بهروز محمدی یگانه

Knowing what the loyalty of tourists in tourist destinations depends on and how it is formed has become a principle for managers of companies and tourist destinations. A tourist destination, like any organization, must identify, attract and retain its target market. Creating any transformation and standardization of tourism services in Zanjan city requires knowing tourism capacities, conducting comparative studies, knowing the experiences of other successful countries in the world and localizing these experiences. Zanjan city has not been able to attract tourists like many of them, despite having significant tourist attractions in comparison with the cities of neighboring provinces.

The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of this research includes tourists with at least one night stay in three and four star hotels in Zanjan city, and 281 tourists were investigated using Cochran's formula. The method of collecting information is library and field.

The results of the research show that in the final analysis of the factor analysis of the image of the destination, it has the greatest to the least effect on the novelty of the trip, the cost of the trip, the financial cost, and the number of trips, respectively, with the factor load values of 0.481, 0.354, and 0.301. and has 0.247 on the loyalty of tourists.

Zanjan province is in its initial stages in terms of life cycle in the field of tourism and the sensitivity of the issue is due to the fact that this percentage can act as ambassadors who give information to others about this destination and a kind of free word-of-mouth advertising. They will do for Zanjan and depending on the image of Zanjan formed in their minds, these advertisements can be positive or negative.

 The aim of the present research is to identify and evaluate industries' loading effects on economic sustainability and unsustainability in rural settlements in Mobarakeh County.

 This research was descriptive-analytical in nature and method, and AMOS software and the AHP technique were used for data analysis.

 The results of the structural model showed that the variable of publishing added value and emission rights of industries to villages with a coefficient of 0.98 was the most important positive effect, and the variable of reducing the number of farmers with a coefficient of 1.04 was introduced as the most significant negative consequence of loading industries. The results of the AHP model showed that the criterion of publishing added value and emission rights of industries to villages and increasing income and employment, with a weight of 0.511, was the most important positive effect, and the criterion of agricultural decay with a weight of 0.254 was introduced as the most important negative consequence of the establishment of industries.

 The results of the mentioned survey showed that from the point of view of household heads and managers of local institutions, on the one hand, by using added value, pollution rights, increasing the level of income, and creating job opportunities, villages in the area have been driven to economic sustainability. On the other hand, the area faced unsustainability in the economic dimension, a decrease in agriculture, and increased land and housing prices.

Innovation:

 This study is one of the few studies that have been carried out in the field of assessing the effects of the establishment of industries (mother industries) according to the sustainability approach, and its results have been displayed in the form of structural models.

Today, entrepreneurship and small rural businesses can play an important role in diversifying the economy of rural communities in order to stabilize and maintain the population. In addition, it can be considered as a means to stimulate the growth of the economy of rural areas and accordingly, the national economy. Therefore, paying more attention to this important issue is necessary and inevitable in order to empower the villagers, develop human resources, diversify economic growth, and also create new job opportunities. The current research is of an applied type in terms of descriptive-analytical and field methods. The statistical population of the present research is the rural households of 12 villages in Babolsar city, which totals 8364 households, and its population is equal to 25840 people. The required number of samples was determined using Cochran's formula equal to 367 people. The reliability of the research tool was also obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the components under investigation, which was equal to 0.79. The data extracted from the questionnaire were analyzed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software and the structural equation method. The results of the research indicate that all themes obtained higher than acceptable values, and the appropriateness of the model indicators indicate the appropriateness of the measurement model that among the comprehensive themes, the theme of infrastructural, economic, and legal factors, respectively, have the most significant impact among the themes. have a review and the determination coefficient of each of the topics reviewed shows its validity and importance. It is worth mentioning that, on the other hand, cultural factors have the least effect, and the investigated indicators in this section had the lowest factor loading.

Climate change has negative effects on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of rural households. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of rural people, this study was conducted with the aim of reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience and adaptation to these conditions in Mashhad Township.

The statistical population of the study is 11,706 rural households in Mashhad Township, out of which 372 households were selected proportionally by multistage stratified random sampling based on Cochran’s formula. The main tool of the research was a questionnaire whose validity was examined through content validity, structural validity, and reliability by composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha (a= 0.9). The data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. To examine the fit of the measurement model of the effects of climate change on sustainable livelihoods, the collected data were analyzed using second-order confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL software.

The results of the study showed that the greatest impact of climate change was on financial capital, including income reduction, increased costs and increased product prices, reduced productivity and employment. In addition, the greatest effects of climate change on social capital include were on reduced sense of belonging and increased dependence on government support; on human capital include a were on reduced health levels and quality of life; and on natural capital include a were on reduced land resources and pressure and occurrence of hazards; and on physical capital were on reduced services and facilities for people. The research findings also showed that the goodness-of-fit indices (AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.91), (NNFI=0.91, CFI= 0.92), and (RMSEA= 0.073, X2/df= 2.97) confirmed an excellent fit of the measurement model of the effects of climate change on sustainable livelihoods with observed data. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the greatest impacts of climate change among livelihood capitals were respectively related to physical, financial, natural, social and human capitals.

Providing food to achieve food security is considered one of the important goals of development in all countries, reducing food insecurity is considered an important political and social achievement for governments. One of the effects of food insecurity in rural areas is the number of patients and deaths caused by the corona epidemic. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the level of food insecurity in the studied villages? And what effect does food insecurity have on the spatial distribution of corona patients and deaths? The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of this research is all the villages in the central part of Zanjan city, which were surveyed in full. The method of collecting information is in the form of a library and the method of data analysis is in the form of descriptive statistics and spatial analysis. The findings of the research show that the average food insecurity of the studied villages is equal to 36.08%, the highest level of food insecurity is related to Taham district with 40.76% and the lowest level of food insecurity is related to Mirizat district. In order to analyze the effects of food insecurity on the mortality caused by Corona, geographic weighted regression has been used, based on the results obtained from this spatial analysis tool, the width is equal to 0.172, the remaining squares are equal to 2836, the effective number is equal to 16.86, Sigma is equal to 5.64 and the coefficient of determination, which measures the degree of linear relationship between two variables, has been calculated as equal to 0.72, so it can be said that with the increase in food insecurity, the death rate due to Corona will also increase.

At the end of the 20th century, many socio-economic planners have introduced tourism as one of the reliable strategies with a very clear perspective for rural development, especially in developing countries. But the basic issue is that the local community has limited benefit from this tourism and has very little participation in this field. Therefore, community-based tourism can benefit rural people from tourism in addition to preserving natural and cultural resources. Thus, the aim of the present research is to find the variables affecting community-based tourism in the target villages of Markazi Province. The method of conducting this research was qualitative and was done using the content analysis method, and the data was analyzed using MAXQDA version 20 software. The results show that the source of non-establishment of community-based tourism development in the studied area is the management-structural, environmental, socio-cultural and economic factors. But the most important factor for the development of this activity is the managerial-structural components. Because by using correct and principled management, on one hand, the local community can be educated and prepared to receive tourists, and on the other hand, by providing infrastructure (such as residences, roads, restaurants, parking lots, recreational spaces, etc.) the basic conditions for entry It created tourists. Then it is possible to help the development of community-based tourism in the studied area by observing environmental principles, socio-cultural sustainability and economic growth.

In order to alleviate poverty and reduce migration, create social welfare, preserve the characteristics of traditional culture, preserve the traditional fabric, and create job opportunities, sustainable tourism is considered a basic and necessary element in rural areas. In general, tourism contributes to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas; therefore, this industry can be introduced as the most important strategy for rapid employment generation in some areas. Consequently, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a solution to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been noticed by policymakers. Currently, the main emphasis to achieve poverty is focused on the role and impact of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism plays a fundamental role in the poverty of rural households by increasing economic growth and maintaining and increasing food production, creating intergenerational justice, and maintaining basic production resources. In this regard, in the present research, modeling of the effects of sustainable tourism in the poverty of rural households and answering the following questions are discussed:1- What is the level of poverty in the villages of the study area? 2- Which dimension of sustainable rural tourism is the most important factor affecting poverty in the studied area?

The statistical population of the current research consists of households of tourism target villages, rural managers of Ardel city, experts and elites. According to the announcement of the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Ardel city has 10 tourism target villages, and this research was conducted in the period of December to February of 2018. Ten villages targeted for tourism have 3038 households and 11174 people. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire of 310 households was calculated. Based on the nature and method of data collection, the current research is a descriptive-survey research (questionnaire), the design of the questionnaire indicators has been done using the theoretical research literature, the review of relevant research and interviews with experts and managers, and the type of questions is based on the Likert scale. 5 spectrums were categorized from very low (1) to very high (5). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (logistic regression and independent t-test) were used to analyze the data. Logistic regression is a statistical technique to show the effect of quantitative variables on a bivariate dependent variable. Logistic regression analysis is similar to linear regression analysis, but with the difference that in logistic regression, the dependent variable is a bivariate variable.

Findings show that 31.7% of households are in poverty and 68.3% are in the non-poor group. Based on the logistic regression model, the predictability of the model has been discussed. Based on this, the results show that in the first stage, where only the social dimension of sustainable tourism is included, the accuracy of classification of people by the model is equal to 68%, that is, in this stage, 95 households are correctly classified as poor and 207 households are correctly classified as non-poor; while 3 households are wrongly called poor and 4 households are also wrongly classified as non-poor. In the second stage, with the introduction of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the resolution of the model increased to 79%, but in the third stage, with the introduction of the physical dimension of sustainable tourism, there was no change in the resolution. Also, the results show that the discrimination power of the model for non-poor strata is higher than for poor groups, so that in the fourth step and with the inclusion of all four dimensions of sustainable development, the discrimination power for non-poor households is equal to 91.6%. According to this relationship, the economic dimension of sustainable development has the greatest impact and the environmental dimension has the least impact; therefore, in the final result, it can be said that within the scope of the study, the indicators of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism, the most important of which are the diversity of economic activities, the amount of income, access to financial credits, etc., are effective in reducing the poverty of rural households.

According to the results, to deal with rural poverty, due to the limited facilities and the extent of the rural community, and also to ensure the success in reducing poverty, the economic diversification programs such as the expansion of tourism can be used. Also, considering the two-way relationship between tourism development and increasing investment in villages, it is very important to create incentive mechanisms for investment according to the potential of the studied villages; Also, national, regional and local governments should consider tourism as one of the strategic pillars of rural development policies to understand the role that this area can play as part of a diverse rural economy and implement active policies to promote it; National, regional and local governments should fully integrate tourism into their development plans. Factors that should be considered include the territorial identity and specific characteristics of rural destinations, as well as policies for distributing tourism benefits throughout the country and turning tourism into an effective tool for comprehensive, resilient and sustainable development for rural areas.

The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. The results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of coping strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. ing strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of copategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of cop

Tourism, as the largest social movement, has multiple cultural and spatial consequences for urban areas. Therefore, in order to effectively develop tourism and enhance its positive consequences, it is necessary to recognize and pay special attention to the role of tourist complexes.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the Tourism Empowerment Composite Scale in the township of Parsabad-Moghan.

This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. Library and field methods, including observation and questionnaire, were used to collect data. The statistical population for the study was determined in Parsabad city, with a sample size of 352 individuals according to Cochran's formula, including residents from two cities with and without complexes. The questionnaires were completed using a systematic sampling method.

Studied Areas: 

Parsabad Moghan County is a relatively extensive plain, covering approximately 14% of the total area of Ardabil province, with an area of over 1383 square kilometers. It is the northernmost region in Ardabil province.

In order, the economic aspect (733/0), the social aspect (695/0), and the environmental aspect (214/0) play the most significant role in distinguishing the urban capabilities between the two groups - the city of Aslanduz with tourist complexes and the city of Tazekand without tourist complexes.

Dimensions of urban empowerment between two urban groups with tourist complexes and those without tourist complexes predict about 51% of the variance and in the variable of urban empowerment, it is predicted that 50% of the changes in urban empowerment are not examined by other factors in this study.

The truth of livability considering that it refers to the degree of providing the necessities of a society based on the needs and capacity of the people of that society for the growth and development of rural settlements, or in other words, livability promotes quality of life and development of the concepts of the quality of people's living environment so that it provided the best ways of life for them. The present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the livability of rural settlements using the method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficient as a survey method. In this research, 6543 heads of rural households in the city of Ilam were surveyed to identify and explain factors contributing to rural settlements' livability. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 363 people, and the sample was selected randomly and the quota sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was exerted, experts confirmed content validity, and reliability was verified by a pre-test and Cronbach's alpha of 0.864 percent.The results show that the social dimension with a correlation coefficient of 780/. and the explanation coefficient of 66.73%, the economic dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.593 and the explanation coefficient of 73.66%, the physical dimension with a correlation coefficient of 587. and the explanatory factor of 68.12% and the environmental dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.585 and an explanatory factor of 23.23% affect the livability of rural settlements in Ilam Township. The results also show that the most important factors affecting livability in the social dimension are working groups with 0.782, in the economic dimension the existence of savings and the appropriateness of living expenses in the village with 0.897 and 0.854, in the physical dimension access to service uses at the regional level with 821. 0 and in the environmental aspect, the lack of houses in the flood path is 0.794.

After several decades of implementation of programs and strategies related to tourism, these strategies and programs have had different effects on the sustainability of rural settlements. In this regard, in this research, the effects of second-home tourism on the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the studied villages were investigated. The present study in terms of the purpose is one of the applied researches and in terms of the method of collecting information; it was carried out by the library and field method (questionnaire). In order to analyze the data SPSS software and structural equation modeling techniques were used.The statistical population of the current research is Tirchai village of Mianeh city. The findings and results of a sample t-test show that according to the desirability of the test item (3), the value of the t-statistic of all three dimensions is evaluated as favorable and meaningful, and the economic dimension with a t-statistic of 3.620 has the highest t-statistic value. In the continuation of the research, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the difference in the effects of tourism of second homes on the stability of the studied villages. Based on this, the results show that there is a significant difference in all three dimensions of the study in relation to the effects of tourism of second homes on the stability of the studied villages. Not visible. Also, the findings related to structural equations show that second homes have had positive effects in the economic and social dimensions of tourism, but these effects are not significant in the physical-environmental dimension.

Wherever water and water resources have existed since time immemorial; It was the starting point for the gathering of human beings and the formation of settlements on the site. Zanjan province is no exception to this rule, people gathered and settled next to this life-giving substance. therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of water resources on the sustainability of villages in Zanjan province and to create criteria for reasonable use of this vital resource to maintain sustainability. this research is of practical type and the method of descriptive-analytical research and the method of data collection is documentary and field. the statistical population of the study is rural settlements of Zanjan province, but at the request of the supervisor of Zanjan region, including cities (Zanjan, Mahneshan, Ijroud, Tarom) were studied, using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha of 0.75. which indicates the desirability of the research tool. research findings show that the greatest impact of water resources in different dimensions of rural sustainability had biodiversity with beta (0.366) and physical with (0.328) and economic dimension with beta (0.267), respectively. Also, all dimensions of stability (economic, social, environmental, physical diversity) with a significance level of 0.000 show that there is a significant, positive and direct relationship between water resources and the sustainability of rural settlements in Zanjan province with 0.99 reliability coefficient. therefore, due to climate change and declining groundwater levels in the study area, proposals such as a fundamental review of policies, serious monitoring of wells, control and prevention of surface water outflow from the region is essential for the development and sustainability rural settlements the province.

Rural areas in the border areas are geographical spaces that have significant potential as tourist attractions. The Ilam border province has historical, natural, and cultural attractions, and the entry of the gateway to Iraq is the annual accommodation of many domestic and foreign tourists. In this study, political-institutional tourism sustainability has been examined as a method of forming the tourism process that reflects the impact of tourism approaches in intersecting and intertwining the general processes of society's livability. The present study was conducted as a survey method. The sample size is based on the method of snowballing from the local authorities of the rural settlements of the border areas of Ilam city (120 individuals). The research tool is a questionnaire. The content validity of the tool has been approved by the experts with an average CVR of 0.844 and its reliability was approved by the pre-test and the induction coefficient of 0.864 for livability and 0.870 for political-institutional stability. The results show that, from the viewpoint of local authorities, the level of the livability of rural settlements in the city is at a medium level, with a social index of 25.11, economic index of 21/40, physical index of 26.98, and environmental index of 26.5. Also, the political institution of tourism with an organizing indicators index of 0.80, planning index of 0.75, and policy and supervision index of 0.51 has affected the livability of rural settlements with a coefficient of 0.43 and has changed the livability indicators with 26.50, 23.72, 26.50, and 23.72 respectively. Therefore, to balance the dimensions of border livability, tourism's most influential political-institutional stability is economic and social livability.

Climate change has emerged as a threat to natural life and livelihood systems. Livelihood diversification as an effective strategy to reduce the impact of climate change and natural crises plays a vital role in promoting economic growth and reducing rural poverty in developing countries. development plays. This is the process of combining agricultural and non-agricultural activities in order to create a sustainable livelihood, improve the standard of living and reduce the vulnerability of rural households. The current research aims to analyze and evaluate the role of the diversity of economic activities on building the capacity of villagers to cope with and reduce the effects of drought by using Amos' structural justice test. The results of the test show that there is a strong and significant relationship between the diversity of economic activities and the improvement of the capacities of the villagers in the study area. Examining the fitting status of the final model of the role of the diversity of economic activities on the capacities of rural areas with GFI=0.951, CFI=0.985, RMSEA=0.000 shows that the fitted model has the necessary validity and accuracy and has been able to establish this relationship. explain Among the dependent variables of the research, the role of the activities of the agricultural sector on the environmental and institutional index was not significant with a significance level of 0.128 and 0.154. It did not play a role. Contrary to the mentioned index, the results show that the effect of other variables on the existing indicators, such as economic, social and environmental capacity, was significant.

Rural tourism as one of the important forms of tourism and the driving force behind the development of rural environments is one of the most important issues that require the adoption of coherent strategic plans in accordance with the potentials and local conditions of the region. In the framework of this planning, all the capacities and assets that can be offered in the field of rural tourism through spatial links are integrated. Also taking into account the numerous and different actors in the development of this type of tourism and their role and position in the process strategies from tourism spatial management are offered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the resources and capabilities and position of the village among other competitors and to present rural tourism development strategies in Hyderabad village located in Mishkhas district of Ilam province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information and data is documentary and field. The statistical population of the study has been a group of experts. Finally, using the Meta-SWOT technique, the position of the village and appropriate executive strategies has been introduced. The results showed that among the investigated factors, 4 ecotourism development strategies as the most important internal potential of the village which have the most influence and weight are the use of natural landscapes by equipping the area with temporary and permanent residences, etc.; trying to introduce the village at the extra-regional level as an apricot center and supporting the registration of its branding with wide publicity and information; laying the groundwork for investment and taking advantage of private sector investors by granting facilities; involving tourists in the process of making and processing products and eliminating middlemen in providing garden products from the village to the market.

Natural disasters often disrupt people's livelihoods by destroying basic livelihoods and displacing people from the workplace. Drought, as the most costly and destructive natural hazards in most parts of the world, affects people's livelihoods. Among them, rural households are directly affected by the consequences due to the close dependence of the economy and livelihood of the inhabitants of these areas with their natural environment. Caused by this phenomenon and increase their vulnerability. In many rural areas, the survival or improvement of people's lives is not only possible through agriculture, but also the adoption of a wide range of livelihood strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze and rank the livelihood strategies of villagers in response to drought using Friedman ranking method, ORESTE ranking and Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of Friedman test indicate that there is a significant difference between livelihood strategies in rural areas of the study area. In the meantime, the solution for carrying out activities other than the agricultural sector with a rank (8.83) and the use of treated industrial wastewater to irrigate agricultural lands and gardens with a rank (5.81), to the highest and lowest average rank to Have dedicated themselves. The results of ORESTE model show that the villages of Chaypareh Pa'in, Ghani Bigloo and Qara Pashtloo with ranks (626.3), (871) and (889.4) respectively due to having unstable water sources such as aqueducts and springs also have The favorable situation of financial, natural and human assets in the application of livelihood strategies are in a higher rank than other rural areas.

Drought has caused great damage to agriculture and rural communities over the past years. In the last decade, the approach to dealing with natural conditions and events has given way to coping and living with them. One of the effective factors in reducing the effects of drought is building the capacity of villagers to deal with drought. The purpose of this study is to present scenarios affecting the capacity building of villagers to reduce the effects of drought. The type of research in this study is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the present study consists of two groups, the first group consists of 30 professors, specialists and experts related to the research topic and the second group consists of rural elites and villagers and members of the village Islamic council. The method of collecting library and field information (questionnaire, interview) was done, and structural analysis was used to analyze the data using Mick Mac software. Findings show, . Among the 36 indicators studied, the tendency to use the strategies of the past to reduce the effects of drought and the tendency to change the cultivation pattern to drought-resistant plants had the greatest impact on capacity building of villagers to reduce the effects of drought. According to the rankings obtained from the direct and indirect effects of variables, all 36 key influencing factors exist, both in direct and indirect effects. In other words, the study of indirect relationships between different factors shows that all factors in direct effects with a slight change in their rank are repeated exactly in indirect effects.

The role of nutrition in health and increasing efficiency of humans, and also, human learning has been proven in extensive global research; Therefore, achieving food security is of particular importance among the priorities of each country's development goals. Food security is one of the indicators of quality of life and has a broad concept that is determined by the interaction of a set of biological, economic, social, agricultural and physical factors. Humans need an environment in which to live in peace, and rural settlements have experienced many environmental, ecological, social, cultural, economic, and physical-spatial problems over the past three decades, such as declining incomes and employment, migration, lack of services, and infrastructure facilities which cause instabilities in these settlements. Instability in the geographical areas of developing countries is far greater than in developed countries. The reason is rooted in the economic and social poverty of these societies. Poverty is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of rural development. The issue of reducing poverty and creating a higher level of income and employment is one of the most important and key issues in rural development. The changes that have taken place in the form and content of human life throughout history indicate the existence of development. One of the alternative strategies that can lead to the development of this community and complement other development strategies in these areas is the development of sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is an essential element in poverty alleviation and reducing migration, creating social welfare, preserving the characteristics of traditional culture, preserving traditional contexts, creating job opportunities alongside agricultural and livestock activities in rural areas. In general, tourism leads to the economic development of the local community and improves the quality of life in rural areas. Therefore, in recent years, the importance of the tourism industry as a way to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries, has been considered by policymakers. Therefore, in this study, the impact of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households is examined, and it is expected that the results will be used by the economic planners of the countries. Important questions in this regard include: What is the relationship between food security and sustainable rural tourism in the study area?2. Which dimension of sustainable tourism has the greatest impact on the food security of rural households?

The statistical population of the present study consists of households of rural target villages, rural managers of the city, experts and elites. According to the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, this city has 10 tourist target villages. In 2016, 10 target villages for tourism had 3038 households with a population of 11174 members. Using the Cochran's formula, the number of samples which is required to complete the 380 household questionnaire was calculated. In the present study, the method of data collection as a library and questionnaire, for analysis of information from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test and path analysis), and for calculating food security, both methods of food insecurity scale and the calorie standard are used. On a food insecurity scale, questions do not directly address nutritional quality, but cover the household's understanding of changes in food quality, regardless of the actual food composition. In this model, household food security is measured by food security score. Thus, questions in 18 sections, which include a specific set of experiences, characteristics, and behavioral patterns that may occur in a family with food insecurity, are assessed from the households.

Following the research and to analyze the effects of sustainable tourism on the food security of rural households, Pearson correlation test has been used. The results show that the most influential indicator between food security and sustainable tourism indicators is economic stability in the village. Test results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between food security and sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism increases employment and income generation, which contributes to economic stability in the region. After the economic sustainability index in sustainable tourism, the social sustainability index has the greatest impact on food security, and the social sustainability index creates food security by making changes in people's attitudes and customs regarding food consumption. At this step of the research, using three sustainable tourism indicators, the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the study area have been analyzed.

To analyze the path, first a regression was obtained between the dependent variable (food security) and the independent variable (sustainable tourism indicators) and in the rest of the steps, each with the highest beta (BETA) was assumed to be the dependent variable and the other variables were assumed to be the independent variable. At this step, food security is considered as a dependent variable and sustainable tourism indicators are also considered as independent variables. According to the results of the path analysis test, the economic stability index has the highest beta (0.425), which indicates the most effective dimension of sustainable tourism in food security. As a result, the study of the effects of sustainable tourism on food security in the studied villages also shows a higher impact of the economic dimension of sustainable tourism than other dimensions.

he territorial future of rural areas requires the design of scenarios for the development of space, in which it solves all problems in any program. Today, the most important goal of all countries is the comprehensive growth and excellence of human societies, and the existence of inequality in various aspects like economic, social, physical, etc. are signs of underdevelopment. Rural development program based on different models in Babol County has not been successful in economic prosperity and improving the lives of villagers and their empowerment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development indicators of mountain and plain villages of Babol County and in order to achieve the desired goals, both library and field research were used. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of field research. In the beginning, after planning and identifying the problem accurately, organized studies were conducted in order to prepare literature and theoretical review as library research, and in the field research stage, the required data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and the questionnaire was systematically randomly distributed among the statistical population. The validity of the research tool was obtained using the opinion of professors and researchers and the reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha with the confidence level of 82%. The statistical population is the villages of Eastern Bandpey District of Babol (4 mountain villages and 4 plain villages) which were selected as the sample by using Cochran's formula of 210 households. In order to measure the research variables, independent tests, Mann–Whitney U test and linear regression were used in SPSS software. The results of the independent t-test demonstrate that there is a significant difference of 99% between the income of rural households in plain villages and mountain villages. So that the villagers in the plain areas have a better economic situation. Furthermore, the results of Mann-Whitey U test for comparing qualitative components illustrate that in terms of widening and asphalting of roads and streets, development of green space and tree planting along the streets, garbage collection and waste management, surface water collection, gas supply, and electricity, there is a significant difference of 99% in the studied villages and the villages in the mountainous areas are not in a good condition. In addition, the results of linear regression analysis indicate that there is an acceptable relationship between rural motivation to stay and rural development facilities and infrastructure, suitable jobs, and sufficient income. the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that geographic location in spatial development is very effective , so that based on the modified coefficient and   coefficient of determination , it was found that development scenarios up to 76 percent are dependent on improving communication lines , accessibility and development infrastructure in rural areas.

Improving the health status of citizens is one of the signs of human development. Having a healthy, productive and high-quality life with an acceptable life expectancy and free from diseases and disabilities is a universal right and a precondition for sustainable development. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to provide appropriate facilities, including the provision of medical and health services and easy access to these services, to ensure the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of human beings in all stages of life. The purpose of this study is to analyze the satisfaction of villagers with the performance of health centers in Zanjan.

The present study was applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the study was rural households in Zanjan city, among them 380 household heads were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. The data collection was performed using library and field (questionnaire) methods and for data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used in SPSS and AMOS software.

The results show that the most positive effects were related to the file formation factor with a specific value of 545.7 and the percent variance of 20.393 and the lowest positive effects were related to the medical equipment factor with a specific value of 1.262 and a percent variance of 3.414. At the following, the identified factors in exploratory factor analysis were examined using AMOS software. Accordingly, the effects of the factors were classified into three dimensions including education, environmental health and health care dimensions. The most positive effects were related to the factors of filling and monitoring and the least positive effects were related to the factors of training, the importance of physical mobility of medical equipment.

Health houses in rural areas are not in a good condition in terms of education and medical infrastructure and in order to improve the satisfaction of villagers, solving problems in these two dimensions is emphasized.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThe city of Zanjan, as a strategic location and due to its location on the Silk Road and located on the northwest transit axis to Tehran, acts as a passage. This city has historical, cultural, and natural attractions and the special geographical location is considered as the main axis of tourism in the northwest of the country and has natural, cultural attractions, etc., but despite the capabilities of tourism and Iran has not yet been able to achieve its proper position. Studies show that the number of tourists staying in Zanjan is less than one day, and this factor has caused the arrival of tourists to this city does not have positive effects on the economy of this city. Provide appropriate enhancement solutions The sustainability of tourists should be effective. Accordingly, in the present study, the main question is as follows:-What are the most important factors affecting tourists’ length of stay in the middle city of Zanjan?MethodologyThe present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical research in terms of purpose and nature, respectively. The method of data collection is library and field with a questionnaire that has been completed by tourists who entered the city of Zanjan. The statistical population of this study is tourists entering the city of Zanjan. Due to the uncertainty of the exact number of tourists, the Morgan table was used to determine the number of samples needed to complete the questionnaire. Simple completed. The validity of the research indicators was based on the opinions of the researchers, and the desired corrections were made. Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire tool which obtained a reliability value of 0.841. Data analysis was performed in the SPSS environment using descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis was used in inferential statistics.Results and discussionDiscussion and findings in the descriptive findings section, the individual characteristics of the respondents are analyzed. The findings obtained about the age of the respondents show that the highest frequency of the age groups of the respondents is between 20-29 years. In terms of the gender of respondents, 54.5% of respondents were male, and 45.5% were female. In terms of education, 24.7% of the respondents had a master's degree or higher, 53.9% of them had a bachelor's degree, and 21.3% had a diploma or lower. According to the results, the obtained description in relation to the length of stay shows that out of the total number of questionnaires filled out by tourists, 40.8% of them chose to stay in Zanjan for one or two days, which has the highest frequency and three to seven days with 17.6% the lowest frequency. In the present study, a statistical factor analysis test has been used to analyze the effective factors of tourists’ length of stay. In this regard, in order to determine the appropriateness of data related to the set of variables to be analyzed regarding the analysis of effective factors of tourists’ length of stay, the Bartlett test and KMO index were used. The significance of the Bartlett test with 1612.22 at 99% confidence level and appropriate value of KMO (0.644) indicates the correlation and appropriateness of the variables for factor analysis.ConclusionTourism is one of the largest growing industries that plays an important role in the economic development of human societies. The tourism economy affects national income, foreign exchange resources, employment, and other macroeconomic indicators, poverty reduction. In this regard, tourism development requires comprehensive and efficient planning. In this regard, one of the factors that can develop and improve the country's tourism is to increase tourists’ length of stay in tourism destinations. In this regard, in the present study, the factors affecting tourists’ length of stay, have been investigated. Using factor analysis test, a general review of indicators and evaluation of effective factors in tourist satisfaction has been done, and the variables of each factor have been introduced according to the specific value. Planning and management has 13,851 with the most special amount, so that more attention to management in Zanjan will lead to the development of tourism, and respectively, the behavior of the host community 4.685, quality of place 4.220, transportation 3.321, infrastructure 3.204, accommodation quality 2.832, tourism product 2.343, health services 2.240, physical evidence 2.116, market surveillance 2.002, and service cost 1.837 include special amount. The development of infrastructure and accommodation has an important role in the tourism industry, which is far from the desired level in Zanjan due to the existing infrastructure. Studies show that the lack of proper advertising of other tourist attractions in Zanjan and the lack of knowledge of incoming tourists are also among the factors affecting the low level of stay of tourists. So, tourism marketing is to identify and anticipate the needs of tourists, and provide facilities to meet the needs and inform them, and motivate them to visit. If tourists are satisfied with the tourism destination, it will motivate them to visit the same destination again. Also, by defining and praising them as a tourism destination, it will encourage other people to travel to that area, and increase the length of stay.

Housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the various functions of rural housing, it is important to study the impact of various factors on how it changes and evolves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of lifestyle on the physical identity of housing in rural areas. The present study was conducted in the first half of 1399 by data collection, library and field methods and using tools (questionnaire, observation); the type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the households of the villages of Gozeldareh rural district, which in the 1395 census has eight inhabited villages: including 1451 households and 4864 people. Among households, 305 households were selected using the Cochran's formula as a sample and from each village, based on the percentage of households, a number of samples were completed to complete a questionnaire and simple random sampling. The method of data analysis was quantitative and using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency percentage and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (path analysis). According to this; in the physical dimension of index housing (adequacy of housing for rest) with an average of 3.27% and in the dimension of attachment to the index place (villagers' efforts to resolve social disputes) with an average of 3.77% is the most important. According to the results of the inferential test, the dimensions of lifestyle as an independent variable and housing identity as a dependent variable, and among the dimensions of lifestyle, the dimension of spiritual health with the highest beta (0.494) is the most influential factor. The main proposal of the present study is to provide housing rehabilitation credit facilities taking into account the living needs of the villagers.

Rural management, as a popular initiative, is the most important factor in the growth of rural society and it controls the process of moving from the present to the desired situation and is one of the most important aspects of rural management, which is a relatively new concept; and given that rural women play a key role In various fields, especially agricultural production, they have rural industries, they are important in rural development, and their ability to be recognized as the focus of new concepts for the development and strengthening of poverty alleviation strategies in rural areas, therefore. The statistical population of this study is rural women in the rural districts of Khodabandeh district. Using Cochran's formula, 175 individuals were selected as sample and data were collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and the questionnaire was distributed randomly among them. Became Data were analyzed by SPSS software, T-test, single sample and factor analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between local managers performance and empowerment of rural women as well as their performance and female satisfaction at 0.99; And, respectively, the greatest influence was attributed to the role of local management in empowerment of rural women to women's economic power indexes with an average of 3.588, female participation with an average of 3.416, and self-esteem of women with an average of 3.315.

Housing has long been considered as the most important and main needs of human life and the physical element of space with the nature of livelihood, which is constantly evolving under the influence of various factors that have affected the components of livelihood-oriented housing. Is. . In the present study, the components of livelihood-based housing components and the role of livelihood diversity in livelihood developments have been analyzed. The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection methods were used as library and field (questionnaire), descriptive (mean) and inferential data analysis (Landa Wilkes analysis and diagnostic statistics, logistic regression model). The statistical population of the present study includes all villages of Miracle village in Zanjan province. Using Cochran's formula, 273 families in 5 sample villages were selected. Rural sampling is simple for random household selection. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the indices and its values ​​were 0.76%. The results show that 35.53% of households do not have subsistence housing and 46.64% of subsistence houses do not. Also, in all three dimensions, households with subsistence housing have a higher average (2.76%) than households without subsistence housing with an average (2.24%). Accordingly, the largest difference is the average in the economic dimension. Finally, Landa Wilkes statistics to examine the difference between households with subsistence housing and no housing based on livelihood in terms of dimensions of subsistence diversity show that the diversity of household life is different and the dimensions of income (0.737), employment (726) / 7) and Assets (0.491) play the most important role in cleaning households with subsistence housing and shortage of subsistence-based housing, respectively.