اصغر ابراهیمی

In this article, a high-speed analog-to-digital column-parallel converter with a small 12-bit resolution on both sides of the image sensor is proposed. This article also proposes a comparator with low offset. A method for accelerating the conversion speed using synchronization of variables (variable clock) and sampling capacitors have been developed. The pixel load amplifier achieves a light sensitivity of 9.19 V/lxs. The full signal size at the pixel output is 1/8V at the 3/3V power supply and the noise level is 1.8 and the dynamic signal amplitude is 60db. Finally, this circuit was simulated with HSPICE software and acceptable results were obtained. This circuit requires a voltage of 3.3V and is 0.35um in technology. Power consumption is 11 mW and SFDR is equivalent to 66dB, THD is equivalent to -2 and SNDR is equivalent to 40dB.

In this paper, the performance of high-speed video cameras using CMOS video sensor technology has been improved. A high-speed CMOS video sensor with parallel analog output of 1000 frames per second at 512 x 512 pixels and 3000 frames per second at 1024 x 1024 pixels For high-amplitude CMOS image sensors, a pixel ADC of a sequential column-parallel approximation ADC has been reported. High-speed, 12-bit columnar-parallel ADC arrays with a small 0.09 array size are included on either side of the image array. A method for accelerating conversion speeds using variable clock synchronization and sampling capacitors has been developed. Is. The pixel load amplifier achieves a light sensitivity of 19.9 V / lxs. The full signal size at the pixel output is 1.8V in the power supply 3.3V and the noise level is measured at 1.8 and the dynamic signal amplitude is 60dB.

Carwash is an industry that consumes large amounts of water and its wastewater contains a variety of pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the Peroxone process as a method for wastewater treatment of carwashes.

This study was conducted at laboratory scale. A total of 54 samples were collected from a carwash in Yazd city and COD and anionic surfactants removal percentages were respectively determined by using the standard vial and anionic surfactants method and Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS). The process was conducted with an ozone dose of 0.7 mg per min, H2O2 concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mmol per liter, reaction times of 30, 60 and 90 min and pH of 7, 9 and 11 in a cylindrical reactor respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and through SPSS 18.

The removal efficiencies of COD and anionic surfactants increased with increasing pH and reaction time; so that, at pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 0.7 mg/min and H2O2 concentration of 40 mmol/l, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants were respectively 74.77% and 74.27%.

The peroxone process has a good ability for removal of COD and anionic surfactants. Similar studies confirm the findings of this study. Meanwhile, pretreatment methods are recommended for further evaluation of this process.

The atmospheric reentry phase is one of the most important mission steps in space missions, therefore, the guidance and control of reentry vehicles in this phase of mission is important. In this article, a reentry vehicle guidance algorithm is proposed which has suitable robustness in the presence of initial reentry parameters uncertainty. To use any conductive method, first the motion equations must be obtained. In this paper, quadratic nonlinear control method is used to guide the vehicle. In this regard, the equations of motion of reentry vehicles are developed in form of state space and the system and control matrices depending on the state and control variables are extracted. In this article, it is tried to minimize the landing errors at terminal point using Nonlinear Quadratic Tracking (NQT) and chasing a reference trajectory. In order to define a trajectory with different initial states using evolutionary genetic algorithm with changes in weighting matrices Q and R, it is tried to reduce the errors of landing at terminal point. Monte Carlo analysis is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. According to the results, the proposed algorithm can reduce the errors more than 90% in the presence of reentry initial parameter uncertainties.

The atmospheric re-entry phase is one of the most significantmission steps in the space missions;hence, theguidance and control of reentry vehicles in this phase of mission is important. In this article, a reentry vehicle guidance algorithm has been proposed which has suitable robustness in the presence of initial reentry parameters uncertainties. Here,it has been tried to minimize the landing errors at terminal point using Nonlinear Quadratic Tracking (NQT) and chasing a reference trajectory. In order to define several trajectories with different initial states using evolutionary genetic algorithm with changes in weighting matrices Q and R, it hasbeen tried to reduce the errors of landing at terminal point. The reentry position of the reentry vehicles may be different from the desired ones with respect to several events. In this situation, reentry vehicles start to move in a new trajectory which is not suitable. Therefore, the reentry vehicles should be guided to come back into the desired trajectory or a new optimum trajectory needs to be redesignedto have the same target position on the ground. To do this, we need optimum weighting matrices R and Q for every new trajectory. In this article, this problem has been resolved using partial least squares regression; meanwhile, obtaining the optimal matrices by genetic algorithms needed many times. Also,it is shown that using this method, in the presence of reentry uncertainties, weighting matrices for each new initial condition hasbeen quickly derived. Additionaly,through the matrices obtained and the nonlinear quadratic tracking controller, reentry vehicle was directedto the target with a good accuracy. The Monte Carlo analysis has been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algoritm. According to the results, the proposed algoritm has a suitable accuracy level and it can generate the online optimum trajectory.

A new silicon ADC with digital error correction is introduced to reduce the linear error caused by inaccurate comparators and S / H offset. The operation of the new low voltage balanced current mode circuit in sampling and maintenance, signal amplification and current comparison function has been developed to detect how a silicon ADC silicon current mode with 1.5 V power supply works. Results are shown with Hspice to bring ADC at conversion rates of 10n / s and power losses of less than 2mW. In this simulation, SFDR is equal to 60 dB and ENOB is equal to 8, which are almost acceptable values.

Airship is kind of aerial vehicles that has been a significant development of scientific research in recent years. Furthermore, stratospheric airship is in group of lighter-than-air aerial vehicles. This device is designed in order to the ability of unmanned autonomous operation with remote control at a height of 22 kilometers from Earth. With the development of control systems, there are still major challenges in this area. In this paper, in order to stabilizing and trajectory tracking of stratospheric airship, nonlinear H_∞ method has been developed. At first, the dynamic model of an airship is introduced and descriptive equations are presented in an appropriate state-space in order to design a controller based on nonlinear H_∞ method. Then the nonlinear H_∞ controller is designed. In the controller the integral of the position error is considered, allowing the achievement of a null steady-state error when sustained disturbances are acting on the system. The external disturbances are considered as aerodynamic forces and torque. This strategy is designed robustness, against of external disturbance. The results are shown that decrease in steady error and stabilizing system against external disturbance and uncertainties. Also for robustifying of designed control, comparison is done with adaptive control. Simulation results in the presence of aerodynamic disturbances, parametric and structural uncertainties are presented to corroborate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed strategy.

In this paper, an analog-to-digital twelve-bit cyclic converter with high speed and accuracy and yet low power is proposed. Requires a wide dynamic range and high speed and high accuracy, which is suggested in this article. Finally, this circuit was simulated with HSPICE software and acceptable results were obtained. This circuit requires a voltage of 3.3 and in The technology is 0.35. The power consumption is 11 mW and the SFDR is 66 dB and the THD is 2 - and the SNDR is 40 dB. Shooting for different setting conditions.

Industrial wastewater is one the most important pollutants of environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the combined chemical precipitation-reduction process for removal of dye and chromium from wastewater of home appliance factories.
This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale on wastewater from the dying unit of the home appliance factory. The process used was a combination of the chemical precipitation-reduction process. Combine sampling was done and 214 samples were analyzed. COD, dye, and chromium were measured in samples. MgCl2, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC), and FeCl3, cationic polymer and bentonite were used for chemical precipitation; and sodium meta bi sulfite was used for chemical reduction. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey tests and by SPSS 16 software.
The results show that PAC had the highest color removal efficiency (90.92%). Also, the highest COD removal was related to the combination of magnesium chloride (1.4 mg/l), poly aluminum chloride (0.6 mg/l), and the coagulant aid cationic polymer (0.4 mg/l) with an efficiency of 89.11%. Moreover, total efficiency of the combined chemical precipitation and reduction process in chromium removal was 94%.
The chemical precipitation- reduction process as a pre-treatment method has high efficiency in removal of COD, dye and chrome from wastewater of home appliance factories.

In the present paper a DSMC solver is utilized to study the effects of wall heating/heater plates on performance parameters of microthruster systems. The solver uses local Knudsen number based on the gradient of flow properties to distinct the molecular and continuum region. This solver uses theory of characterisitcs for determination of inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Proper cell dimensions, number of particles per cell, and grid study are performed to guarantee the accuracy of simulations. Three typical micropropulsion systems are studied. All three systems have a microchannel and a converging-diverging micronozzle. First type is cold gas micropropulsion system, second type is a microthruster with wall heated channel, third type is microthruster with heater plates inside. The first type is considered as reference case and two other systems are compared with type1. It is obsereved that heating the walls in microthruster type2 accelerates the flow and increase the specific impulse of the system. In micropropulsion device type3, heater plates increase downstream temperature of convergent-divergent nozzle and also elevate the specific impulse. Due to considerable mass flow rate decrease of system type3, its thrust is decreased whereas mass flow rate of system type2 is not decreased as much as type3 and therefore the thrust of microthruster type2 is more than type1 and type3. Hence the second microprolusion system configuration has higher performance paratmeters in comparison with two other systems. It is also observed that increasing of wall temperature in microthruster type2 decrease the thrust and specific impulse sensitivity to temperature increase.

Considering the lack of agricultural lands and the loss of products by pests, utilization of pesticides like atrazine has increased. Due to low vapor pressure, high half-life, and high mobility, this herbicide results in pollution of different ecosystems. In regard with its toxicity, US Environmental Protection Agency has ranked atrazine in III class. Due to its potential capacity in polluting groundwater, it is highly significant.
Many chemical and physical methods have been introduced to remove this herbicide from soil and water environments; however, these methods involve high expenses and cause the creation of other toxic products. Due to development of the science of interaction between man and nature, nowadays biological treatment is uniquely significant. Biological treatment is a process in which microorganisms are utilized to convert and decompose pollutants existing in the environment.
Biodegradation is economically and environmentally the best approach to remove long-standing pollutants from the environment. Nowadays, genetic engineering extensively utilizes local or modified microorganisms in treating the environments polluted with pesticides. Finally, in order to further utilize this green technology, it is necessary to specify the soil properties and also conduct ecotoxicological studies in order to identify the capacity of local microorganisms of water and soil.

Composting is one of the pistachio wastes management methods. In the appropriate compost production nutrients and heavy metals are determinant. The aim of this study is survey the effect of pistachio wastes composting process with different treatments on the concentration of heavy metals.
In this study, during the 60-day pistachio wastes composting process with two treatments of dewatered sewage sludge and cow manure, pH, EC, carbon to nitrogen ratio, Heavy metals and nutrients indicators were studied. The results were compared with WHO and Iranian National standard. Drawing the diagrams by Excel software (Version 2007) and Statistical analysis was performed by Spss Software (version 20) at a significance level of 0.005.
During the 60-day composting pH initially had downward trend and then increased. The Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and C/N ratio had downward trend and the EC, Na, K had increasing trend. Eventually, Iron, zinc, copper and manganese were less than the standard, Sodium was in Standard range and potassium was more than specified standards in the produced compost from pistachios waste with both treatments.
The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals and nutrients in the produced compost with both treatments were in the acceptable range. Eventually quality of produced compost with cow manure treatment due to better decomposition and greater stability was better than processed compost with dewatered sewage sludge treatment.

Carwash are industries that consume large amounts of water and results wastewater that have different type of pollutents(detergents, oil and grease, metals, etc.). Enough treatment of carwash wastewater is important and could be protect surface and ground water. Therefore, in this study ozonation process was used for carwash wastewater that generated from washing the cars in Yazd.
The study was conducted on a laboratory scale. Samples were collected from a carwash unit. In a cylindrical pilot packed reactor (with height=1 m and internal diameter=5 cm) with plastic bed, removal rate of COD and anionic surfactants determined by method digestion and Standard chloroform extraction, respectively during the ozonation process with Two Ozone doses (0.7 and 1.1 mg per minute), 3 reaction time ( 30, 60 and 90 minute) and three pH (7, 9 and 11) were used.
The results showed that removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants increases with increasing pH and reaction time. At pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 1.1 mg/min, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants was %68.57 and %77.71, respectively.
The results showed that the ozonation process in packed bed rector has significant ability to remove COD and anionic surfactants from carwash wastewater. But this process alone cannot remove organic content of carwash wastewater completely. The ozonation process can be combined with other methods as appropriate and safe method for treating carwash wastewater.

Requiring industries for implementing industrial waste management programs and planning for proper waste disposal is essential in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, industrial waste management program was done in Kavir Steel Complex, in Aran va Bidgol region to identify and classify industrial waste and also to present solutions for improving waste management. In this complex, production process is hot rolling steel and the product is rebar.
Material and The preset study was conducted in Kavir Steel Complex. Following survey of production process and sources of waste, the type and volume of produced waste were identified and measured during 3 months. Then, the classification of wastes was done according to the Bazel Convention and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and finally new industrial & health solid waste management program was presented.
Considering the volume, industrial waste of production process in Kavir Steel Complex was between 130 to 180 grams per each ton of rebar. Main industrial waste included oxide of steel billet, industrial sludge, used oil and lubricant which were classified according to the RCRA: 8 materials with T code, 1 with C code, 5 with I code and 3 materials with C code.
The results revealed that the most amount of industrial waste in Kavir Steel Complex is the waste of steel billet and industrial sludge, and more than 90% of Kavir steel industrial waste were reused and recycled inside or outside of this complex. It is recommended that used oil to be transport and maintain in the safe containers.

Predicting municipal solid waste generation has an important role in solid waste management. The aim of this study was to predict municipal solid waste generation in Isfahan through time series method and system dynamics modeling.
Verified data of solid waste generation was collected from Waste Management Organization and population information was collected from the National Statistics Center, Iran for the period 1996-2011. Next, the effect of factors on solid waste generation such as population, urbanization, gross domestic product was investigated. Moreover, the relationship between each of these factors was identified using generalized estimating equation model. Finally, the quantity of the solid waste generated in Isfahan city was predicted using system dynamics modeling by Vensim software and time series method by ARMA technique.
It was found that population and gross domestic product have a significant relationship with the amount of solid waste with P value 0.026 and 0 respectively. The annual average of municipal solid waste generation would be 1501.4 ton/day in 2021 estimated by the time series method and 1436 ton/day estimated by the system dynamics modeling. In addition, average annual growth rate achieved was 3.44%.
According to the results obtained, population and gross domestic product have a significant effect on MSW generation. Municipal solid waste generation will increase in future. Increasing solid waste is not the same in different areas and methods. The prediction of the time series method by ARMA technique gives precise results compared with other methods.

Background and Among the numerous chemicals utilized in agriculture, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used to control weeds. This herbicide is considered as a carcinogen and high toxic pollutant which is very difficult to remove due to its biological and chemical stability. This study aimed at photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D using indium oxide nanoparticles in the presence of ultraviolet light.
This study was carried out in bench scale and batch system. The effect of operating parameters such as pH (2-11), contact time (5-240 min), catalyst dose (0.1-2 g/l) and initial concentration of herbicide (5-40 m/l) on the efficiency of the process were studied. The experimental data were fitted to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
Increasing the pH and initial concentration of herbicide led to reduced efficiency while increasing the contact time and catalyst dose increased the efficiency. The best result (70% efficiency) was achieved at pH 3, 1 g/l catalyst dose, 120 min contact time, and 5 mg/l initial concentration. The process data well followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.915).
The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process using indium oxide nanoparticles in the presence of ultraviolet light have a relatively good efficiency in removing 2,4-D.

Considering the important role of industry in polluting the environment, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance of chemical coagulation together with advanced oxidation (peroxone) regarding dye wastewater treatment of appliance factories. This study was experimental, which it’s pilot-scale was conducted on the wastewater of the painting appliance Factory. The sample was selected via the combined sampling procedure. The processes used in the present study consisted of chemical coagulation and advanced oxidation (peroxone) processes and 250 samples were analyzed. MgCl2, PAC and FeCl3, Bentonite, Cationic Polymer were used for chemical coagulation. The used equipments consisted of Spectrophotometer DR 2000, Jar taste and a ozonation reactor. COD and dye of samples were measured according to standard method. The results revealed that each of the coagulants in its optimal pH were able to arrange the magnesium chloride 86.85%, poly aluminum chloride 88.47% and ferric chloride 85.41% in removal of COD. Poly aluminum chloride achieved the highest dye removal 90.92%. Furthermore, the highest COD removal efficiency was related to the combination of magnesium chloride (1.4 mg/l), poly aluminum chloride (0.6 mg/l) and cationic polymers (0.4 mg/l) with an efficiency of 89.11%, which managed to remove the dye up to 93.38%. COD removal efficiency reached to 99.67% using advanced oxidation process by peroxone method on pretreated wastewater (with chemical coagulation). For better performance of peroxone treatment, the wastewater should be pretreated for removal of dissolved solids. As a result, due to its suspension status of using peroxone method together chemical coagulation has a high capability to remove COD and dye from appliance Factore, s wastewater.

One of the most important factors for disease risk is the undesirable health condition of the houses. The dark, damp and unsanitary house exposes residents to TB. As the housing status is crucial in establishing the conditions for the transmission of TB, this study was designed to survey the situation of housing environmental health of tuberculosis patients in Yazd on transmission of communicable diseases according to World Health Organization standards in 2010. In this descriptive study, the housing status of all TB patients of Yazd in 86 cases were collected through a questionnaire survey, observation, and measurement. Results showed that the houses in 22.1 % of cases were made of adobe and mud, 3.55% having average density of room, 50% of houses had insufficient natural light, 54.7 % had unfavorable natural ventilation, and 26.7 %, inadequate heating appliances. Also 32.6 % of the floor, 32.6 % of the walls, 37.2 % of the ceilings, 22.1 % of the sewage disposal, 12.8 % of drinking water, 20.9% of garbage collection, 11.6% of keeping-pet places, and 20.9% of waste disposal were in unhealthy conditions. In addition, 2.3% of these houses lacked toilet and 7% lacked bathroom. Comparing the housing condition of people with TB via the existing standards, the status is assessed as unfavorable. Thus improvement of the tuberculosis condition calls for the education programs to inform people of such disadvantages. Also the attention of housing stakeholders and relevant agencies should be drawn to help low-income people.

Cadmium is a heavy metal with high toxicity and is best known as a carcinogen element. For protecting human health and environment it is necessary to remove excess Cadmium from industrial wastewater before discharging it to surface and ground water. In this study the efficiency of Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles in Cadmium removal from aqueous solution was evaluated. This is a laboratory experimental study. Adsorption tests were performed in a batch reactor in a laboratory scale using zinc oxide nanoparticles and the effect of initial cadmium concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time on the removal efficiency was studied. Theresidual cadmium concentration in the solutionwas determined using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy Varian AA20 made in Australia. Finally for designing graphs, we used Excel software. The results indicated that the adsorption process is affected by different parameters such as initial pollutant concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time and Cadmiumremoval efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing initial concentration of Cadmium. Therefore, it is observed that by raising the initial Cadmium concentration, the adsorption rate increases. The maximum efficiency of adsorptionin pH=7amounted to 89.6%. It is concluded that Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have proper efficiency in removal of Cadmium from aqueous solutions and can be used in the treatment of wastewater that contains ion Cadmium. However, its efficiency is deeply dependent on ion strength and the interaction of other metals in wastewater.

One of the main problems in composting in Iran is a production of leachate in high volume. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of municipal solid waste composting leachate from different stages of Isfahan composting plant.

This descriptive study was performed to determine the chemical quality of leachate samples from different stages of the composting process, in the 4 season and was done monthly as grab sampling. Leachate flow measurements were carried out at the site. Chemical parameters including pH, COD, TSS, EC, ammonia, phosphorus and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cr) from 4 ports (Receiving hall, Shredding, Press and fermentation site) was analyzed.

The composting plant average flow was 0.4L/s that the maximum and the minimum flow were measured 1.2 and 0.2 L/s respectively. Effluent flow of receiving hall, Shredding, Press and fermentation site was measured 0.04, 0.08, 0.08 and 0.3 L/s respectively. The average COD concentration of leachate from receiving hall, Shredding, Press and fermentation site was 39864, 104643, 29898, 119592 and 99660 mg/l respectively.

The maximum flow and organic pollution load of leachate originates from fermentation site. The minimum of mentioned parameters and the maximum of heavy metals were measured in the Shredding part. Source separation and waste recycling is the most important way to reduce the production of leachate.

Wet air oxidation process is one of the advanced oxidation processes for reducing toxic organic matter in industrial wastewater and solid waste leachate treatment. The purpose of this study is to use a catalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide for improving the removal efficiency of the organic matter. In this study, the effect of operational parameters such as temperature (100–300 °C), residence time (30-90 min) and hydrogen peroxide volume (1-5 mL-1) in the pressure 10 bars with combination of absorption process on GAC, PAC, PAC/Cl2, and GAC/Fe were considered. The air as main oxidant and various volumes of H2O2 were used to improve the organic material oxidation. The removal efficiency of GAC, PAC, PAC/Cl2 at temperature 300 °C, and activated carbon concentration 2 g/l were 43.4%, 38.9%, and 33.6% respectively. COD removal efficiency in the GAC adsorption process in 3 g/L activated carbon was, 45.2%, and GAC/Fe catalytic process was increase to 64.7%. The GAC/Fe catalyst process had higher efficiency than other absorbents for the organic matter oxidation in leachate.

Treatment of toxic organic compounds is one of the major applications of the Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) processes. The process can be defined as the oxidation of substances, either in the form of solutions or suspensions, with the use of an oxidant (oxygen or air) at elevated pressure and temperature. The aim of this paper was to study of Catalytic Wet Oxidation (CWAO) with hydrogen peroxide to improve removal efficiency of organic matter and ammonia mainly produced in Isfahan composting factory leachate. The experiment was carried out by adding 1.5 Lit pretreated leachate sample to 3 Lit autoclave reactor. Four parameters are considered: pressure (8–12 bar); temperature (100–300 °C); retention time (30–90 min); H2O2 (1–5 mL/L).The highest removal efficiencies of COD and BOD were achieved at 300°C; approximately 44% and 48% were destroyed, respectively. On the other hand, highest ammonium removal efficiency was achieved at 100 °C in which approximately 63.8% was removed. The efficiency of aqueous phase oxidation can be largely improved by the use of H2O2 as catalyst. Therefore, catalytic wet oxidation would provide an environmentally attractive option for control of organic and toxic wastes problems. Temperature was found to be the most important control variable of the wet oxidation process of leachate.

Using natural methods such as constructed wetland is one of the methods for municipal wastewater treatment that has the capacity of reducing costs of treatment and improving environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of sub-surface constructed wetland in wastewater treatment in Yazd. This is an experimental study aimed of to determine the efficacy of sub-surface constructed wetland for the removal of COD، BOD5، TSS، PO4-P، NH3-N، NO3-N، Total coli form and Fecal coli form Parameters. For this two reactors were constructed as pilot with retention time for 4 days. Within 2 months، samples were taken from the input and output reactors according to standard methods and were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS ver 11. 5 and Excel 2003. The results showed that the removal efficiency of COD، BOD5، TSS، PO4-P، NH3-N، NO3-N، Total coli form and Fecal coli form Parameters in Cyperus Alternifolius was 74، 73، 84، 40، 36، 33، 70 and 38% respectively، and in control wetland was 44، 34، 77، 15، 0. 3، 1، 17 and 26% respectively. According to the findings، sub-surface constructed wetland has high efficiency in removing organic matter and solids and can be used، in Iran، for agriculture and irrigation. Also this plant has a high efficiency in removing nutrients and total Coli forms and fecal Coli forms. However more studies can be done on the effectiveness of this method to remove nutrients، heavy metals، parasites، parasite eggs and Intestinal virus.