فهرست مطالب الهام شکرزاده

Landslides are catastrophic and widespread, causing significant damage in many parts of the world (Hawk et al., 676: 2019; Rossi et al., 3: 2019). Massive landslides cause natural and external active factors, including natural geological factors (lithology or soil type, structural cohesion, shear strength of materials, groundwater conditions and its effect), slope geometry ( Slope, direction, height and curvature) and land or ground cover as well as external factors that generally cause landslides include rainfall, seismicity and human activities such as construction activities and soil preparation for agriculture in mountainous areas (Surbi And Farrokhnia, 36: 2018). Nir County, in terms of the special situation of the region, such as topography (having a mountainous face), steep slope, the presence of loose and unstable surface materials on resistant formations and climatic conditions (especially due to spring rains and snowmelt in spring) from It has a high potential for landslides and the most accident-prone area in the province is landslides.

In this study, first the factors affecting landslides (including: slope, elevation, lithology, land use, soil, precipitation, distance through communication, distance from waterway and distance from fault), according to the natural and human conditions of the region. Was identified. In the next step, information layers related to each of the factors were prepared in the geographic information system environment. The information layers of Mizan curved lines, communication channels and waterway network were obtained by digitization from the topographic map of the city with a scale of 1: 50,000 and the slope and slope layers were prepared using a digital height model. The object-oriented classification and algorithm algorithm were then classified in the Ecognition software, and the results of the classification of users in the present study, both in terms of single-use and in terms of total accuracy and statistics, are acceptable (greater than 85%), is related to the information produced. In order to prepare the soil map, the soil map of Ardabil province with a scale of 1: 50,000 has been used. The city rainfall map was prepared using meteorological and rain gauge station data and by obtaining the equation of Gradian precipitation P = 0.224 H-83.54) and also the use of altitude digital model.

In order to further document the validity of landslide potential zoning maps using ANP and MABAC methods, an attempt has been made in this section. According to the established criteria. Definitely adapting these standardized scores to the actual values recorded from the criteria obtained according to the digital maps will give a more tangible understanding of the result of the significant contribution. According to the table for the study of high-risk pixels, high-risk areas are mainly on the slope of 20 to 35 percent, and in this amount of slope, surface and generally fine materials that are prone to slip by absorbing water and increasing moisture to They reach a flooding level and begin to move as the shear stresses and material ruptures in the range increase. The study of land use criteria also indicates that agricultural and rangeland use has the highest percentage of risky areas, which due to non-compliance with crop rotation, cultivation on sloping lands and increasing soil moisture through irrigation and infiltration. Giving more water to the ground is acceptable. In addition, local people, by over-grazing their livestock in pastures, are destroying vegetation and accelerating the landslide process after torrential rains. Also, the high-risk lands introduced by the research method show that the high-risk lands are relatively close to the road, river and fault. In this regard, it can be said that the road factor has a very important role in creating slippery movements due to the overlap and removal of the heel of the slope and the change in the slope of the slopes. Because most road construction activities in the city (especially in rural and nomadic areas) are unprincipled and without regard to engineering principles, the construction of roads on the one hand due to the creation of trenches and weight change due to excavation and soil Lowering, overlapping the domain and destroying the domain support leads to landslides.

In this study, the risk of landslides in Nir County., using a combination of ANP and MABAC methods, has been investigated. The results of the study showed that land use factors, lithology, elevation and slope classes with the values of 0.152, 0.151, 0.13 and 0.132, respectively, had the highest weight coefficient and according to the study of the role and The importance of each of the factors involved in the formation of the landslide and also the results of using the final research and analysis method using the MACAC method, as one of the multi-criteria decision analysis methods, are 14.05 and 25.52%, respectively. Studies are on very high-risk and high-risk classes. Due to the landslide zoning plan of Nayr city, very high-risk and high-risk areas are mainly on the slope of 20 to 35%. It can also be said that the results of this study indicate the high power of Nir County in terms of the occurrence of sliding movements.

Landslide are main risks in mountainous areas. Aghlaghan chay watershed by having mountain face and the geological, lithologic and climate conditions is sustainable for the production of flood hazard. These phenomena every year causing damage to lives and property in residential areas, road destruction and widespread creation and filling of reservoir sediment and riverbed sediment is Yamchi dam. The purpose of this study is generating Landslide hazard zonation. In this study, the first, we investigated ten Landslide risk factors in the region. These factors are: slope, aspect, lithology, distance from roads, distance from drainage, distance from fault, and distance from residential, rainfall, landuse, soil. Then data layers were prepared by GIS. The value of investments and standard benchmark map was combined in Edrisi software with Fuzzy method. Then, using hierarchical analysis method factors examined for paired comparison and weighting factors of each factor that expression of their mount effec tonthe calculated Expert choice software. Analysis and Modeling was performed by Using the ELECTERE as one of the methods multi-criteria decision analysis. According to the results, Slope, rainfall and lithology, highest value allocated to Landslide in Aghlaghan chay watershed. Nir and Bozdaghi sub water shade, with 15-30 percent slopes, precipitation about 350-550 mm, the weathered hard rock as bedrock which is overlain by soft formation materials, have very high potential for the landslide hazard. All to over according to the study results, Aghlaghan chay basin have very high potential for the landslide hazard event. Therefore, conservation measures, watershed and basin management studies are warrented.

  Pea plants are grown in hot and arid and semi arid weather conditions in cold areas in spring and autumn in the tropics. Iran is the fourth largest producer of peas in the world after India, Turkey and Pakistan. Despite the high-yielding cultivars development, weather is one of the most important determinants of the plant's performance. In this study, with the use of meteorological data, physiographic regions favorable for the cultivation of pea in Ardabil are identified. Collecting of data in this study is as follows. 1- Collecting climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation in the Province Ardabil during the period 1988 to 2013. 2- The preparation of topographic map with a scale of 1: 50,000 of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization. 3- Preparation maps of slope, elevation 4- Preparing soil maps and land use 5- Preparation of physiographic and climatic zonation map of pea cultivation of combining all data using AHP. In this study, each of the data after a review of the valuation methods were studied in GIS environment and the combination of the following options, criteria and sub-criteria, the final map was prepared. Precipitation play an important role in maintaining moisture and water requirement of pea. In this study, the amount of precipitation was used in the weather stations in April, May, June and July. Temperature is one of the decisive factors in the geography of plants and garden areas. Climatic factors such as: the distribution of the amount of rainfall during the growing of peas, average minimum temperature, germination, flowering temperature, temperature and relative humidity during their growth and climate elements by analyzing the data was about 37 percent very suitable, 21 percent suitable, 20 percent average and 22 percent was unsuitable for the cultivation of peas. Physiographic data played a significant role and is a limiting factor during the growing season of pea. The results of physiographic maps show that about 55 percent very suitable, 25 percent fair and 20 percent is unsuitable for cultivation of pea.
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of physiographic and climatic elements in the cultivation of pea, each of them prepared in different forms and was weighted, and results of zoning pea cultivation in this Province are as follows.
1. The areas are very suitable for cultivation of peas, plain and south of the cities of Ardabil is Meshkinshahr that is consistent with agricultural areas and there are no limitations for pea and constitute about 18 percent of Ardabil Province.
2. The regions in terms of Pea has the perfect conditions surrounding cities of Khalkhal and Sareyn, Kowsar and central areas of the city, Nir, northeast and constitute Meshkinshahr cities. A major constraint in the areas of water requirements and minimum temperature that is about 45 percent of the total area of the province.
3-Areas that slope, soil depth, elevation, temperature fluctuations are considered a major factor in limiting Pea-are the northern and southern areas and around the city Meshkinshahr form and about 27 percent of the total area of the province.
4-The areas of the Ardabil province due to the mountainous area, cold air and a lack of proper soil horizon with severe limitation is facing the possibility of planting about 12 percent of the Province Ardabil. In addition to the fact that peas are cultivated as human and animal food, the cultivation of this plant should be included in the crop pattern due to the contribution of soil fertility as one of the components of sustainable agricultural systems.
The final results show that:1- Among the main criteria, 0.603 climate, topography, 0.245, 0.114 soil and land use 0.038 higher priority on locating the pea are grown.
2-The results show consistency index criteria, all criteria are used with consistency index less than 0.1