فهرست مطالب امیر مقدم

 One of the neurological challenges of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is balance. Different balance tests are used for this purpose. This study aims to measure the association between the scores of common balance tests for patients with MS. 

 In this descriptive retrospective study, participants were 41 patients with MS (27 females and 14 males) with an expanded disability status scale score of 4.5 or less (Mean= 4.02±0.61). The balance tests including Berg balance test (BBS), functional reach test (FRT), activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale, timed up & go (TUG) test, dynamic gait index (DGI), modified Romberg test-open eyes (RMTO), modified Romberg test-closed eyes (RMTC), and dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) were randomly performed in two days with sufficient rest interval between them. Pearson correlation test was used to measure the relationship between their scores. 

 The DGI score had a high and significant correlation with the scores of ABC scale, BBS, and FRT (P<0.001). Also, there was a high and significant correlation between the scores of ABC scale and BBS (P<0.001). The correlation between the scores of BBS and FRT test was also high and significant (P<0.001). 

 The BBS score، as one of the most widely used balance tests in patients with MS and other balance diseases، has a high correlation with the scores of DGI، ABC scale، and FRT. These tests are suggested as supplementary tests for BBS. The findings can help therapists and neurologists to choose valid balance tests at different conditions and levels of MS.

The purpose of the present study is to review an estimation of customer lifetime value (CLV) based on quality of services provided by Mashhad body building gyms. The research method was correlational description and it had an estimation approach. The Research statistical population consisted of those who enrolled in body building gyms in Mashhad for at least 6 months, among whom 384 members were studied in different gyms ranked from 1 to 3 with respect to their cooperation and accessibility. The research instruments consisted of 2 standard questionnaires including Services Quality by Parmason et al. (1985) and Customer Lifetime Value by Vow Vali (2011) which were distributed among the customers in the gyms through a stratified way.  SPSS and LIZREL software programs were used for data analysis. The results showed that by 95% confidence level it can be said that quality of services provided by the gyms can have a significantly positive effect on CLV while no significant correlation was observed between CLV and ranking of the gyms. On the other hand, quality of services and ranking of the gyms have a significant impact on CLV. Therefore, it is recommended to the directors of the gyms to pay more attention to the components which enhance service quality and ranking of their gyms.

In this research, applied in terms of purpose, combined (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of the type of data searchand descriptive-exploratory in terms of the data analysis method, the purpose of designing a model to explain the effective factors on strengthening job motivation in amateur sports coaches of the country with emphasis on Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation - health.

The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research includes 30 people (10 women - 20 men) from university teachers, teachers of federations in sports fields with international and national coaching degrees, and heads of sports associations and committees in a targeted manner and using The snowball method was chosen. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included sports coaches working in sports clubs of municipalities, general administrations of sports and youth and education all over the country. Considering the unlimitedness of the statistical population, the statistical sample was calculated using the multi-stage cluster and simple random sampling method and using the Cochrane relationship formula of 384 people. The research data collection tool in the qualitative part was an in-depth and exploratory interview, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the interview in the qualitative part consisted of 4 factors, 12 components and 78 items based on a five-point Likert scale. To analyze the data and answer the research questions from the methods of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations, Cronbach and Guttman's alpha test to check the reliability of the tool and convergent and divergent validity, Kolmogorov Smirnov test to check the normality of data distribution, exploratory factor analysis test to check and discover Effective factors on job motivation, Friedman's test to rank between the factors effective on job motivation, using Atlas/TI 8 software (in the qualitative part) and in the quantitative part using Lisrel software version 8.8 and SPSS version 20 software. became

Based on the findings of the research, the identified factors effective in strengthening the career motivation of sports coaches, including 4 factors (individual, contextual, organizational, managerialleadership factors) in the form of selective coding, 17 components in the form of axial coding and 78 items ( index) in the form of open coding was the factor.

Among these factors, the organizational factor was the first priority in terms of importance. The obtained model of the research was of good fit

Background and The change in lifestyle in recent decades has led children to change in body composition, while researchers have shown that physical changes can affect cognitive components. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between some body composition features with sustained attention as one of the components of cognitive function in children.
The method of this study was descriptive and correlational. 100 children aged 7 to 9 years were examined via the body composition and continuous visual performance tests. For data analysis, correlation and regression tests were used.
The results showed that there was a significant relationship between fat percentage, body mass index, trunk fat percentage and waist to hip ratio with omission error and reaction time variability (P Based on the results, each body composition characteristics was associated with a specific component of cognitive function. In this regard, the components associated to the reaction time can be considered in relation to the perceptual motor aspect, while the obesity-related components were associated with the performance accuracy. As a result, there appears to be a specific connection between the body composition features and the cognitive control structures.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age and object location on the hand selection in reaching task 120 right-handed children, adolescents and adults were selected as aur as a participant. Handedness was determined by Stanley-corn (1992) handedness Questionnaire. The tasks included lifting, reaching, and making actual use of three different objects. After the participants made 6 attempts, the objects location was changed. Each of the participants had to make 18 attempts. Data were analyzed through Two-way ANOVA and the significant level of 0/05 was used for all statistical analysis. The results showed that there is no significant difference in mean frequency of reaching in right hemi space among children, adolescence and adults (p≥ 0/05). But, there is a significant difference in the mean frequency of reaching in middle line crossing and left hemi space among children, adolescence and adulthood) p≤ 0/05). The results also indicated that, Children, compared with adults and adolescents, used non-preferred hand in middle line crossing and left hemi space in reaching objects. In the same way, adults compared with adolescents, used non-dominant hand when reaching objects in middle left hemi space. So, in childhood, it is probable that the consolidation of the dominant-hand has not been established; in adolescence, however, relying on dominant-hand to do the tasks increases. In adulthood, regarding the object location, tendency of using both hands, dominant- and non-dominant hands, increases.

The position of controlling of hands as well as mental imagery that are two crucial factors in performance and learning motor skills in the brain hemispheres is different. So that the position of controlling the left hand and mental imagery are in the right hemisphere، and the location of controlling the right hand is located in the left hemisphere. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the effects of mental imagery along with physical exercise on the performance and learning of free throw shooting in the two groups with preferred left and right hand. The Method of study was a semi-experimental. For this purpose، 34 with the preferred right (17) and the preferred hand left (17) were selected who had achieved the highest score from the movement imagery questionnaire. Both groups practiced free throw shooting skills during the 3 weeks، each week 5 sessions and each session for 35 minutes. Data analysis was done by using with ANOVA test and t-test. The Results showed that both groups with preferred hand left and right had improved in the performance and learning free throws skill. But there was significant difference in preferred left hand group in performance the free throw shooting skill. This hypothesis has been raised that left handed people، have a more developed right hemisphere and these people have one advantage of a nerve - anatomic in performing tasks such as visual - motor and visual – space tasks. Also، the left handed people are able to make a deep connection between the two hemispheres. In other hands، Left-handed people have high motor and space intelligence so that they can observe pictures better and create them efficiently.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of strength training on electroneurographic indicators of the symmetric member in the upper limb. 30 healthy women without any past damage on the elbow joint, tendons and biceps muscle ligaments were chose and all of them were right handed. They were randomly divided in three groups. Experienced group performed strength training on biceps muscle of the dominant hand and 2 experienced groups did the same exercises on biceps muscle of the non- dominant hand. It was done three times a week for eight weeks. Electromyography (EMG) with the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of biceps muscle of dominant and non-dominant both hands in the pre-test were measured. To analyze the presented information the t-student test was used and the measurement was done in a meaningful level (p≤0.05). The results show that after eight weeks doing exercise in both hands, there is a meaningful increase in MVC and EMG. While in control group there wasn’t any differences. Cross transfer rate equal to the dominant of non-dominant. The unilateral strength training causes increase in EMG, amplitude accretion and decreased latency of M wave in both training and not raining members. The underlying Mechanisms which is responsible for electroneurographic cross transfer may be explained by associational neurons, corpus callosum and parallel processing of the nervous system.

Psychological factors play an important role in increasing physical fitness and success of athletes. Hardiness and self efficacy are considered as important psychological factors in determining the athletes’ success. The goal of the present study was to compare the athletic and non-athletic university students’ psychological hardiness and self efficacy. The method applied in the present study was correlatonal descriptive. The population consisted of all governmental and bojnord Islamic Azad university university students studying in 1390-91. Sample was 677 calculated based on kocran formula and there were 100 athletes and 566 non athletes' among these. The instruments employed in the study included Cobasa psychological hardiness Questionnaire and Bandera's Selfefficacy Scale (GSE). To analyze the data, the researcher applied descriptive statistics, Colmogrov-Smirnov test, the Chi-square test, the t-test to compare the two groups’ mean scores. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups’ mean scores of the independent variable ‘hardiness’ and its dimensions including commitment, challenge, and control in tow athletes and non athletes groups (t=4.99 and p>0.01), (t=2.12 and p>0.05), (t=5.64 and p>0.01), and (t=2.59 and p>0.01). The results also indicated a significant difference in the self-efficacy of the two groups of athletic and non-athletic students (t=8.96 and p>0.01). Increasing diligence resulting from participating in sport activities and controlling the stress resulting from emotional excitement control are considered as the conclusions drawn from the present study.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of computer training, practical and combination on the acquisition and retention on the pattern of movement Soccer kick skill. In this research, 60 people of Nishabour soccer school player with the mean age 12, participated voluntarily and they divided Into four groups: control, computer, practical and combination, and the pre-test the kick skill of learners with both frontal and side imaging camera have been recorded, and grading index were defined by 5 assessor. Again after 18 sessions of training, this skill of learner were evaluated in acquisition’ test, and 72 hours later were evaluated whit the same quality in retention’ test. The obtained data compared by using a mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and t-test were, and by using ANOVA 2*4 and Duncan’s post hoc test, was determined difference. in the acquisition test, improve skill acceptable for all three groups (p≤ 0.05), and the retention test results indicate the superiority of the combination group, the subjects were shot in maintaining continuity of skill (p≤ 0.05). Although doing exercise absolutely computer and practical led to better consequence, doing partical exercise, but do practical exercises with computer training, continuing further maintain this progress was followed.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sources of sport confidence in skilled male and female footsall players. This study was causal-comparative research. Statistical population of this study was all footsall players participating in third category of national Footsall league. The Statistical sample of the study was 222 players (110 men, 112 women) who were selected randomly. Vealey’s SSCQ Questionnaire was used to measure the sources of sport confidence. Data was analyzed by using t-student Independent and Friedman Tests. The results of the study revealed that, there are significant differences on some of sport confidence sources between skilled male and female footsall players. Meaning that female players were better than male players in all of the sport confidence sources except environmental Comfort. There were significant differences between the priorities of confidence sources in skilled male and female footstall players. These differences were in sources of coaches’ leadership, social support and physical self-presentation in terms of sequences but in the reaming sources they were the same. In either grope, Physical/mental preparation was the first priorities and Situational Favorableness was the last priorities respectively. This finding, based on Vealey & Chase’s (2008) revised model of sport confidence is explainable. Sources of sport confidence are influenced by personality and demographic characteristics and cultural and environmental features.

Attention is one of the effective factors when learning and performing motor skills. Focus of attention is a method to increase the efficiency and learning. Previous studies have shown that focus of attention plays an important role in learning and performing motor skills. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of the instruction of far and near external focus of attention on dynamic balance task performance. In this study, sixty male undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, who had taken the general physical education course in the second semester of 1388-89, were assigned randomly in three groups: far external attention group (attention to those signs far from the feet), near external attention group (attention to those signs near the feet) and control group (no attentional instruction). The stabilometer (Biodex) was used to collect the data. Each participant performed three 20-second trials in dynamic balance test. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test. The results showed that far external attention group performed significantly better than control group while near external attention group did not reveal any significant difference compared to the control group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of task difficulty and the effectiveness of attentional instructions (baseline, internal and external) on balance task performance. Recent studies have shown that performer’s focus of attention plays an important role in the performance and learning motor skills, specifically when the task is novel and challenging for the performer. Forty eight students participated in this study and were divided randomly into two groups. Participants in each group performed three 15 balance tasks on a digital stabilimeter under each three conditions; without instructions, internal attentional focus, and external attentional focus. The results indicated that the performance of the difficult task group under external attentional focus was significantly better than other two conditions, while there wasn’t any significant difference in sway index among baseline, external instructions and internal focus conditions in each task group. It means that external focus will be more effective if the task is more challenging for performer. Therefore, the results indicate that the effectiveness of attentional focus as a learning variable depends on the difficulty of task.