rainfall in March 17 to 22 March 2019 in Golestan province, which has caused devastating floods and heavy damage in the province.

The observation and quality control precipitation data was analyzed in 13 synoptic stations of Golestan province for a 5-days period from March 17 to 22 March 2019 in the form of 24 Hours (From 06 UTC the day before to 06 UTC the next day) and 6 hours (00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC are 3:30, 9:30, 15:30 and 21:30 local time, respectively). Also, two types of input data including initial condition data and boundary condition data were used in the WRF model. The boundary condition data was GFS data with 0.5-degree resolution. Furthermore, two domains were used in WRF model, 1) the large (mother) with a horizontal resolution of 18 km and 2) internal domain, which is the main domain and has 6 km horizontal resolution.

Two configuration was selected which showed better output results. The 5-days cumulative precipitation data which caused the flood show that the maximum 24-hour precipitation during the 5-days period is 06:00 UTC on March 18 to 06:00 UTC March 19 and the maximum cumulative rainfall of 6 hours is related to 06 to 12 UTC on March 18, 2019. Subsequently, by study similar research in Iran, different configurations for precipitation prediction were extracted and modeled. Then, in order to determine the accuracy of the model, the values obtained from the model in different configurations were compared with the values of synoptic stations. To ensure this comparison, MAE, d, R and ENS test statistics were used.

The results showed that the WRF model overestimate the precipitation data in most stations. In both configurations, results convey the precipitation cores well illustrated and the model accuracy was good enough in predicting precipitation. In maximum values of precipitation, the configuration of the first type show better results. Overall, the first type configuration performed more accurate than the second type configuration.

Implementation of numerical models of atmosphere with high resolution is one of the best tools to investigate the atmosphere at the time of occurrence of extreme phenomena. The present study has conducted to survey a numerical modeling of the atmospheric phenomenon which generated a water logging in Persian Gulf coastal area that occurred on March 19, 2017.

The WRF numerical model (version of 3.8.1) with the ARW dynamic core was used in this research. The WRF model are used to provide a dynamical downscaling and modeling in a selected domain with a central latitude of the 27° and 30 N and longitude 51° and 30׳ E in a 10 Km resolution.

The results showed that atmospheric variables modeling outputs in the study site were nearly equal to observed station data especially in dry temperature and pressure climatic variables. Also, the maps and diagram which is produced by model, indicated that a supercell thunderstorm has occurred which is caused the severe explosions occurring on the sea surface near the coast of Bandar Dayyer and eventually causing four waves and water logging on these coasts.

Based on the results of the model outputs, the main cause of this flood event was the occurrence of a supercell thunderstorms on the Persian Gulf near the coast of Bandar Dayyer.

Dust storms create hazards for human society in numerous ways and are particularly significant to people who are living in the dust belt which stretches in the west to the southwest of Iran. Numerus studies have been performed by scholars in various ways on this phenomenon which is still hot research topics throughout the world because of its critically importance and adverse consequent impacts. The present research purpose is to identify the synoptic scale circulation patterns responsible for dust storm in Bushehr province. The studied stations include Bushehr synoptic Station, Deylam, Dayyer and Jam during a 17-year (2001-2017). Meteorological data (code 06 to identify the dust locality) and data from the ECMWF are used. Also, sea level pressure, Uwind, Vwind component, vertical velocity and wind velocity at 10 m as the meteorological parameters are considered. The number of recorded dusty days across all studied stations were 177 events during the study period. The results revealed that six synoptic scale circulation patterns influence Bushehr province in dusty days from 2001 to 2017. These patterns include one spring pattern, three winter and two summer patterns. Each pattern contribution to the occurrence of dust in Bushehr province was as follows: The spring pattern was 39%, the first, second and third winter patterns were 7.6%, 9.9%, 9.3% respectively, and also the first and second summer patterns were 18% and 16.2% respectively.

One of the most devastating phenomena of meteorology which varies extensively in spatial and temporal extent and manifests itself at various scales, is thunderstorms. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze such destructive storms over a period of 25 years (1986-2010) at the synoptic station of Kermanshah. The data used in this research includes daily rainfall data and codes related to meteorological phenomena, dry temperature, dew point, relative humidity, wind direction and wind speed for calculation of instability indices, geopotential height parameters, specific humidity, vertical velocity, and zonal and meridional components. The results showed that during the statistical period of the study, three extreme thunderstorms occurred in the study area during the statistical period of 25 years. The study of instability indices indicates that these indices are in the strong and suitable category for the occurrence of thunderstorm phenomenon; in addition, the dynamics of the atmosphere at the time of the occurrence of this phenomenon indicates the presence of a very deep trough and negative abnormalities in the west of the studied region and positioning of the left half of the Jetstream of levels of 500 and 850 millimeters on the studied area. Following this phenomenon, the thunderstorm intensely affected the region by its destructive effects with the formation of clouds of cumulus and lightning, and finally, heavy rainfall. However, it should be mentioned that for two cases, that is, the phenomenon of February 4, 2007 and December 12, 1991, they experience a more unstable climate due to the average circulation patterns compared to the other identified case, i.e. the phenomenon of April 17, 1991.

Heavy precipitations and severe floods are one of the most important hazards affecting many parts of the country, including the northwest of the country, and it causes extensive damage to farms, gardens, houses, urban facilities, etc. In this research, the atmospheric conditions accompanying the occurrence of flood events in the northwest of the country on April 14, 2017 are studied. For this purpose, the data of sea level pressure, geopotential height, vertical velocity, zonal and meridional components at pressure levels of 850, 700, 500 and 300 hpa, as well as specific humidity in pressure levels of 1000 and 850 hpa(12 hours before the flood event) were obtained from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts with a .075 -degree spatial resolution and the desired maps were drawn and the following results were obtained. The presence of severe gradient of pressure in the sea level in the northwestern region of the country and the high humidity in the lower atmosphere as well as the presence of western troughs at all levels of the troposphere exacerbate the meridian flows, and cause the subsequent formation of jets at a pressure of 700 to 300 hpa on the northwest region of Iran. On the other hand, extreme ascent, due to the severe vertical shear of the horizontal wind and the presence of a great deal of moisture, especially in the lower layers of the atmosphere, have created cumulonimbus clouds from a pressure level of 850 to 370 hpa, with lightning strikes at a pressure of 850 to 600 hpa. All of the above conditions have caused the instability and flooding and extreme precipitations in this region of the country.

Previous studies have been demonstrated the effect of fasting insulin concentration in coronary artery disease of patients with diabetes mellitus. Because of discrepancy in recent studies about this association in non-diabetic patients, we evaluated this effect. In this cross-sectional study, coronary artery angiography was done for 110 non-diabetic patients, and they were divided into two groups of normal coronary artery as control group and those with coronary artery stenosis as case group. Serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and insulin were evaluated after 12 hours fasting period. One-way ANOVA and t tests were used for statistical analysis. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) in non-diabetic patients with and without coronary artery disease was 94.4 ± 14.9 and 90.52 ± 13.82 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.150). The mean insulin concentration was 12.77 ± 3.29 mIU/l in case and 7.01 ± 3.25 mIU/l in control group (P = 0.001). We did not find any difference between men and women according to their fasting insulin concentration (P = 0.210). Higher serum level of fasting insulin seems to have correlation with coronary artery disease in non-diabetic patients; but further studies with larger population study are needed for better evaluation.

 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), a novel endogenous gasotransmitter, plays an important role in neuromodulation and memory performance and also protects neurons against neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration.  This study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaHS), on motor learning in a unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson’s Disease.  Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (15 μg) into the Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and then treated with NaHS for 25 days. Animals were divided into control, sham, sham plus NaHS, Parkinson (6-OHDA), Parkinson plus vehicle (saline), and Parkinson plus NaHS (2.8 and 5.6 mg/kg, IP) groups, (N=8). One-way ANOVA followed by turkey’s test was applied for statistical analyses of the data.  The riding time in fixed and accelerating speed rotarod were significantly decreased in Parkinson rats (6-OHDA group) compared to controls in all training days (P<0.001). Treatment with NaHS (2.8 and 5.6 mg/kg/d) reversed these decreases in a dose-dependent manner, so no significant differences were found in these parameters between the control and Parkinson plus NaHS groups during the accelerating speed rotarod test.  In the Parkinson rats, NaHS administration enhanced and improved the endurance time in the rotarod test. These results demonstrate that NaHS treatment enhances rat motor balance and coordination and suggest treatment with NaHS attenuates motor impairments in the Parkinson rats.

The establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union strengthened Russia's position in bilateral relations towards other members of the union, although the multilateral relations between post-communist countries remained without progress. Establishing Eurasian Economic Union to some extent also has fulfilled the geopolitical ambitions of Moscow, but the determination of the geopolitical agenda for this union by Moscow, despite the presence of members with the primary objective of economic interests, will not be easy. This is despite the fact that Russia has incurred considerable costs to establish this union and has pursued the policy of "luring by subsidizing". The main question of this article is "what does Russian expect to gain through in vesting on the establishment and expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union, considering the fact bilateral agreements with post-Soviet governments provides this country with more economic benefits?” The hypothesis tested under the framework of the new regionalism theory is: "although Russia's primary goal by establishing and expanding the Eurasian Economic Union is to strengthen a geopolitical deploy against the West at the borders of the European Union at the expense of exorbitant costs in order to keep these countries away from the west, it has not over looked the benefits of a long term economic, social and cultural cohesion of this union in the post-Soviet space". The study is descriptive-analytical and methodology applied to analyze the collected data is causal.

Climatic geography of Tropical Cyclone hazards Affective on the southern coasts of Iran
The occurrence of any climatic fringes, including annual tropical storms, leave irreparable risks in its dominated areas. Understanding these events and knowledge of the time of their occurrence can be helpful in managing the unexpected incidents caused by them. Tropical cyclones are important natural turbulent processes in tropical and middle ecosystems in a number of regions of the world. Among the dynamic conditions of the atmosphere for the formation of tropical storms, there are three basic conditions: 1. The vertical wind shear should be limited between the 850 to 200 mb and the wind speed between these levels should be less than 10 meters per second. Such a situation allows the formation of a straight column, without breaking, to initiate tropical storms. 2- The formation state of tropical storms should be such that at least it is five degrees of latitude distant from the equator. Such conditions provide the minimum of Coriolis force to provide the tropical cyclic rotation along with other fundamental and apparent forces of the atmosphere and they occur following the pressure forces, Coriolis and centrifugal forces, cyclostrophic winds, and cyclic circulation in the center of the low pressure. 3- The presence of turbulence or discordance with vorticity and the convergence in the lower troposphere, or the anticyclone rotation and divergence in the upper levels of the atmosphere before the onset of activity, and the formation of tidal disturbances. Tropical storms are created by the presence of various dynamic and thermodynamic factors such as sea surface temperature and moisture content (thermodynamic properties), and flow and vertical winding functions (dynamic characteristics).
The parameters studied in this study for the dynamic and thermodynamic analysis of the tropical rotation of 1948 generally included the mean sea level pressure, geopotential heights, zonal and meridional components of wind, convection available potential energy, convective stabilization index, vertical velocity, relative vorticity, Sea surface temperature, humidity, and cloud cover levels which are drawn from the European Center for Medium Forecast Scale (ECMWF) with spatial resolution of 0.75 applying GRADS software. The study of combinational maps of 500 milligrams of geopotential heights and vorticity advection on the first day of the cyclone (1948/06/05) indicates the presence of a very strong low-altitude center with seven closed curves on the Arabian Sea. The most inner curve of this low-altitude center has the lowest elevation with 5650 geopotential meters height and the maximum vorticity advection and downright negative velocity of 10 and 0.5 Pascal to seconds, respectively. The above-mentioned Jetstream map with a maximum speed of 16 m / s, which covers the east of the center of the altitude, contributes to the greater divergence of this system. The formation of a very strong negative eddy in the 500-mb equilibrium also indicates intense instability at the site of the tropical cyclone and is actually a factor in the formation and reinforcement of such cyclones .The above-mentioned low altitude continues its cyclonic rotation at the level of 850 mb with two closed curves, and the maximum vorticity advection and downright negative velocity of 16 and 0.6 Pascal to second, respectively, due to the presence of lower level radar with a maximum speed of 20 m / s on the south side and similarly, in the south-east, it continued to circulate more rapidly at a rate higher than 500 mb, which results in the formation of the first pressure packet with a central
pressure of 997.5 mb on the sea surface. The high amount of specific humidity of 850 mb from the start of cyclone activity (12 g / kg), and the increase in this parameter in the next days of activity reaches 14 g / kg and also 4.5 g / kg at 500 millimeter equilibrium point to the high humidity at the location of the low-pressure center and the optimum conditions for the extraction of heavy rainfall in the eye wall of cyclone. Cloud cover maps also indicate a climber air density of up to 500 mb and the formation of a cloud at different levels of the atmosphere at the site of the formation of tropical rotation. The results show that the formation of the lower Jetstream, along with the tropical cyclone event (from 05 to 08 of 1948) affecting the southern coast of Iran, has been able to create severe air mass divergences in the left half of the nucleus and following this mechanism and the relationship between this velocity nucleus and the lower levels of the atmosphere and the sea level in the vertical direction, with the convergence of the mass, has been accompanied with the reduction of density and, finally, the reduction of pressure and the formation of turbulence, as the first ring for the development of tropical cyclones; therefore, the altitude of 850 mb and jet stream located at this elevation affected by the high-rise phenomenon on the western shores of the ocean (sometimes in the east of Madagascar) is considered as one of the most effective dynamic factors for the birth and development of this tropical cyclone on the southern coast of Iran. The tropical cyclone was formed from June 5 to June 8, 1948, at approximately 16 degrees north and 60 degrees east on the Arabian Sea. And, in general, the interaction between high pressure tongues on Saudi Arabia, Tibet and Iran, and the tropical cyclones has prepared the conditions for the activity and displacement of the tropical rotation. Previous studies of tropical storms have considered other synthetic systems, such as cyclones over Europe, and the integration of cyclones on the Mediterranean and Oman, as well as the displacement of the axis of tropical cyclones at middle and upper levels of the atmosphere affective in the escalation and displacement of the storm. It is also believed that the southern coast of Iran is also effective, and in general, less attention is paid to the causes of the development of the storm.

Stem cells are primary, unspecialized and mother of all cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can produce more stem cells. These cells are classified into totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body and can replace damaged tissues and repaired them in the human body. Therefore, the use of stem cells shows the extraordinary ability to treat a wide range of disabling diseases. Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease and injury. They stimulate the body to repair itself. Stem cells can be used for treating and preventing many diseases such as diabets, spinal cord injuries, cardiac infarction, arthritis, Alzheimer, Parkinson and wound healing. Researchers have recently used these cells to treat parasitic diseases in some cases. The findings show that the use of these cells in the treatment of various parasitic diseases such as malaria, trypanosomyosis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and echinococcosis, have inhibitory effects which improves the function of the tissue and involved organs. This study summarizes the new advances in the stem cell therapy against parasitic infections.

In recent years, economic sanctions resulted in intense stagflation in Iran. Such heavy sanctions lead to a significant decline in profitability of Iranian firms. Decline in the firms’ profitability is likely to motivate managers to engage in earnings management. However, there is scant evidence regarding the effects of such macro-economic issue on financial reporting quality by firms. Hence, the present study investigates the effects of stagflation on earnings management. To test research hypotheses, 780 firm-year observations were collected from annual reports of firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange between 2009 and 2013. The results of multivariate analysis reveal that stagflation has a positive relationship with both real and accrual-based earnings management. That is, Iranian firms manipulated earnings in stagflation period (2012 and 2013). Additional tests indicate that up-ward accrual-based earnings management occurred in stagflation period. The findings of this study support signaling theory interpretation in relation to earnings management in stagflation period.