امیرسعید صمیمی

Studying the changes in concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, hormones and vitamins can be provided valuable guidance in better understanding of pathophysiological processes, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the vitamin E/selenium and AD3E administrations before insemination on serum concentrations of progesterone, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and, also pregnancy rate after laparoscopic insemination in ewes. In this study, sixty-three 3±0.5 years old ewes and weight of 48±3 kg were selected. The ewes were divided into three groups (n=21). At the time of sponging, ewes were received 5 ml normal saline (control), vitamin E/selenium (treatment 1) and vitamin AD3E (treatment 2). Sheep were synchronized by the long-term protocol using the vaginal sponge of progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Artificial insemination was done by laparoscopic method 50 to 58 hours after sponge removal and eCG injection. Blood samples were collected nine days after insemination. There were no significant differences between control, vitamin E/selenium and AD3E groups in serum concentrations of progesterone, superoxide dismutase and, glutathione peroxidase. Pregnancy rates of control, vitamin E/selenium and AD3E groups were 33.3 and 28.6 and 38.1, respectively that have not significant differences. It seems that the administration of vitamin E/selenium and AD3E compounds should be done according to regional needs and season to obtain optimal results and prevent additional costs and unnecessary stresses.

Gastrointestinal diseases are 50% of the problems and diseases that lead to death in adult horses. According to epidemiological studies, for every 100 horses per year, between 0.9 and 10 horses suffer from colic. The occurrence of colic varies between different farms and even at different times in one farm. The occurrence of colic seems to be strongly influenced by the level of quality of herd management and horse maintenance throughout the year. This means that variation in the rate of occurrence originates more from management than from the breed of horses. Various factors such as breed, age, sex, history, nutrition, activities, infectious and parasitic problems and dental problems can increase the risk of colic in horses. For example, Arabian horses have been identified as predisposed to colic, and other Heidegger breeds such as the Thoroughbred and Warmblad, and standard-range horses, are at high risk for colic. In addition, stallions, especially castrated stallions, are more susceptible to colic. Changes in the type of concentrate consumed, the type of other feeds, the quality of forage and pasture are closely related to colic and their causative agents. Intestinal parasites, especially tapeworms and streptococci, are important risk factors for colic that can increase the risk.

Acute-phase proteins (APPs) may be increased due to different stresses during estrus phase in farm animals.

Determining changes of APPs at different phases of non-synchronized estrous cycle group (NSEG), and Ovsynch-synchronized estrous cycle group (SEG) in Holstein cows.

Twelve non-pregnant clinically and paraclinicaly healthy Holstein cows with a body condition score (BCS) of 2.75 and 70 days in milk were chosen. Two groups including NSEG and SEG were performed. Blood sampling was carried out from NSEG at the time of diestrus, proestrus, and estrus. In SEG, blood sampling was performed on day 7 (at the time of prostaglandin injection, equivalent diestrus), day 9 (at the time of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection, equivalent proestrus), and day 10 (at the time of insemination, equivalent estrus) of synchronization protocol. Concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and fibrinogen (Fib) were measured.

Concentration of Hp at estrus phase was significantly higher compared with diestrus (P=0.001) and proestrus (P=0.019) in NSEG. Moreover, Hp level in the NSEG was significantly higher than SEG at estrus phase (P=0.002). Concentrations of SAA, Cp, and Fib had no significant differences during various phases of estrous cycle in each group or between equivalent phases of both groups.

It seems that unlike SAA, Fib, and Cp, concentrations of Hp may be affected by different phases of estrous cycle. Although APPs are not specific indicators, their changes besides other clinical and paraclinical indices may be helpful for more accurate heat detection in dairy cows.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is part of the outer cell wall structure of gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the short and long-term effects of LPS-induced endotoxemia from Escherichia coli O55:B5 on mice sperm indices. Thirty apparently healthy and sexually mature male NMRI mice aged 2 months and weighing averagely 27-31 gr were used in this study. Mices divided in to two groups of 15 mices; the control group and experimental group were received 0.1 steril normal sailin and 6750 µg kg-1 BW LPS by IP injection, respectively. Epididimal sperm sample were obtained from both testes of five cases in each group at 3, 30 and 60 day after induced endotoxemia. In experiment group, all sperm indices at 3rd and 30th day were significantly decreased in comparsion with the control group and the maximum reduction was seen after three day from induced endotoxemia (P

The importance of serum concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones in metabolic process have been emphasized since old days. Aim of this study is to investigate the analysis of serum concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones and the correlation between them during lactation, pregnancy and dry periods in Saanen goats. A total of twenty female adult Saanen goats at age of 3 years with a body condition score of 3.5 (in the beginning of experiment) and average weight of 30.2±2.20 kg were selected. The animals were reared under the same management conditions and definite feeding program (according to their maintenance and physiologic demands). The whole duration of the study was divided into three periods including dry (non-pregnant) period, four-month single pregnancy (at the end of the fourth month) and lactating period. Serum concentrations of cortisol were increased and those of thyroid hormones were decreased significantly (p

Oral disorders can negatively influence the health and productive efficiency of livestock. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence for soft tissue, jawbone and dental disorders of small ruminants in South of Iran and analyze the effect of risk factors including age, sex, species, breed, diet, herd size, herd management and diet on these disorders. Data were analyzed by 95% confidence interval for prevalence index of oral disorders. To evaluate the associations between suggested risk factors and oral disorders, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. Based on our results, clinical disorders of tooth, jawbone and soft tissue were observed in 523 (39%), 123 (9.2%) and 81 (6%) subjects, respectively, of 1342 sheep and goats. Several factors including age, sex, herd management and diet were significantly associated with disorders of oral cavity in sheep and goats. The odds of oral diseases increased as the age of animals increased. Moreover, Pakistani goats were more likely than Saanen breed to develop oral disorders. In logistic regression analysis of dental disorder, females had 1.7 times higher risk than males. The odds of traditional herds and roughage diet were 3.5 and 2.5 times more than dairy herds and roughage-concentrate diets in tooth disorders, respectively. Therefore, it is important to inform the herders that choosing the proper breed and maintaining a young flock as well as good management and diet can decrease costs and improve economic efficiency.

Myiasis is defined as dipterous larvae infestation of tissues and organs in vertebrates. Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis is one of the facultative ectoparasites which causes myiasis in soft tissues of animals and humans. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report describing oral cavity myiasis with osteolysis by S. haemorrhoidalis in sheep.
A 1-year-old fat-tailed sheep with a history of anorexia, oral cavity ulcers, progressive emaciation and depression was referred to the veterinary hospital of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Necrotic ulcers and gingivitis with diphtheritic membrane, mobility and displacement of mandibular teeth, multiple deep holes around the anterior teeth in both jaws with severe malodor and large numbers of dipterous larvae were detected in the oral cavity examination. Discontinuity of bones and osteolysis of mandible and maxilla were seen in radiographic survey. Based on microscopic study of larvae morphologic characteristics (including three vertical and straight posterior spiracles and opened peritremes in the lateral surface of last posterior segment) and comparing with standard diagnostic keys, the parasites were identified as S. haemorrhoidalis larvae in parasitological examination. According to this report and considering the significant economic losses caused by myiasis, it is important to train the farmers to avoid the conditions resulting in wounds and prevent animal myiasis.

Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) is a relatively-new syndrome in the horse and is characterized by inflammation and edema of the small intestine, excessive fluid secretion and large volume reflux of fluids into the jejunum, duodenum and stomach. This report describes the clinical and paraclinical findings of DPJ in a Dareshuri horse.
A 6-year-old Dareshuri mare with a history of depression, anorexia, bruxism, acute and sudden onset of colic, sweating, severe muscular tremor and ataxia was referred to the veterinary clinic. Vital signs of abnormalities included fever, increased respiratory and heart rate, hyperemic mucous membrane and increased capillary refill time (CRT). Dyspnea and lack of gastrointestinal sound (ileus) were detected on physical examination. Severe and intermittent fluid reflux from the stomach (a malodorous, green and turbid liquid, pH=7), with a volume of about three liters each time was observed during the four-day nasogastric intubation. A decrease in abdominal pain and heart rate was seen following the intubation. Hematological and biochemical findings showed signs of acute inflammation and toxemia in the mare. The exact cause of this syndrome is still unknown. Considering that there are no accurate statistics relating to the exact incidence and economic impact of DPJ in Iran, it is necessary for equine veterinary practitioners to be more accurate in determining the exact cause of this syndrome in horses presenting colic, and publish their findings.

Lucilia sericata is one of the facultative parasites which cause myiasis in animals and rarely in humans as an ectoparasite. Infestation in humans and domestic herbivorous animals occurs in wounds which was causes itching and inflammation. We report on a 4-year-old goat from Kerman, with signs of anorexia, progressive emaciation, decreasing mental clearness, and coma. From the wounds of her oral cavity, many live larvae were removed. The larvae proved to be L. sericata. This present report is the first report of oral myasis with osteolysis caused by L. sericata in goat.

Hypocalcaemia as one of the most important ovine metabolic diseases occurs during late gestation and early lactation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of experimentally induced hypocalcemia on serum biochemical, enzymatic and electrolyte changes.

Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution (4.6 %) was intravenously infused to 5 healthy sheep (experimental group). Meanwhile, 5 healthy sheep received 0.9% saline solution (IV) and kept at similar condition as control group. In both groups serum was collected before and after EDTA infusion at different time points. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transminase (ALT), glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein, calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels were measured.

Clinical signs of hypocalcemia and/or changes in heart rate was caused by EDTA infusion. Serum calcium levels showed significant decrease (39.2% at its maximum state) following EDTA infusion (p<0.05), compared to the pre-infusion state. Pi levels showed significant decrease (57.8% at its maximum state) during 1 to 4 hours following EDTA infusion. Meanwhile, it was accompaning with an increase (9.9% at its maximum state) at 5.5 to 22 hours after EDTA infusion. Increase in serum glucose levels during 1 to 3 hours following EDTA infusion was determined as much as 60% (38.44 mg/dl) at its maximum state. An increase (51.1% at its maximum state) was shown in blood urea nitrogen levels after EDTA infusion in experimental group. Changes in total protein, ALT and AST were not significant before and after EDTA infusion.

While, experimental hypocalcemia can be accompanied with a decrease in serum Ca level, time dependent alterations in Pi and an increase in glucose and BUN levels can be observed. However, AST, ALT and total protein values can be without any changes.

Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm, Medina worm and Dragon worm) is one of the parasitic worms string length reaches up to over a meter in the subcutaneous tissue of humans and some primate tropical taken place, the disease can be painful and sometimes fatal. Zahhak name is Arabic of "Dahak" in the Avesta as "Azhy Dahak". Zahhak legend is one of the most ancient Persian mythologies. Ferdowsi, consistent with cultural beliefs, symbolic and poetic language, but the source of truth, has described the adventure. The authors speculate that the snake lies on the shoulders Zahhak, in fact these are Dracunculus worm parasite. This present report is the first historical account of the development of the Dracunculus parasite disease in mammals that is mentioned in historical and literary texts.