اعظم کرمی

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide, providing staple food for people globally. Counting maize tassels provides essential information about yield prediction, growth status, and plant phenotyping, but traditional manual approaches are expensive and time-consuming. Recent developments in technology, including high-resolution RGB imagery acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and advanced machine-learning techniques such as deep learning (DL), have been used to analyze genotypes, phenotypes, and crops.In this study, we modified the YOLOv5s single-stage object detection technique based on a deep convolutional neural network and named it MYOLOv5s. We incorporated BottleneckCSP structures, Hardswish activation function, and two-dimensional spatial dropout layers to increase tassel detection accuracy and reduce overfitting. Our method's performance was compared with three state-of-the-art algorithms: Tasselnetv2+, RetinaNet, and Faster R-CNN. The results obtained from our proposed method demonstrate the effectiveness of MYOLOv5s in detecting and counting maize tassels. 

The High-Intensity Phenotyping Site (HIPS) dataset was collected from the large field at the Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE) of Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA during the 2020 growing season. A Sony Alpha 7R-III RGB camera mounted on a UAV at a 20m altitude captured high-resolution orthophotos with a pixel resolution of 0.25 cm. The dataset consisted of two replications of 22 entries each for hybrids and inbreds, planted on May 12 using a two-row segment plot layout with a plant population of 30,000 per acre. The hybrids and inbreds in this dataset had varying flowering dates, ranging from 20 days between the first and last variety.This article uses orthophotos taken on July 20th and 24th to train and test the proposed deep network "MYOLOv5s." These orthophotos were divided into 15 images (3670×2150) and then cropped to obtain 150 images (608 × 2048) for each date. Three modifications were applied to the original YOLOv5s to form MYOLOv5s: BottleneckCSP structures were added to the neck part of the YOLOv5s, replacing some C3 modules; two-dimensional spatial dropout layers were used in the defect layer; and the Hardswish activation function was utilized in the convolution structures. These modifications improved tassel detection accuracy. MYOLOv5s was implemented in the Pytorch framework, and the Adam algorithm was applied to optimize it. Hyper-parameters such as the number of epochs, batch size, and learning rates were also optimized to increase tassel detection accuracy.

In this study, we first compared the original and modified YOLOv5s techniques, and our results show that MYOLOv5s improved tassel detection accuracy by approximately 2.80%. We then compared MYOLOv5s performance to the counting-based approach TasselNetv2+ and two detection-based techniques: Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet. Our results demonstrated the superiority of MYOLOv5s in terms of both accuracy and inference time. The proposed method achieved an AP value of 95.30% and an RMSE of 1.9% at 84 FPS, making it about 1.4 times faster than the other techniques. Additionally, MYOLOv5s correctly detected the highest number of maize tassels and showed at least a 17.64% improvement in AP value compared to Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet, respectively. Furthermore, our technique had the lowest false positive and false negative values. The regression plots show that MYOLOv5s provided slightly higher fidelity counts than other methods.Finally, we investigated the effect of score values on the performance of detection-based models and calculated the optimal values of hyperparameters.

The MYOLOv5s technique outperformed other state-of-the-art models in detecting maize tassels, achieving the highest precision, recall, and average precision (AP) values.The MYOLOv5s method had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value in the error counting metric, demonstrating its accuracy in detecting and counting maize tassels.We evaluated the correlation between predicted and ground-truth values of maize tassels using the R2 score, and for the MYOLOv5s method, the R2 score was approximately 99.28%, indicating a strong correlation between predicted and actual values.The MYOLOv5s method performed exceptionally well in detecting tassels, even in highly overlapping areas. It accurately distinguished and detected tassels, regardless of their proximity or overlap with other objects.When compared to the counting-based approach TasselNetv2+, our proposed MYOLOv5s method showed faster inference times. This suggests that the MYOLOv5s method is computationally efficient while maintaining accurate tassel detection capabilities.

Panicle counts (PC) provide valuable information about yield prediction in sorghum but are expensive and time-consuming to acquire via traditional manual approaches. In this thesis, high-resolution RGB imagery acquired by UAVs has been used. The proposed method based on task-aware spatial disentanglement (TSD) has been modified to improve the performance of panicle detection. TSDPC has high accuracy in comparison to state-of-the-art techniques such as CenterNet and RepPoints.

Estimating crop yields and examining growth trends in different species of a crop in precision agriculture is very important for researchers and agricultural experts. In this article, a new technique based on one-stage objection detection called GP-YOLOv5 for automatic tassel detection in the UAV images of a large maize field at different growing stages and flowering date estimation is presented. Because of the existing small number of tassels in the early stages of growth, GP-GAN is used to augment the training data. After that, the hyperparameters of the YOLOv5 are optimized to increase the tassel detection accuracy. Plant counting using CenterNet in the early stage of growth is calculated to determine the flowering date. Finally, well-known interpolation and prediction algorithms are used to estimate the flowering date. The proposed method is compared with two state-of-the-art methods based on detection “CenterNet” and regression “TasselNetv2+” technique for tassel counting. The average accuracy of GP-YOLOv5 for tassel detection is around 96.81 % and for the CenterNet method, it is around 81.78 %, which indicates that the accuracy of the proposed method is higher than the CenterNet technique.

Recently, small object recognition based on deep learning techniques has gained particular attention in many practical applications and is challenging because small objects have low resolution and do not contain detailed information.  In this article, a new two-stage detector based on detecting objects with recursive feature pyramid and switchable atrous convolution (DetectoRS) has been introduced to find small and important defects such as loose nut-bolts and missing-nut in power transmission lines (PTL). The architecture of DetectoRS was necessarily modified. The proposed technique which is called DRSPTL, the Cascade R-CNN with ResNext-101 is used to increase the accuracy of small defect detection. In this work, high-resolution RGB images are captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) imaging PTL from Tehran, Kerman, Shiraz, Isfahan, and Ahwaz regional electric companies, Iran. The training and test datasets from the captured faulty images are created from annotation by experts. To construct the training dataset, nearly eighty percent of the whole set of faulty images were selected and labeled. The performance of the proposed method with two state-of-the-art object detection techniques RetinaNet and RepPoints has been compared. DRSPTL has the highest small defect detection accuracy. It is noteworthy that the obtained results could significantly reduce the time and cost of electric power companies by detecting the defects automatically and preventing the occurrence of many power outages.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by increased levels of glucose. Ginseng has been used to control the diabetes for many years ago. This study investigated the effect of Panax ginseng extract on histomorphometric changes on brachial plexus region of spinal cord in 20 days fetuses of diabetic rats.
Material & 16 rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract, diabetic control and diabetic recipient of the extract. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in diabetic groups and all groups became pregnant. During pregnancy, recipient of the extract groups received ginseng extract every day. On the 20th day of pregnancy, the mothers were anesthetized, and the fetuses were obtained. Brachial region of the spinal cord with vertebral column separated after using the techniques of histology, some histological factors were measured. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan statistical tests (P≤0.05).
A significant difference was observed in the transverse and vertical diameter of central canal of the spinal cord in brachial plexus region of fetuses in diabetic control group than non-diabetic groups (P≤0.05). A significant reduction was observed in height of ependymal cells and cell count of gray matter of spinal cord in diabetic control group than other groups (P≤0.05).
Extract of Panax ginseng can control hyperglycemia and manage diabetes on spinal cord in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes by increasing β-cells stimulation and increasing insulin production.

Butterfly is one of the oldest and the most bizarre of Iranian office,which combining its features with the elements of the butterfly, as a symbol of love and affection, causes difficulties in the literary field and Contrary to what seems supposedly, the Safavids have boosted this office than any other government. because the foundation of the Safavid government is based on pure surrender and devotion and a relationship between the ruler and the citizen who relied on religious and Sufi thoughts. The authors intend to study the role of Safavid in improving the position of the butterfly through the historical and literary studies of this position and its alignment with the literary texts of each period. Evidence of this research is based on the study of important historical and literary texts of each period and is extracted by analytical-descriptive method and historical order, and the study result is explained by drawing separate graphs. Studies indicate that although the Mongol attack and the influence of foreign words have led to lexical changes in this position, the concept and nature of the butterfly position have the same name and characteristics and the first function has been the same all along the history and in the deep religious relationship between king and Sufis with the abundance of butterfly elements in the literary works of the Safavid era, there has been a significant relationship that has promoted the status of this position and strengthened the symbol of the butterfly in poetry and literary works.

Gestational diabetes is a variable amount of glucose intolerance initially diagnosed or diagnosed during pregnancy and can induce developmental disorders in different parts of CNS. We investigated effect of extract of Panax ginseng on histomorphometric changes oncerebrum and cerebellum in 14 d offspring'srat from diabetic mothers. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract, diabetic control and diabetic recipient of the extract. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in diabetic groups and all 4 groups became pregnant. During pregnancy, recipient of the extract groups received ginseng extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight every day. Overall, 14 d of normal delivery; offsprings were anesthetized. The cerebrum and cerebellum were removed by cutting the skull. After using the techniques of histology, some histological factors were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan statistical tests (P≤0. 05). A significant reduction was observed in gray matter thickness and cell count of cerebrum and white matter cell count of cerebellum in diabetic control group than non-diabetic groups (P≤0. 05). Moreover, a significant reduction was observed in white matter cell count of cerebrum in diabetic control group than other groups (P≤0. 01). Extract of P. ginseng could control hyperglycemia and manage diabetes on the cerebrum and cerebellum disorders in offsprings of mothers with gestational diabetes by increasing β-cells stimulation and increase insulin production.

Gestational diabetes induces developmental disorders in different parts of CNS and can change dimensions of the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. Different species of ginseng have been used for many years to control diabetes. This study investigated effect of extract of Panax ginseng on histomorphometric changes on cerebrum and cerebellum in 14 days offsprings rat from diabetic mothers.
16 rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract, diabetic control and diabetic recipient of the extract. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in diabetic groups and all 4 groups became pregnant. During pregnancy, recipient of the extract groups received ginseng extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight every day. 14 days of normal delivery; offsprings were anesthetized. The cerebrum and cerebellum was removed by cutting the skull. After the using the techniques of histology, Thickness of gray matter, thickness of white matter, the number of cells in the gray matter in 1 mm2, the number of cells in white matter in 1 mm2, the ratio of gray matter to white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum), molecular layer thickness of cerebrum in gray matter, purkinje cell thickness in gray matter in cerebellum were measured. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan statistical tests (P≤0.05).
A significant reduction was observed in thickness and cell count of gray matter of cerebrum and cell count of white matter of cerebellum in diabetic control group than non-diabetic groups (control and recipient of the extract groups) (P≤0.05). Also a significant reduction was observed in cell count of white matter of cerebrum in diabetic control group than other groups (non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract and diabetic recipient of the extract groups) (P≤0.05).
Extract of Panax ginseng can control hyperglycemia and reduce disorders on the cerebrum and cerebellum in offsprings of mothers with gestational diabetes by increasing insulin production, inhibition of insulin resistance, increasing β-cells stimulation and reduction of blood sugar. So this plant can be offered as a suitable option for making a medicine to combat gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes is a variable amount of glucose intolerance initially diagnosed or diagnosed during pregnancy and can induce developmental disorders in different parts of CNS. We investigated the effect of extract of Panax ginseng on histomorphometric changes oncerebrum and cerebellum in 14 d offspring'srat from diabetic mothers. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract, diabetic control and diabetic recipient of the extract. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in diabetic groups and all 4 groups became pregnant. During the pregnancy, recipient of the extract groups received Ginseng extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight every day. Overall, 14 d of normal delivery; offspring's were anesthetized. The cerebrum and cerebellum were removed by cutting the skull. After using the techniques of histology, some histological factors were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan statistical tests. A significant reduction was observed in gray matter thickness and cell count of cerebrum and white matter cell count of cerebellum in diabetic control group than non-diabetic groups (P≤0. 05). In addition, a significant reduction was observed in white matter cell count of cerebrum in diabetic control group than other groups (P≤0. 05). Extract of P. ginseng could control hyperglycemia and manage diabetes on the cerebrum and cerebellum disorders in offspring's of mothers with gestational diabetes by increasing β-cells stimulation and increase insulin production.

Chironmidae is one of the zoo-ecological unique group in the aquatic ecosystem. These insects are among the frequent larvae in shallow areas of the lakes, pools and road which has a dense cover of aquatic plants. This study was conducted to identify the Chironomidae living in Jajrood stream. Sampling programmed seasonally for four selected station (Qeshm, Saeed Abad, Khojir and Pakdasht) by dredge in three replications for each station in 2015. Samples were transferred in ethanol 70% to the laboratory. In the laboratory, larvae were separated from other substrate elements, after calcifying the samples, they were permanently fixed. Identification was done by use of available keys to genus level. The result showed that four genus Chironomus, Diamesa, Pseudodiamesa belonged to sub-family Chironominae, Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae were collected from Jajrood.

Gestational diabetes induces developmental disorders in different parts of CNS including the spinal cord. This study investigated effect of extract of Panax ginseng on histomorphometric changes on lumbo-sacral region of the spinal cord in 18 days fetuses rat from diabetic mothers.16 rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic control, non-diabetic recipient of the extract, diabetic control and diabetic recipient of the extract. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in diabetic groups and all 4 groups became pregnant. During pregnancy, recipient of the extract groups received ginseng extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight every day. On the 18th day of pregnancy, the mother of four groups of rats, were anesthetized, and the fetuses were obtained. In order to do histomorphometric study, lumbo-sacral region of the spinal cord separated and after the using the techniques of histology, some histological factors were measured. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software and ANOVA and Duncan statistical tests (P≤0.05). A significant reduction was observed in the transverse diameter of the spinal cord and the number of cells in gray and white matter of the spinal cord in diabetic control group than other groups in 18 days fetuses (P≤0.05). Also a significant increase was observed in vertical diameter of central canal of the spinal cord in diabetic control group than diabetic groups in 18 days fetuses (P≤0.05). Extract of Panax ginseng can control hyperglycemia and manage diabetes on the lumbo-sacral spinal disorders in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes by increasing insulin production.

Chironmidae is one of the zoo-ecological unique group in the aquatic ecosystem. These insects are among the frequent larvae in shallow areas of the lakes, pools and road which has a dense cover of aquatic plants. This study was conducted to identify the Chironomidae living in Hablehrood stream. Sampling programmed seasonally for four selected pilots (Zarrindasht, Simindasht, KHomadeh and Enzaha) by dredge in three replications for each pilot in 2015. Samples were transferred in ethanol 70% to the laboratory. In the laboratory, larvae were separated from other substrate elements, after calcifying the samples, they were permanently fixed. Identification was done by use of available keys to genus level. The result showed that three genus hironomus, Polypedilum and Stritochironomus belonged to sub-family Chironominae were collected from Hablehrood.

Despite the significant role of macroinvertebrates، they have not received enough attention in running water ecosystems of Iran. Behesht-e Gomshodeh is one of the most important localities among Protected Areas in Fars Province. The river that originates from the mountains of this area is connected to the Kor River and flows to the Dorudzan Reservoir. This paper presents the results of a study on macrozoobenthos of the Behesht-e Gomshodeh River. Sampling was performed during winter and spring 2012 at three sampling sites. A total of 25 families have been identified، and class Insecta (especially، order Ephemeroptera) had the most variety. In overall، the number of identified taxa in spring was more than winter. The greatest taxon richness (17 families) and more number of sensitive taxa were found at site 1، while the lowest taxon richness (11 families) and more resistant taxa to pollutants were shown at the site 3. Therefore، site 1 could be considered as a more sensitive place.

Chironomidae (Diptera) which are distributed worldwide، are the most abundant and diverse insects in many freshwater ecosystems، as well as inland waters of Iran. However، very few researches were done for identification of this group in Iran، and there is a poor knowledge of their faunal diversity distribution in this country. To investigate chironomid larvae in Marbor river، Isfahan Province، seasonal samplings were done (2003-2004) in five selected sites along the river course، using Dredge sampler 3 times for every site. After collecting، the samples were preserved in formaldehyde at the site. Samples were sorted out in laboratory and the Chironomidae larvae were identified down to the generic level using the identification keys، and light and phase-contrast microscopes. Results revealed 39 genera from four subfamilies in Marbor River: Chironominae (15 genera)، Diamesinae (2 genera)، Orthocladiinae (17 genera) and Tanypodinae (5 genera). From these، 13 genera were reported for the first time in Iran. An identification key for the taxon in Marbor river was provided.

Zone 7 is located in the central area of Tehran, with population 310,184 and 1,536,800 m2 area; green space per capita 3.85 assigned to the District in Tehran’s master plan. Therefore, that is clearly different with Tehran (9.13 m square) per person and per capita acceptable to the metropolitans in Iran (18 m). This study is based on analytical - descriptive methods, with emphasis on its applied aspect while tried to To compensate per capita green lands must be evaluated the value of land for green space, by using parameters like access to residential centers, schools, cultural, commercial, health and civil facilities, abundant lands and physical factors such as climate, geology, water resources, topography. Then, locational data were transferred to GIS to making new informational files. After that, in order to making pattern of each index based on their values in locating green space, the Expert Choice software was weighted. The results of combining information layers had been categorized region’s land to select and develop green spaces. Then, these lands had been compared and evaluated with the land use resulted map. Finally, it had been determined the lands with three zones: adequate space, unsuitable and medium categories. So, based on results, we supposed the most desirable land for the estabilishment of new green space.

The purpose of this study was to compare marital satisfaction in parents of children with trainable intellectual disability deprived of and benefiting from educational-financial rehabilitation services. A descriptive-analytical study was conducted through the census method. 240 parents of the aforementioned children were selected through random sampling in Khorramabad. The ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical tests (mean, SD), inferential tests (one-way ANOVA and follow-up tests). Overall, the results showed a significant difference between the parental marital satisfaction of the group of children benefiting from and those deprived of financial & educational rehabilitation services (p=0.039). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the group that had received educational services only, as compared to that which had not received any services at all (p=0.031). Provision of educational-financial services improves marital satisfaction in parents of ‘trainable mentally retarded children’.