الهام انیسی

The nature of nursing activities requires that people perform the assigned tasks with great job motivation and interest. The current study was designed with the aim of explaining the concept, characteristics, events and consequences of career motivation in the field of nursing with the Rogers approach.

In this study, Rogers' evolutionary approach was used and the keywords "Work Motivation", "Job motivation", "Career motivation" and "Nursing motivation" were used in the internal and external databases of PubMed, SCOPUS, Science. Direct, WILEY, SID and Iranmedex were searched. The analysis of the text of the articles was done by the method of thematic and inductive analysis. In this study, in the first stage, 1403 articles were searched without removing the overlap. By screening the title, abstract and removing overlap, 253 articles remained. A further 205 articles were excluded using guiding questions. Of the remaining 48 studies at this stage, 30 were in the non-nursing field and 18 were in the nursing field that were selected for analysis.

Job characteristics of nurses include 8 characteristics (willingness to overcome career obstacles, internal potential to achieve the organization's goals, individual's willingness to strive towards goals, means of creating a positive and efficient work environment …) were identified. The incidents include 10 incidents (job independence and self-efficacy, valuing nurses' skills, effective work and team communication, nurses' participation in the decision-making process, continuous training to enrich the job …) were classified. Job outcomes included 8 outcomes (improving the quality of work of nurses, increasing the quality of patient care, increasing the level of health of individuals and society …).

Improving the work motivation of nurses can improve the quality of work, increase productivity, increase patient safety, increase the level of community health, good team spirit, team communication and more effective work, reduce job burnout, and lower the desire to leave the job.

Disputes are inseparable part of complicated cycles of international long-term construction contracts which deal with huge financial and human resources. How to deal with disputes and settle them is more crucial. A new trend in applying the specialized dispute boards for settlement of the disputes has emerged in international construction contracts in recent years. In times of disputes, these boards decide that the issued decision is binding on the parties based on FIDIC Conditions. However, there is no enforcement mechanism when failure to comply with such a decision occurs, and the procedure thereof is also unclear. These kinds of decisions are mostly regarded as contractual obligations and there is not enough supporting judicial opinion to uphold them seriously. Recently, the High Court and the Court of Appeal in Singapore have enforced binding but not final Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) decisions. In Singapore, these judicial awards make it clear how the term of reference to DAB could be interpreted. The procedure might be a useful guideline for other courts and arbitral tribunals which are dealing with the enforcement of DAB decisions in different countries as a challenging issue. This study tries to uphold the view that since the binding but not final DAB Decisions could be enforced through the interim awards by a court, a fortiori, the binding and final ones could be regarded as arbitral awards and enforced as final arbitral awards. It is also argued that recognition and enforcement of FIDIC DAB decisions could to some useful extent guarantee the cash flow and financial efficiency of construction projects. Finally, the guarantees for the failure in the enforcement of decisions are debated.

Oil Contracts such as many other international commercial contracts are so complex. There are many subsidiaries in relation to an international construction contract.. Disputes are inseparable part of almost all international long term construction contracts which deal with huge financial and human resources. It is more vital how to deal with disputes and solve them. Suspension or any stop in project works would definitely affect other subcontracts. There is new trend for resolving disputes out of courts by the way of ADRs. These techniques need to be regulated to guarantee the enforcement of the outcomes. Conciliation is one the ADR techniques. It will be argued that how the current regulations in Iran legal system might be harmonized by international conciliation rules. By the way of these updates the decision of a conciliator could be enforced as a judicial award . This approach could to some useful extend guarantee the cash flow and financial efficiency of construction projects in long term contracts.

The rules and regulations related to the Contract Laws are developing progressively. It is so in many countries and communities. The “Principles of European Contract Law”, the “Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law” and the “Draft Common Frame of Reference” are good examples in this respect. In Germany the reform of contract law, which had started in 1970, finally adapted after 30 years in 2001. In France the reform codified in particular a number of principles that have emerged in th e case law. After a decade of discussion, French Contract Law has finally been reformed by the way of an ordinance published on the 11th of February 2016 and came in to force on October 2016. The objectives of reform are notably the simplification for economic welfare, omitting the code clauses which are less effective, modernization and ultimately attractiveness of French Contract Law as wholly emerged in the case law by courts. Main aspects of reform are related to the extension of good faith to cover the negotiation and the conclusion of the contract, duty to inform, transparency, giving effect to unilateral promises to enter into a specified contract, revocation of promise, promise and option contract.The civil code of Iran is now 80 years old and many of its articles need to be amended. Iranian contract law is very similar to its French equivalent.

Nausea and vomiting are the most common side-effects of chemotherapy. Today, complementary and alternative medicine, such as music therapy, is used beside standard cancer treatments to control these side-effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of music therapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
A single-blind randomized clinical trial study was done on 60 gastrointestinal cancer patients. Patients were randomly divided in two groups; control and music therapy. Patients in music therapy group were required to listen to quiet music for 45 minutes when receiving nausea-inducing chemotherapy drug (for gastric and esophagus cancer in 4th day and for colorectal cancer in 3rd day) in addition to the routine care. Control group just received routine care to control nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting were assessed by Rhodes questionnaire before and 24 hours after intervention. Data were analyzed with SPSS (Version 24 software using T-test and the Chi-square.
Comparing to control group, nausea score was significantly reduced in music therapy group (p=0.01) while the rate of vomiting did not show any significant difference between two groups (p=0.42) (CI=%95).
Music therapy as a complementary and alternative medicine improves acute phase of chemotherapy-induced nausea in cancer patients, thus music therapy is recommended beside standard treatments to reduce nausea in gastrointestinal cancers patients.

In international construction contracts, in which huge financial, technical and human resources are needed, it is vital to solve all disputes at the site of project immediately. Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) of the International Federation of Consulting Engineers or FIDIC which has been in use for a long time, particularly in the US, has remarkable success in avoiding prolonged arbitration or litigation. Board members are nominated by consensus at the time when the parties to the contract are focused on the agreement. They are independent with particular technical expertise appropriate to the contract. DAB is completely different from FIDIC’S old model construction contracts. DAB is close to arbitration and the enforcement of their decisions is almost similar. This is why legal evaluation of DAB’s decisions seems to be very important. There is no international convention for the enforcement of DAB decisions yet. However, finding ways to enforce them can accelerate the development of DAB in international contracts. Here the 1958 New York Convention as the most applicable and famous in the field of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards can assist us in the procedure of evaluation and enforceability of those decisions. This article aims to study the development of DAB in one introduction, three main parts and a conclusion. Part One will show what a DAB is and discusses different kinds of DAB. Enforcement of DAB decisions will be looked at in Part Two. Finally, Part Three will review the possibility of applying the 1958 New York Convention to DAB decision. The Conclusion will follow with concluding remarks.