بهاره کبیری

Objective (s):

 Considering the role of self-care in reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases and in order to properly increase the importance of health to society, paying attention to the self-care is a priority. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of an educational intervention in the context of social messengers on the awareness of the health workers regarding the self-care program.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 705 employees (doctors, nurses, midwives, health care workers) of health centers in Ilam province, Iran during 2020 and 2021. To collect data, a self-designed questionnaire containing 330 questions related to the 22 educational packages of the national self-care program provided by the Ministry of Health was used. The questionnaire was completed before an educational intervention and 9-months follow-up. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 24 software and through paired t-test and chi-square test.

The results indicated a significant increase in the awareness of health workers in the field of self-care program during a period of nine months after the educational intervention using the virtual educational method. A statistically significant relationship was observed between increasing the level of awareness of health workers with variables such as age (0.01), education level (0.05), gender (0.01) and organizational position (0.01).

Considering the important and fundamental role of health workers in improving the level of health literacy of the society and on the other hand the growing trend of access to social messengers, it is suggested with a cascade approach and based on social accountability, suitable educational programs to improve the awareness of health workers and subsequently health ambassadors at the household level should be prioritized.

Health literacy is recognized as a key determinant of health and is a central focus of public health policy strategies. The present study aimed to assess the health literacy level and identify the factors influencing it among the clients of comprehensive health service centers in Ilam city.

In 2022, a descriptive-analytical study was conducted to examine 429 clients aged 18-65 years who visited comprehensive selected health service centers in Ilam city. For adults the data collection tool used was the Helia health literacy questionnaire. Sampling was conducted in nine clusters, with each cluster consisting of 50 samples. The data was analyzed using SPSS software, which included descriptive statistical tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance, with a significance level set at 0.05.

Based on the results, the average health literacy score was 80.16 ± 16.50. In terms of health literacy, 18.97% of people had inadequate or not very adequate health literacy, while 44.39% of the participants had excellent health literacy. The average health literacy scores across different dimensions are as follows: access to health information 65.74, comprehension of information 81/81, reading information skills 12.74, evaluation of information 05.75, and decision making and behavior based on information 61.92. A significant relationship was observed between job, education, and income variables and various dimensions of average health literacy (p-value≤0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between general health literacy and age, gender, and place of residence (P≤0.05).

The results of the present study demonstrate that vulnerable groups have significantly lower literacy levels. Furthermore, given the impact of education on enhancing people’s health literacy, it is advisable to leverage mass media, social networks, and educational centers to enhance literacy levels as a potential factor in community health.

Environmental pollutants in industrial effluents such as organic dyes and other chemical compounds have many destructive effects on human health, other living organisms, and the ecosystem nature. Toxic dyes are considered a major source of global environmental pollution problems. So, research on the removal and reduction of these pollutants is of great interest. In this study, first, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose using high‐ intensity ultrasonication as a mechanical method without any chemical treatment and the use of acidic corrosive substances. Then Cu/nano cellulose (Cu/NCC) nanocomposite was synthesized using nanocrystalline cellulose as support and ascorbic acid and hydrazine as reducers. The structure of as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by various analyses such as ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The catalytic activity of the nanocomposite was investigated in the removal reaction of methyl orange (MO) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) organic pollutants. The results demonstrated the catalytic removal of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol in a short period (210-330 s) with a rate constant (0.0041 – 0.0063 s-1), respectively. The use of nanocrystalline cellulose as a substrate and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in the synthesis process, which are environmentally friendly, and the appropriate catalyst efficiency, and reduction of dye removal time are the advantages of this work.

In today's life, due to changes in lifestyle and the industrialization of societies, the risk of increased environmental pollution, especially organic pollutants resulting from industrial effluents, threatens the health of humans and other living things. Accordingly, the effort to remove pollutants from industrial wastewaters has become one of the most important problems for many scientists around the world. Organic dyes are known as one of the most harmful and widely used pollutants in industrial effluents. Research has shown that 700,000 tons of dyes are produced every year, most of which are azo dyes - dyes with at least one azo group (R1 – N = N – R2) - is assigned (Ravikumar et al. 2018). Methyl orange as an azo anionic dye is the most widely used in the paper-making, printing, cosmetics, and dyeing industries. This dye is highly toxic, and due to its biodegradability, is one of the environmental hazards and has very destructive effects on human health and other organisms (Heidari & Aliramezani 2021; Ravikumar et al. 2018).4-Nitrophenol is one of the most widely used and resistant pollutants in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, paper production, petrochemicals, fungicides, pesticides, insecticides, preservatives, explosives, and dyes (Heidari & Karbalaee, 2019). Due to high toxicity, very high stability in the environment, and good solubility in water, compared to other phenol derivatives, it has many detrimental effects on the environment and the health of organisms. It causes severe irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. However, its reduced form, 4-aminophenol, is of great commercial importance as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pigments, and other industrial products (Liu et al. 2016). On the other hand, using noble metal catalysts such as Au, Pt, Ag, Ni, due to their high catalytic activity and optimum selectivity, is very common. But the utilization of Cu due to the reasonable price, high efficiency, compatibility with the environment and body of living organisms, and very high stability has been suggested. (Jiang et al. 2018; Kgatle et al. 2020)In this work, nanocrystalline cellulose was produced from microcrystalline cellulose powder using a simple and green method without any toxic and common corrosive chemicals such as sulfuric acid. Copper metal composite based on nanocrystalline cellulose (Cu/NCC) was synthesized using ascorbic acid as a green reducing agent. It can be used as an effective catalyst in the catalytic reduction of organic pollutants of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol in an aqueous solution.

• Synthesis of nanocrystalline cellulose First, 3 g of microcrystalline cellulose powder was weighed and 100 ml of deionized water was added to it. The mixture was stirred magnetically for 24 hours at room temperature. After placing it in an ice bath in an ultrasonicator for 15 minutes, then place the suspended mixture in a centrifuge for 4000 rpm, and dry at 60 °C (Heidari & Karbalaee, 2019). • Synthesis of cellulose/copper nanocrystalline composite (Cu / NCC) 0.2 g of the nanocrystalline cellulose with 20 ml of deionized water was mixed for 20 minutes, then 40 ml of 0.1% copper sulfate and 1 ml of 0.02 M ascorbic acid was gradually added and refluxed in an oil bath at 110 °C. After 20 minutes, 2 ml of NaOH 2 M was added and reflux for another 20 minutes. After the second 20 minutes, 1 ml of 35% hydrazine was added to the solution drop by drop, and a sharp change in color from light green to brick was observed, The mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes. The precipitate was removed and placed in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours to dry completely. To obtain the nanocrystalline / copper (CuNP / NCC) product (Goswami & Das, 2018). • Catalytic reaction of cellulose/copper nanocomposite in the removal of organic pigments: 0.25 ml of organic dye (methyl orange, 4-nitrophenol), 20 mM and 0.25 mL of 5 mM sodium borohydride, and 19 mL of deionized water were mixed, then 44 mg of catalyst was added. The UVVis absorption spectra were recorded at a constant time interval (30 s).

In summary, nanocrystalline cellulose was prepared using ultrasonication without any chemical treatment method. It was used as green and biodegradable support for copper nanoparticles synthesis. As-prepared nanocomposites showed the high catalytic activity for the reduction of organic pollutants such as methyl orange (MO) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in a short time in the presence of excess sodium borohydride with pseudo-first-order kinetics. This nanocomposite as an environmentally friendly, green, and cost-effective catalyst expands the use of nanomaterials for environmental protection.

Cancer cans appear in all persons and all groups of gender, age, family, tribe and also socio-economic groups with more than hundred malign tumors. All people have potentials to catch this disease and no one is an exception. The present study was performed to study the relationship between mental health and life quality of these patients.
This study is a descriptive correlative one. In this research, 60 subjects of cancer patients were selected with achievable sampling method from Taleghani hospital of Ilam. The data were collected by questionnaire of general health and life quality including 36 questions and were analyzed by t-test and Anowa.
Findings: Findings show that there is a meaningful correlation between life quality and mental health, the range of physical performance is related to three ranges of anxiety, disorder in performance and depression. The mental quality from life quality is related to semi- physical signs from mental health. PDiscussion & The findings of the research indicate that the aspects of life quality in life of cancer patients are related to aspects of mental health, and cancer affects various aspects of the life.

Properphysical development is one of the reliable criteria for evaluation of children’s health status, especially in the first two years of life. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mother’s general health and growth of below-6-month-old infants referred to health centers of west of Ahvaz. This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was performed on mothers of 200infantsunder 6months old who had referred to health centers in west of Ahvaz. The study data were collected using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software, version 15. The results indicated that the mean score of the mothers’ general health was 13.52. Besides, 54% of the mothers (N=107) were mentally healthy, while 46% (N=93) had mental disorders. Moreover, mean scores of anxiety and insomnia (4.2) and social function (3.54) were higher compared to other indicators of general health. The results showed a significant relationship between mothers’ mental health status and infants’ weight and head circumference at birth and two months of age. Besides, a significant correlation was found between mothers’ education level and head circumference growth trend. Also, mothers’ age and economic status were significantly associated with infants’ weight gain and head circumference growth trends. The study results indicated that maternal risk factors, such as age, mental status, and education level could play an important role in infants’ growth. Therefore, identifying other risk factors and focusing on their reduction in health programs are necessary to guarantee community’s health.

Oral and dental health can be effective in children’s performance at school and their success in future. Health belief model describes health behaviors based on individuals’ beliefs and attitudes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of training based on health belief model on girl students’ oral and dental health behaviors and health belief models.
In this quasi-experimental study, 140 students of the fifth grade of primary school in Ahvaz were randomly divided into an intervention and a control group. The information about health behaviors and health belief model was gathered before the study and after 8 weeks. Oral and dental health training based on the health belief model constructs was conducted in 5 sessions through lecture and group discussion. After all, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software (v. 21) and analyzed using independent and paired t-test.
Before the intervention, 58.6% of the intervention group students and 62.9% of the control group ones sometimes brushed their teeth. In addition, 41.4% of the students in the intervention group and 37.1% of those in the control group brushed their teeth once a day. Besides, 60% of the intervention group students and 34.3% of control group ones did not use dental floss. Also, 40% of the students in the intervention group and 65.7% of those in the control group sometimes used dental floss. After the intervention, 98.6% of the intervention group students and 38.6% of the control group ones brushed their teeth once a day. Additionally, 80% of the students in the intervention group used dental floss in a day. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean score of health behaviors (brushing teeth and using dental floss) (P=0.001) and the constructs health belief model including perceived intensity, perceived sensitivity, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, guidance for action, and perceived self-efficacy (P The results showed that health belief model was quite effective in improvement of oral and dental health behaviors. Thus, this model is suggested to be used for training students at schools.

one of cases which is very important in the study of health condition is tooth and month health condition health tooth and month point to all of the health aspect and function especially tooth and gum of the teeth. At instruction using of modle is by the purpose of practical help to design effective instructional programs. this study shaped with the purpose of Effect of education based on health belief model on students'' oral health behavior change between girl students in primary school at ahwaz – city. in 1391 the kind of this interventional research include two groups 1:eyperiment 2:example. at first questionnaire be design according to pattern sort and also be study it usefulness. this research will be complete in two stages at before and after of instruction during 8 weeks. it statistical group include 140 of students at primary school in fifth class in ahwaz city. the intervention of this research is the instruction of tooth and mouth hygiene according to hygienic belief model by the lecture method group discussion at 5 instructional session and presentation of pamfelet and teraket. at the end ¸all of figures and digits be collect by the use of spss sowftware and be analyze by use coorelation founding: according to results tooth hygienic behaviours such as teeth – brush and use of floss with all bars have meaningful statistical connection the results show that hygienic belief model in the relation with the promotion of mouth and tooth hygienic behaviour can be very effective.