امیر محمدنژاد

Food security is one of the main conditions for the realization of national security and one of important functions of agricultural development. Therefore, the aim of this study is the study of the impact of agricultural development and other macroeconomic variables on food security and its sub-indicators (access to food, economic ability to buy food, and food health) in 64 developing countries. For this purpose, the panel data methods, and the data of developing countries in the period 1996-2016 are been used. The results show that agricultural development (the increase in agricultural value added) enhances food security through improving access to food. The GDP have a positive effect on food security so that all three dimensions of food security improved by increasing income. Rising prices will reduce food security by reducing access to food and reducing purchasing power.The urbanization has different effects on the different dimensions of food security but overall reduces food security. 

This study concerns with calculation of Iran''s bilateral trade costs and major influential factors on trade volume for three commodity groups including: agricultural، non-agricultural and total. Main finding reveal that over the period 1995-2010 weighted average of trade cost for three commodity groups has declined by 14، 13 and 13. 5 percent، respectively This reduction، however، was greater for UAE، Brazil، Switzerland and China for agricultural commodity and China، UAE and India for other two groups. Also، trade growth Decomposition indicates that income growth and trade cost reduction are main effective factors on trade volume variation with 3، 67، 51 and 97، 33، 49 percent of trade volume variation for three commodity groups، respectively. Hence it''s recommended to pay special attention to trade costs in arrangement of trade relations.

The intellectual and ideological beliefs of managers have a deep effect on the way of their management. The beliefs can be, in longtime, create exclusive organizational culture for the ideology. The Leader of the Faithful Ali(PBUH) during his government, had written statements and letters to his agents, and in those, gave guidances, based on monotheistic values, for ruling in society that their knowledgement and applying, have a remarkable influence on formation of transcendental cultural and growing environment. Thus, extraction the effective factors on formation of mental - cultural environment in islamic organization based on religious teachings, have a specific important that specially available in the Letter 53 of Nahj-Al-Balagheh. The essay, in type, is qualitative research that by means of the content analysis method and through emphasis on the data-based theorization technique have deal with the subject of intellectual-ideological beliefs of managers in the Letter 53 of Nahj-Al-Balagheh to Malek-Ashtar. The results including 14 categories as follow respectively: acquaintance with indisputable Verses of Quran and Tradition, good deeds, lack of abuse in responsibility, obligated to law, faithfulness to pledge, denial of complimentary expressions or acts, avoidance from the lust, change, commitment, effort and stability, lack of instrumental use of religion, willingness to accept responsibility, denial on close friends and relatives abuse, denial of faultfinding and driving away the faultfinders, and avoidance of tattlers.

Either organizations or the structures dominating them are locations where personnel spend one third of their shelf life, and the issue provides the managers and decision-makers of organizations with a unique opportunity to make plentiful efforts to materialize training objectives and consequently pave the road for organizational growth and improvement, and mental elevation of their personnel. This important issue is not possible unless challenges and impediments ahead of training issues in organizations are identified and proper and desirable ground is provided for revelation of moral and notional habits in the framework of revelatory and divine lessons. Therefore, precise identification of the deleterious factors in organizations is the important and fatal duty of the officials of organizations, and they should not ignore those duties. Of course, the issue of training in organizations does not merely belong to a certain department or division, but educational messages andlessons flow inside vessels of organizations like oxygen. Undoubtedly, the issue of training NAJA personnel proportionate with the extent of organization, importance of the existence of organization, variety and nature of missions, penetration range and effectiveness of activities on addressees, atypical operational atmosphere, the organization’s various addressees becomes more important than ever. The present article, while explaining and reviewing the organizational deleterious factors in religious trainings of NAJA personnel deals with the following: weakness of training strategy in the organization, weakness of justice, weakness of encouragement and punishment system in the organization, weakness of organizational culture and weakness of rules and regulations and the deleterious nature of NAJA missions. Finally, the article provides some effective recommendations and solutions for the above-mentioned problems.