فهرست مطالب امین بابادی

With Qobad I's death, his successor, Khosrow Anushiravan, found himself in the midst of many structural and economic problems that she needed to define a different policy than her predecessors. To define the new system of government, Khosrow needed a coherent and dynamic ideology, which she found in the form of the religion of Zoroaster. The main issue of this research is the analysis of Khosrow's ideology in governance and relations with the people, and the aim is to find a connection between Khosrow Anushirvan's ideology in governance, the religion of Zoroaster and the tradition of his predecessors. This article will seek an answer to the question of what role religion and ethics played in Anushirvan's government. The findings of the research will show that the surviving sources from the Sassanid period are evidence of Khosrow's practical commitment to Zoroastrianism during the expansion of his reforms in various fields, which led to his success in the political, military and economic fields. The method of data collection in this research is library.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and stress management in orphan male students in the first year of Abdul Razavi endowment school in Torghabeh and Shandiz counties (with a total of 178 students) in the academic year of 1401-1402, mediated by the basic psychological needs. Considering the research variables, the data collection tool is a standardized questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which have been tested. The hypothesis testing and data analysis have been performed using the structural equation modeling method and the SPSS and PLS software. The research method is structural model; path analysis. The results of the path analysis indicate that self-compassion affects stress management in orphan male students through the mediation of basic psychological needs. Self-compassion also affects the basic psychological needs in orphan male students, and the basic psychological needs influence stress management in male orphan students.

In 36 BC, a unit of the Han Empire's army attacked and defeated the Xiongnu, who were one of the local powers in Central Asia and on the banks of what is now the Talas River. More recently, the Chinese from East Asia and the Parthians from West Central Asia had been trying to expand their influence in the region, and the nomadic tribes of the region could play the role of enemy or ally for both powers. A group of Roman soldiers, captured by the Arsacids during the war with the Romans, were present among the Xiongnu forces. The main question of this article concerns the role the Parthians played in the Battle of Talas. The findings of this study show that in the period under discussion, the Arsacids were trying to expand their influence through direct or indirect military operations as well as political intervention in Central Asia. On the other hand, their conflicting interests with the Han Empire in Central Asia and their enmity with the nomadic tribes of the region forced them to intervene in the political relations of this region. Therefore, they deliberately sent a group of their troops to the region to prevent the Chinese from advancing, which ended in failure.

One of the basic principles of the stability and strength of governments has been their ability to establish internal security and protect borders against the threat of foreigners. The Parthian Empire, which struggled with hostile forces on several fronts since its inception, had to consolidate its position by expanding security inside the country and guarding its borders against foreign powers. This action was necessary both for the defense of the country and the policy of expanding the territory. The Parthians developed mechanisms that might ensure the internal security and border regions of Iran by utilizing the ancient legacy and innovating. Managing nomadic tribes, tiny cities, and puppet governments, as well as ongoing performance monitoring, allowed for the protection of the frontiers and the establishment of internal security. This research discusses the strategies of the Parthian state in protecting the borders and creating internal security against external threats and internal problems. In this regard, the Parthian period’s historical sources are examined in light of the material culture recovered from this time.

European's travelogues are important in understanding "another view",  in anthropology and cultural-social history studies area. Sufism and Dervishes are one of the prominent topics in European travelogues, especially in the Qajar era. From this perspective, the present research is based on the analysis of the travelogues of the European travelers of the Qajar era, who have described and sometimes analyzed dervishes in their reports. It’s obviously clear that issues such as:Sufi dynasties  considering Dervishes as a class, Sufism lineages, and Dervishes' behavior and worldview are often associated with ignorance of Sufism, prejudice, superficial, and incognito. The approach of this research shows the four components of "Oral Dervish Literature", "Beliefs", "Beggary and Unemployment", "External journey", "Spells and Magic". "Using intoxicants and hypnotic substances" are  more prominent in western travelogues. A few of these travel writers, including Polak, Browne, and Gobineau, have an Orientalist approach in its research-following sense towards Sufism and have combined it with their observations; Among other things, they have presented reports about the Sufi dynasties of the Qajar era, especially Ahl al-Haq, the origin of Sufism, and Iranian Enlightenment thought. Apart from this, in other travelogues, the spirit of Sufism is often not mentioned. In most of these travelogues, Sufism and mysticism have been relegated to the school of laziness and unrestrainedness, and wandering dervishes and storytellers have been portrayed as addicted to weed and marijuana. The results of the description and analysis of the aforementioned travelogues show that the reports of these travelers about Sufism in the Qajar era has only been narrated  in the form of "affected dervishism", along with "generalization", "defects", "strangeness" and " Magnification".

Khosrow Anoushirvan is a famous Sassanid political figure who was part of his reputation for successful political relations with governments and governments bordering Iran. Khosrow, who faced serious problems at the beginning of his reign, managed to, most of the time, have the upper hand in military confrontations with foreigners, and with the defeat of Byzantium, the conquest of Yemen, and the overthrow of the Heptalian government, he greatly expanded the Sassanid territory. However, in cultural relations, Khosrow took a different approach and engaged in scientific and cultural borrowing and exchange with foreign governments, which resulted in the scientific progress of the Sassanid government and Khosrow's reputation as an Interested in science ruler among foreigners. In the present study, using Byzantine, Syriac, and early Islamic sources, Iran's political and cultural relations with foreign governments during Anoushirvan will be examined. Byzantine, Syriac, and early Islamic sources paint a relatively positive cultural and moral picture of Khosrow, reflecting Khosrow's successful foreign relations in the international political and cultural arenas. Examination of sources shows that in his political, cultural, and scientific ties with neighboring governments and governments, Khosrow always considered the ideology based on the Zoroastrian religion and the tradition of his predecessors and organized his actions accordingly. Therefore, the main issue of this research is to prove the claim that Khosrow used Zoroastrian ideology and the tradition of his predecessors in his relations with foreigners, which ultimately led to his reputation among foreigners.

Since there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not.  Certain figures such as Noldeke, Memzan, and Yarshater denied this awareness and certain others such as Fry, Shahbazi, and Zarrinkoub persisted upon this knowledge.  Some like Daryaei, taking a more moderate approach, believe that Sasanian had consciously ignored Achaemanids memorial so that they could trace their genealogy to Kianis who were an ancient dynasty in the east Iran.  Certain evidence and documents show that the earliest Sasanians were definitely aware of the existence of Achaemenids and related themselves to them, however the later Sasanids by deliberate distortion of history and by transforming characters have changed the Achaemenid portraits due to their own taste to achieve their political and religious purposes.  Nevertheless, Achaemeinds new image and identity remained in the Sasanid historiography and found their way to Islamic era.   Deliberate distortions made in history of Iran by Sasanids are proved today, and upon studying the evidence one can discover the extent and the reason for this manipulation.  The purpose of this article is to prove the existence of outstanding figures in Achaemenids dynasty namely, Cyrus and Darius in the new Sasanid-Islamic historiography, and also to detect records that approve Achaemenids’ existence within the Sasanid sources.  This requires a thorough research into the thought processes of Sasanids during their reign upon adopting an apprehensive approach.

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in transdisciplinary approach to university curriculum development, transdisciplinary Studies are about the realms, goals, and goals of the transition field. The early phases of transdisciplinary in higher education curriculum can be complex and so there are challenges to the definition and operationalization this approach to the university curriculum. In this paper,  in  respect to the different perspectives on the subject, the conceptual framework and the model of the curriculum based on the causal layered learning are explained and the challenges and obligations of the subject are conceptualized based on four different types of curricular issues: Philosophical and pedagogical considerations, issues and responsibilities affecting the teaching process,  issues and responsibilities affecting students learning, issues and responsibilities affecting course design and issues and responsibilities affecting learning assessment.

There are numerous kinds of definitions and discourses of conceptualization for the collaboration among disciplines. Examining a wide range of the related texts represents various، divergent and also contradictory discourses back to this up. Carefully and critically examining the common perception of collaboration among disciplines، in this paper، authors introduce an alternative so-called pluridisciplinary. rn rnAnd، it is argued that pluri-disciplinary could be considered as an umbrella term for all other modes of collaboration among disciplines including multidisciplinary، interdisciplinary، and transdiciplinary. It is also contended that unlike the conventional perception of collaborations between disciplines، epistemological and instrument rationales need to be seen as a continuous integration، so such a holistic approach will lead to a new so-called discipline; transdiciplinary. It is also articulated that there is a hierarchical relationship between disciplines in the alternative. In this paper، simple knowledge in pluridisciplinary studies will be replaced by super-complex knowledge، so called; trans-disciplinary، as a new-fashioned discipline، emerges.

The present research study dealt with the activities of the Cultural and Educational Centers and their role in decreasing students’ abnormalities in Tabādkān region (One of the largest suburban regions of Mashhad) from the viewpoint of extracurricular activity coaches. The research sample consists of all extracurricular activity coaches of Tabādkān region in Mashhad in 2012 who were 193 people, and this sample had been studied by conducting a census (total population).This research paper has taken advantage of a four-point likert attitude scale with 56 items. The aforementioned questionnaire is of high validity and reliability (%98=Cronbach’s alpha coefficient). The present paper is a fundamental research conducted through a descriptive research survey. The result indicates that extracurricular activity coaches believe the Cultural and Educational Centers decrease students’ abnormalities up to 95 percent. All research propositions (research objectives, questions, and hypotheses) were significantly and meaningfully confirmed.

One of the most crucial/significant roles of heads of departments in universities is managing the teaching-learning process. Literature review shows that for better administration of teaching-learning process/ Higher education institutes need to be led rather than be managed. The current study was designed to recognize the role that a head department plays in their functional sphere and liability expectations, and was conducted in universities between 2008 and 2009. Based on Dim mock and Walker Model on educational leadership, a questionnaire was made and distributed among all 115 heads of departments in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) and Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS). Overall, 76 questionnaires were fully collected. Findings showed that the respondents perceived their role with a tendency toward managerial functions and have an emphasis on the managerial functions rather than leadership qualities. These findings reconfirmed the previous evidences which claim that people perform the role as they perceive them.

The Astan Quds Razavi As the largest cultural institution in the Khorasan province, in the last two decades of research and educational institutions, has been a pioneer in education of scientific Productions and specialist researchers. This study investigated the Position of Astan Quds Razavi during 1388-1390 years according to articles were published in national and international scientific journals. The aim of research is applied and it’s from type of survey research.The Statistical population of this study included 230 faculty members and research scholars working in the educational institutions of Astan Quds Razavi. The sample consisted of all articles published by research and educational institutions researchers that were selected through census. Data was analyzed by use of mean, std. deviation and percentages and ratios. The research results showed that: 1) during the 1388- 1390 years, 527 articles published in scientific journals, national and international conferences published and presented that the Library institutions of the With nearly 50% articles 41/55 Equal with 219article) largest contribution and the university of Imam Reza with 14/82% of the articles had the lowest proportion in Astan Quds Razavi Sciences production in the past year three. 2) the growth rate of the Astan Quds Razavi according toproducted scientific articles in the past years three the average is 18/68, also the growth rate of Sciences production in terms of journal credit rating indicate that, during the studied years three, 89/94% Conference articles 6/17 % scientific promotional articles,30/09 Specialty Articles, and 17/77 Science- Research Articles. 3) the articles growth rate showing a decrease in the Institutions of this study1388 age, So that the growth rate was negative for institutions such as Islamic Research Foundation, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, and the organization of libraries. the scientific output annual growth average has been 12/66for Islamic Research Foundation, -5/71 Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, University of Imam Reza is zero, and the50% organization of libraries. 4) Among the studied Institutions in this research, have the highest share the University of Imam Reza, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, and organization Libraries in production of scientific-research and ISI papers.

To explore the status of developmental leadership in Mashhad schools and its relationship to teacher's self-evaluation and job satisfaction, a sample of 8 Guidance and high schools were selected from among 54 such schools in Mashhad's 3rd district through cluster sampling. Three questionnaires measuring teacher's self-evaluation, job satisfaction, and opinions on developmental leadership were administered to all teachers working at one shift in each of the selected schools. The analysis of the collected data show that the style of leadership is not developmental, teachers do not perceive their performance positively, and their job satisfaction is below average. Those teachers whose principal's style of leadership is closer to being developmental do not have higher job satisfaction, nor do they perceive their performance more positively. There seems to be a significant negative relationship between the perceived style of leadership and the other two constructs.

This article presents an account of the stages of a reliability objective instrument in order to measure life skills. In this way, we can understand the students’ weakness in different domain of life skills in the yard of five elementary schools. And we can help students based on their cognitive and affective characteristics and normalizing it in Tehran city. This test has four subdivisions such as social skills, self regulation, self controlling, and social responsibility. Primary designee of life skills test has contained 50 questions. After administering the pre test (to 120 students) and the final administration of the test to 300 students in the fifth grade level of elementary school in Tehran (81_82), the designee was analyzed. The results obtained from the classical model and Item Response Theory (IRT) indicated that the mentioned scale consisting of 42 questions was significant to measure the life skills of the society subject group.