نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 56، خرداد و تیر 1395)

In Islam, cleanliness is accounted as the precondition of much worship. In many cases, it is considered as an act of worship and recommended ritual. This cleanliness can be investigated from the individual and social dimensions. Thus, we can discuss about the link between worship and individual/ social health. So that according to Quran and Tradition one of prophet's commissions was sanitation and cleanliness of clothes, body, food, and other aspects of human lives. This continues to the point that Islam accounts cleanliness as faith in a general rule. This issue is completely evident in relation with prayers, immersion, etc. The present study targets at investigating the link between individual /social cleanliness and worship. It can be said that, these concepts of Quran mean both inward and outward health. For example, some verses indicate that healthy foods should be consumed or moreover, Muslims are asked not to pray when drunk and also to avoid eating murrain since it is accounted as unhealthy and unsanitary. In Islamic Traditions, great emphasis has been put on cleanliness and its relation to faith. For instance, the famous quotation of the holy prophet that says: "cleanliness (and hygiene) is part of faith." This indicates that human's faith is not complete without considering health issues. Paying attention to different types of obligatory and recommended immersions as well as ablution shows the importance of cleanliness in Islam. Consequently, cleanliness is the main component of health and one can not be healthy without observing it. Therefore, a person cannot be pious while disregarding the principles of cleanliness.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, it’s prevalence is very high and is increasing recently. In this study, in addition to determining type II diabetes related factors, we compared the generalized linear and generalized linear mixed models.
Data is related to research project to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of diabetes in adults aged 30 years and older in the province of Yazd. In this study, 2,795 people were screened with a blood glucose test for diabetes. We for data analysis by the mixed logistic and ordinary logistic regression used the R software.
In this study ,four variables of family history of diabetes, age, body mass index and waist circumference to hip circumference were significant in both models (p-value The use of generalized linear mixed models lead to more accurate results and prevents underestimated standard error of the coefficients.

Carwash are industries that consume large amounts of water and results wastewater that have different type of pollutents(detergents, oil and grease, metals, etc.). Enough treatment of carwash wastewater is important and could be protect surface and ground water. Therefore, in this study ozonation process was used for carwash wastewater that generated from washing the cars in Yazd.
The study was conducted on a laboratory scale. Samples were collected from a carwash unit. In a cylindrical pilot packed reactor (with height=1 m and internal diameter=5 cm) with plastic bed, removal rate of COD and anionic surfactants determined by method digestion and Standard chloroform extraction, respectively during the ozonation process with Two Ozone doses (0.7 and 1.1 mg per minute), 3 reaction time ( 30, 60 and 90 minute) and three pH (7, 9 and 11) were used.
The results showed that removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants increases with increasing pH and reaction time. At pH =11 and after a reaction time of 90 minutes for an ozone dose of 1.1 mg/min, removal efficiency of COD and anionic surfactants was %68.57 and %77.71, respectively.
The results showed that the ozonation process in packed bed rector has significant ability to remove COD and anionic surfactants from carwash wastewater. But this process alone cannot remove organic content of carwash wastewater completely. The ozonation process can be combined with other methods as appropriate and safe method for treating carwash wastewater.

The importance of attention to social health among women is an obvious case and supporting the Family Health, society and environment are as important as, preparing social health of women is an inevitable case. Determining of the social health condition and its correlation between life satisfaction and social health is the basic object of this research.
The present research was survey cross- sectional study. The population of this study included all Women 18-60 years old, the city of Yazd in 2014. The sample size was determined based on Cochran formula 288 and was used with Probability Proportionate to Size Sampling (PPS). Data based on Keyes social health (1998) and life satisfaction Diener et al (1985) standard questionnaire were collected.
Pearson correlation coefficient between life satisfaction and social health are: social integration (r=0.215), Social participation (r=0.176), social acceptance (r=0.311), Social actualization (r=0.175), Social solidarity (r=0.213) that are statistically significant.
The results show that there is significant and direct correlation between life satisfaction and social health and with the increase in life satisfaction, social health increases.

Osteoporosis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problem and a metabolic bone disorder that normally is without sign and is shown with fragile bone in the absence of prevention and treatment. This study was aimed to determine social variables affected the health belief model in adopting preventive behaviors of osteoporosis.
This descriptive study was carried out on 278 women referring to 6 health Centers of Yazd city with random sampling. Data collection was using a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software including Kruskall Wallis, Dunn Tests, Mann Whitney, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression.
Among the osteoporosis preventive behaviors, the most frequency was related to non smoking actions or exposure to cigarette and the lowest frequency was related to regular physical activity during every weeks. According to spearman's correlation coefficient, it was occurred a direct significant correlation between knowledge, perceived benefits, practical guide, self efficacy and preventive behaviors of women. In addition, a reverse significant correlation was occurred between perceived barrier and women's behavior (P according to the results, the presentation of suitable educational program with emphasize on promotion of knowledge and upgrade of HBM's level in addition increasing barriers in the context of diseases such as osteoporosis by staff of health centers is suggested.

Today, water pipe smoking is widespread in the world that can lead to death of million individuals. This study aimed to determine the predictors of nicotine dependence among women water pipe consumers in Bushehr in 2013-2014.
In this cross-sectional (descriptive and analytical) study, 430 women water pipe smokers were selected via simple sampling and snowball methods. A structured interview was conducted on 20 women water pipe consumers in order to design a researcher-made questionnaire via appropriate statistical tests. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.
The overall mean and standard deviation scores for nicotine dependence were 36.73±13.57 and 40.71±12.63, respectively. The highest and the lowest score were related to nicotine dependence and perceived behavioral control, respectively. All constructs explained water pipe dependence behavior except instrumental attitude and subjective norm. In fact, self-efficacy and affective attitude were introduced as the strongest and the weakest predictors respectively.
Regarding unfavorable status of nicotine dependence behavior among water pipe consumer women, intervention programs are recommended in order to enhance the self-efficacy in decreasing this behavior, decrease appropriate affection to water pipe and decrease descriptive norm among these women.

Whereas Tuberculosis is outcome of poverty and poverty is outcome of ignorance and ignorance is the most important index of cultural weakness, this study was aimed to design and evaluate health educational planregarding to tuberculosis disease in patients 's family members in Zabol.
This study was interventional – semi experimental (before and after).study population includepatients 's family membersin summer 2010, 95 person. Research tool was a questionnaire designed as to assess knowledge, attitude and performance in relation with tuberculosis disease which consists of 27 questions: 20, 9 and 14 questions regarding to knowledge, attitude and performance respectively. Education was performed through lecture and face to face education. Collecteddata analyzed by SPSS software 18 using statistical tests such as independent t-test, paired t-test one-way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
Mean of knowledge score of participants in before of education was 9.93 that it increased to 17.42after education (p Effective educational plan can increase the level of knowledge, attitude and performance of community about various diseases and then it leads to community’s health promotion. Therefore health authorities and planners can promote community health through educational plans and knowledge improvement.

Self-care is one of the important aspects of treatment in Multiple Sclerosis. So, regarding the necessity of attention to facts, and the determinants of one behavior for the purpose of maximizing the effect of interventional program, the study was conducted aimed to determining self-care status of Multiple Sclerosis and related factors to these behaviors based on the health belief model.
The design of the study was descriptive correlational. One hundred and twenty patients were selected by simple random sampling from patients who were the member of MS assembly of Yazd. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire which evaluated factors related to self-care behaviors in MS disease which was included the patient's perception of the signs and constructs of health belief model and self-care behaviors. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation, ANOVA, t-test, Spearman correlation, and multiple regression analysis in SPSS software 20.
On average, participants performed 51.47 percent of self-care behaviors. Among different fields of self-care behaviors, the use of small weights for the decrease in ataxia and shake hands and feet, devoted regular time to urination, and the performance of proper exercises were of less frequency. The predictive power of perceived severity and cues to action was significant and the perceived severity was the strongest predictor. Meanwhile, all the constructs of health belief model predicted 9.8 percent changes in the self-care behaviors.
With regard to the fact that the most important factors related to the self-care were identified perceived severity and cues to action, it is essential to be emphasized more on perceived severity and cues to action intervention programs. In other words, with regard to the low predictive power of health belief model, it is recommended to be used of other models in next studies.

Anemia is regarded as a public health problem worldwide, specifically among children. Therefore, this study, which sought to determine the factors associated with anemia, aimed to assess the association between anemia and demographic factors in children aged 7-12 years old in Yazd.
In this cross-sectional study, 390 elementary schools students aged 7-12 years in Yazd were selected randomly by multistage cluster sampling. In addition, the inclusion criteria involved only the healthy students and the girls whose their menstrual cycles had started were excluded. demographic information was collected by applying questionnaire and their height and weight were measured. Anemia is defined as Hb level below 11.5 g/dL, and risk for anemia was defined as Hb level between 11.5-13.5. Serum ferritin below 15 g/dl was defined as severe anemia or iron deficiency.
Anemia was reported in 1.3% of the children; though 51.5% of children were demonstrated to be at risk of anemia. In addition, 9.1% of children had severe anemia. Among the studied demographic factors, age and gender were significantly associated with anemia, so 7-8 year children as well as the female students had a higher prevalence of anemia.
The study findings revealed that more than half of Yazdi adolescents had anemia or were at risk of anemia. High prevalence of anemia in girls before the onset of menstrual cycles demonda to be prominently taken into account.

Holding true premarital counseling courses helps to couples to acquire the necessary knowledge in the field of reproductive health issues. The aim of this study was determination of effect of pre-marriage counseling on knowledge and attitudes couple in Yazd.
This was an semi experimental and pre and post study In which 200 couples participating in premarital counseling courses were selected randomly. Finally, the data were analysed by SPSS18 software and t-test and ANOVA statistical tests.
The data showen that couples before attending in counseling courses have acquired respectively 37.6% and 48.1% and after training respectively 65.1% and 57.6% from knowledge and attitude scores. Also mean score of knowledge and attitude according to sex, education level and occupation were statistically significant (P≤0.05).
Considering to small change of attitude couples, it is suggested after counseling classes are given the opportunity into couple that express your questions privately. Also to achieve a relatively stable behavior in young couples and promoting their health levels, must besides holding training courses before marriage, pay more attention to the quality of these courses.

By appropriate method can be recycled more than 95 percent effluent backwashing the filter. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process on turbidity and suspended solids removal from backwash effluent of rapid sand filter of water treatment plants No 1 in Karaj.
This bench-scale experimental study was carried out on the samples of backwash effluent in a batch system. The Plexiglas tank with a volume of 4 liters, containing of 4 plate electrodes made of aluminum and iron was connected to a direct current power supply. Samples every 15 minutes to measure turbidity and suspended solids collected in the middle of the reactor and examined. Effect of several parameters such as current density, reaction time and voltage were studied. The total number of samples tested were 48. Turbidity and total suspended solids was measured by nephlometry and gravimetric method, respectively.
The highest removal efficiency of turbidity and suspended solids in reaction time of 60 minutes, current density of 2 mA and a voltage of 45 mV was observed. The highest removal efficiency of turbidity in aluminum and iron electrodes were 96.83 and 83.77 %, respectively. Also The highest removal efficiency of suspended solids were 96.73 and 86.22 %, respectively.
The results showed that electro- coagulation process can be a good choice to remove turbidity and suspended from backwash of rapid sand filter. Aluminum electrode efficiency in the removal of turbidity and suspended solids was greater than the iron electrode.

Although bacterial plaque is regarded as the major cause of periodontitis, the role of smoking as an important risk factor has been established in the progression of periodontal disease. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate knowledge and attitude of patients with periodontitis concerning effects of smoking on periodontal health.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 patients with periodontitis, aged between 18-74 years, were selected via convenience sampling out of patients referred to Periodontology Department of Shahid Sadoughi Dental Faculty and Khatam Alanbia professional clinic of Yazd. The study data were collected using a questionnaire, which were then analyzed by SPSS software (ver. 17) applying Chi-square, T-test and ANOVA statistical tests.
The mean total scores of patient's knowledge and attitude in regard with smoking effect on periodontal health were reported 86.7±18.4 and 48.1±7.3, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between knowledge and attitude with student's educational level. In the present study, 42% of smokers tried to quit smoking at least once, among which 14.3% of cases occured due to oral and dental health as well as consultation with dentists.
The study findings showed despite patient's good knowledge concerning the effect of smoking on periodontal health, their attitude was reported moderate. Patient's moderate attitude can be mentioned as the main reason of continuing smoking despite their good knowledge. Moreover, dentists were demonstrated to have a negligible role with respect to patient's awareness in this regard.

Metabolic syndrome is considered as a risk factor for many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The syndrome is caused by such factors as poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic predisposition, while higher muscle strength levels are associated with a lower metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the response of some cardiovascular risk factors in females with metabolic syndrome after 10 weeks of resistance training (RT).
In this study, 26 postmenopausal sedentary women without any diseases participated, who were selected via voluntary purposive sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The subjects participated in anthropometric tests, including height, waist and hip ratios, weight, subcutaneous fat and blood sampling. The experimental group performed the RT for 3sessions in 10weeks with 40 to 50 percent of maximum repetition.
The study results suggested that after 10 weeks of RT in the experimental group, weight (p The findings of the present study revealed that a regular resistance training program could improve the cardiovascular risk factor in females with metabolic syndrome. However, the effective mechanisms in improving metabolic syndrome symptoms subsequent to exercise are not clearly recognized yet.

Introdction: Patulin is a dangerous toxin produced by various fungi. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate adsorption of Patulin by nanocellulose conjugated with Poly-guanine in contaminated apple juice.
Firstly, nanocellulose was synthesized, and then it was bonded to poly-guanine by a cross-linker. Then, concentration serial of Patulin was prepared in the apple juice, conjugated nanoparticles were added to them, and all were incubated at 37 ºC. After incubation, the Patulin concentration was measured by HPLC, and finally the adsorption percentage was calculated for each tube. Regarding molecular simulation, the initial structures of Patulin and nanocellulose conjugated with Poly-guanine were inserted into Hyperchem software, and their intermolecular energy was calculated during 50 picoseconds.
The results of the present study demonstrated that there was a significant direct correlation between the initial concentration of Patulin and the adsorption percentage of toxin. In addition, the adsorption maximum was reported 70±5 %, and the intermolecular energy between two structures was -20.3 Kcal/mol based on the computational simulation.
It can be concluded that nanocellulose conjugated with Poly-guanine seems to be a good adsorbent for Patulin, which is demanded to be used in the future studies in regard with its application.

a retarded child is considered as a perishing pressure on the parents, hence, teaching these mothers is very important. One of the useful tasks to do for this, is teaching self-encouragement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-encouragement on resilience and optimism of mothers with mental retardation.
The method was semi-experimental, pretest-posttest with a control group. The sample group included 24 mothers from Yazd city in 1393-94 with mentally retarded children volunteering (non-randomly) for the study and finally divided into control and experimental groups (fifteen people each). The resilience and optimism of the participants were assessed using CD-RISK Connor-Davidson’s resilience questionnaire and life orientation test LOT, respectively LOT and the experiment group was instructed the self-encouragement program for 1 sessions.
Covariance analysis MANCOVA, ANCOVA in SPSS (ver. 22) of the data showed that the educational sessions had significant effect on resilience and optimism of the experimental group (p Accordingly, it can be concluded that teaching self-encouragement can lead to more resilience and optimism.

Introdution: Among disorders that severely affect the health and quality of life as a result of chronic diseases such as cancer. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after skin cancer. Due to the growth of breast cancer, the present study investigated the relationship between quality of life and life expectancy in patients with breast cancer was included.
The research design was descriptive - correlational.In this study, 80 women with breast cancer to chemotherapy referring physician specialty Oncology A randomly chosen and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) and Schneider hope to complete the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson tests.
By using Pearson correlation test and p.value = 0.01 CI 95% r = 0.288 It can be said that a significant positive correlation exists between quality of life and life expectancy of patients with breast cancer.
The higher life expectancy, quality of life will be better and vice versa.The ability to predict the life expectancy of a better life there.

This was a quasi-experimental study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of consumption of sports drinks with sugary solution on the level of lactic acid of male students of Yazd University and comparing it with simple sugar drink.
For this purpose, 10 male students of physical education from Yazd University (mean age 19/35폾ꫬ, height 171/25�睲, weight average 63/1 7 kg) were selected on a voluntary basis. volunteered and then put them in one group. The Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was performed. The test was performed three times with an interval of 48 hours. In this double-blind study, the participants consumed sports drinks (Dynamin), plain sugar solution or placebo 40 minutes before the anaerobic exercise. To analyze the data dependent t-test was used.
The results showed that consuming sports drinks compared with the placebo and plain sugar solution had a meaningful decrease in the level of lactic acid.
In general, it seems that consuming sports drinks (Daynamin) might decrease the level of lactic acid during anaerobic activities and it could be recommended for those kind of activities.

Wheat is the most important crops and bread made from in Iranian diet, which contamination of wheat and flour storage in adverse environmental conditions can lead to contamination with toxic fungi particularly aflatoxin producing fungi. The aim of current study was to determine the frequency and type of fungal contaminants in the distributed flours in Yazd bakeries.
In this cross-sectional study, 80 bakerie's flour samples and 20 flour samples of flour producer factories were collected. After measuring their moisture, dilutions from 10-2 to 10-6 of flour samples were cultivated on Saboraud dextrose agar plates and by enumeration of isolated colonies, their genus and species were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics such as average and Chi square test. Differences were considered statistically signifi­cant when P A total of 2223 fungal colonies from 11 different genus and species were isolated and identified from samples of flour that only 7% showed fungal contaminations more than allowable cut off points. Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger were the most prevalent and Alternaria, Vertisillium, Rhizopus and Fouma showed minimum contamination in studied flour samples in present study.
Results of present study compared with other similar studies indicating a fairly favorable situation in terms of fungal contaminations in the distributed flour in Yazd bakeries.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sexual desire, and intimacy with the depression symptoms and marital satisfaction in 3 month- 2 year postpartum women in Mahshahr.
Methods In this correlational cross-sectional study, 107 women participated who referred to health centers of Mahshahr (Iran) with their babies aged three months to two years. The study sample was selected via convenience sampling method, who were required to complete the libido (SIDI), intimacy (PAIR), depression (CES-D) questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation and multivariate regression.
As the study results indicated, a negative relationship was detected between intimacy and sexuality with the depressive symptoms (P≤0.01), whereas a positive relationship was observed between intimacy and sexual and marital satisfaction (P≤0.01). In addition, intimacy and sexuality variables were proved to be significant predictors for postpartum depression symptoms and marital satisfaction obtained after delivery. Depression symptoms explained 62% of the variation, and marital satisfaction explained 63% of depression symptoms.
The findings of the present study demonstrated that after birth when childbirth creates some changes in the lives of couples, and women's marital satisfaction and emotional mood may be affected, couples can use intimacy and sexuality in order to predict depression and marital satisfaction.