فهرست مطالب بهروز چمن آرا

  The contemporary party poetry as a leader of the committed literary has intended to redefine and reconstruct fundamental concepts such as the history, consciousness, equality and reality under the umbrella of the thoughts of Marxism in order to reorder its dissident against the authoritarianism.  The spread of Marxist beliefs in Persian and Kurdish societies has led to the appearance of comparable topics while they were differed in representation method. Comparative explanation of ideological implications can help to epistemologically-aesthetically decipher of the poets works. Relying on an analytical-descriptive methodology, this study aims to explain and illustrate the reconstructed reality in the poems of Ismail Shahroudi and Abdullah Goran as the two prominent representatives of the political committed literary. Results show that despite the climatic and social differences, the presence of an ideological commitment as a prior order has led to the resemblance of the subjects of representation while they are differed in their representation method. Thus, the difference of representation of the reality in the works of the two can be considered in their contextualization or de-contextualizing of the representative subject. Shahroudi neither expresses his own lived experience or the experience of the Iranian society nor shows the signs of leftist idioms and concepts in his poems. In contrast, Goran’s expression is based on contextualization. He simultaneously refers to the lived climatic-social experience of the Kurds and the as the epistemological context puts the idioms and concepts of leftism in his poems.

Most of the epic poetic texts in the west of Iran have been written in the literary language of Gorani. Some of these texts correspond to the Shahnamehchr('39')s report, some according to the narrative texts and some independent epic narrations. The oldest remained hand-written manuscripts of these works were written in the eighth century AH, but the narrations of these texts often have very ancient epic elements. Seven Army, written by Mustafa bin Mahmoud Gorani, is one of the valuable surviving texts in this language, which has often been considered to be composed by Almas-khan Kondolei. Numerous manuscripts of this text are kept in the libraries of Iran and around the world, some of which date back to 150 years. The narration of Seven Army of Gorani is to some extent similar to Naqali, and in some other aspects similar to the prose version of Seven Army. It also has prominent elements such as The Seven Khan of Jahanbakhsh, and includes stories such as "Yaghut-push and Laal-push", "Bahram Javaher-push", and the independent narration of "Rostam and Xenon". The aim of this research, which borrows a descriptive-analytic method for analyzing the ancient manuscripts as well as other library sources, is to introduce, critique, and analyze this system, express its values and novelties, discover its similarities and differences with Persian texts, introduce the hand-written manuscripts, and note the necessity of its correction.

Accounting for the verbal agreement and its interaction with case marking in both accusative and ergative alignments have always been an interesting line of investigation in generative syntax. Two main approaches have been proposed in this regard within the general framework of Minimalism. The first one, referred to as the classic approach in the available literature, envisages agreement as a parallel mechanism with case marking, taking place in narrow syntax. The second approach, generally known as dependent case-marking approach, not only separates agreement from case marking, but also analyzes it as a two-step phenomenon being unfolded  both in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link, and PF, through Agree-Copy. Employing the theoretical apparatus of the dependent case-marking approach, the present paper seeks to study the patterns of verbal agreement in ergative constructions in Hawrami. The explanatory adequacy of this very approach is specifically observed in the theoretical analysis of a special type of ergative constructions in which the direct object takes the form of a possessive NP. The manner through which the possessor of the direct object is overtly manifested in these ergative constructions can determine the outcome of the verbal agreement: if the possessor is expressed via person-marker clitics, the verb agrees in person and number with the possessor, however, if the possessor is realized as an overt NP, the verb agrees with the possessed element. With the intention of analyzing this pattern, it is argued that in both cases the potential targets which the head of T, and consequently the main verb, can agree with are determined in narrow syntax, through Agree-Link while the ultimate form of the agreement affix is determined post-syntactically via Agree-Copy. More specifically, we maintain that Agree-Copy has a direct access to the internal structure of potential targets, and this very fact plays a vital role in determination of agreement patterns.

The renowned proverb “Shāhnāma axarash xoš ast” has implicit question which its answer may change our understanding of the nature and function of Shāhnāma. The end of Shāhnāma contains numerous tragic events in Sassanid age. Also it does not seem to be normal if the Iranians have deemed the bitter adventure of the Shahs and Pahlavāns as a happy ending like what Firdausi narrates at the end of his Shāhnāma. This article tries to reply the main question using an illustration on the story platform and domains of two independent Iranian traditions namely the “formal” and the “informal” epic and championship narratives. The Interaction between oral tradition and influential authorities (political/religious) has led to a new generation of Iranian epic genre (Khwadāy-nāma) that was then underlying the emergence of variations of Shāhnāma in the early Islamic era. Inevitably the structure and the form of، “The Sistani cycle of epic” and “The Kurdish Shāhnāma” as two branches of the oral epic narratives which seemed to have been preserved from the influential discourse of “formal narrative” are argued. The conclusion is that this proverb is referring to the end of the story of Bahman and Faramarz based on the oral tradition version.

This research tries to achieve an executive determination about Kurdish epopees. The epic poems which we know it’s as Kurdish Shāhnāme. These epopees are rooted in myth and included the general believes and the viewpoints of Zagros settlers belong the earlier ages of human life from today. The difference of mythical foundations between Western and Eastern Iran appointed the researcher to survey in the ideas and worldviews of Kurdish Shāhnāme. This surveying leads to achieve a conceptual classification and it helps to have a comparative studding to know the proportion of original Kurdish Shāhnāme. The structure of Kurdish literary language and the poems meter is the other point that mentioned there and writer tries to determine and explain the concept of “Gurāni” with some sample words. There is a special part for Oral literature also to explain how the booklets and handwritings were engendered and also has speaks about aspects of narrators’ performance. The main conclusion of this paper is that the Kurdish Shāhnāme is an original and independent text in Gorani and the seclusion from official Iranian literature progress causes to accept some metamorphosis and also to be affected from some sects after Islam and ancestors of ancient Iranian religions in Zagros area.