بهزاد قربانی

In this study, the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on resilience, rumination, and dysfunctional attitudes in infertile couples is studied.

The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and a one-month follow-up with control groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of infertile couples referred to Ibn Sina Infertility Center in Tehran, where 30 infertile couples aged 24-40 were selected as research samples by using a purposive sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, who were then randomly assigned into two groups of 15 couples. The research instruments were Connor and Davidson's (2003) Resilience Questionnaire, the Nalen and Huxma (1991) rumination, and the Weissman and Beck (1978) dysfunctional attitude questionnaire that were provided to both groups to collect the required data. The control group stayed on the waiting list, and the mindfulness training was performed for the experimental group during eight weekly sessions (two 90-minute sessions per week), according to Segal, Williams, and Tisdale MBCT Protocol (2018). The sessions were performed online and on Skyroom's platform. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results showed that MBCT treatment improved resilience and reduced rumination and dysfunctional attitudes in the experimental group and the post-test and follow-up phase (P<0/001).

According to the results, employing this approach for infertile couples is helpful and it can be suggested for improving their psychological conditions.

Decreased sexual desire in infertile men, which sometimes leads to infertility, can open the way to choose between drug or psychotherapy treatments for these patients, compared to psychological causes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare biological and psychological evaluation in men with and without sexual desire disorder in infertile patients referred to Avicenna Infertility Treatment Center.

A descriptive-analytical study was conducted on infertile men. The studied sample was estimated to be 128 people using G-power software, taking into account the first typeerror of 0.05, statistical power of 0.8, and effect size of 0.5, from the eligible infertile men by random sampling were chosen. Halbert's Sexual Desire Questionnaire (HISD) was used to measure sexual desire, and Zanke's standard questionnaire was used tomeasure anxiety.

In this study, 128 men were examined. Among these people, 39.8% had the cause of male infertility and 11.7% had the cause of female infertility. 3.1% of the people had cryptorchidism, 32% had a history of varicocele, and 7% mentioned infection. Zonk score classification in the participants in the study: 73.33 ± 21.62, normal anxiety, 60.28 ± 13.62, mild anxiety, 50.50 ± 22.63, severe anxiety, and 44.50 ± 16.54, very severe anxiety they had. Among the investigated variables, the level of anxiety and depression is more related to smoking, Cryptorchidism, no history of varicocele, or history of infection.

Infertile men, in addition to reducing their cognitive well-being, suffer a heavy psychological burden that can cause dysfunction and a decrease in sexual desire.

Evaporation losses from free surface water in reservoir dams are one of the important processes in meteorology and hydrology. Each experimental methods estimates the evaporation based on the climatic conditions of each region. For this reason, calibration of the relationship between evaporation estimates in different regions are required (Vanzyl et al., 1989). experimental methods are common in engineering sciences. Most scholars, by modifying experimental methods and discovering new relationships, try to find a simple and high-level relationship to replace with the field methods. More than 50 experimental relationships have been proposed for estimating evapotranspiration by various researchers (Naorem and Devi, 2014). Despite the importance of evaporation in hydrology, less attention has been paid to it. However, with the correct estimation, it can be applied in water resource planning with fewer errors (Saadatkhah et al., 2002).In this research, the experimental methods of Mayer, Marciano, Shahthin, Henfer, Ivanov and USBR have been used to study the evaporation from the free surface of the Choghakhor lake, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. The results have been compared with actual evaporation values from the free surface.

This research examines the effect of auditors conservatism on Earnings Quality despite the uncertainty of economic policies in listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. .Conservatism of auditors was calculated and evaluated using the model of Chong et al. (2003). (Auditor Conservatism based on Basu's model (1997) and the use of the ranking of the audit institutions in accordance with the classification guidelines of the audit institutions and entities subject to Article 10 of the Trusteeship Audit Institutions Code of the Stock Exchange). Jones' modified model (1995) used to measure the earnings quality. In this regard, 150 companies from listed companies were selected for systematic elimination during 2013-2019. The research regression model was tested and tested using static effects approach using panel data . The results of the research hypothesis test showed that auditor conservatism has a positive effect and economic policy uncertainty has a negative effect on profit quality. In other words, the conservatism of auditors leads to an increase in the quality of profits and the uncertainty of economic policies leads to a decrease in the quality of corporate profits.

Sometimes couples refer with complaints of long-term infertility, while their main problem is vaginismus and inability to have  intercourse. This study reports the treatment of a patient with severe lifelong vaginismus using a cognitive-behavioral approach.

The couple with a history of 18 years of marriage, childless, had requested the use of assisted reproductive techniques for having a child. At first visit, due to the woman's inability to perform the vaginal examination and the history of fear of intercourse, they were referred to the sexual health clinic for treatment of vaginismus. The woman had a history of hymenectomy under anesthesia, which was ineffective in resolving the problem. Woman's anxiety and embarrassment of expressing the problem, her reluctance of treatment with a male doctor, and the husband's fear of having child due to the death of his mother during childbirth were the factors in the persistence of vasinismus during these years. The 18 years vaginismus was resolved with cognitive-behavioral therapy in less than 3 months. Spontaneous pregnancy occurred 3 months after treatment of vaginismus.

Taking an accurate sexual history and encouraging the couple to treat vaginismus prevents invasive assisted reproductive techniques. Prolonged vaginismus should not cause the couple and the therapist to be disappointed with the treatment. The happy and hopefull mood of the therapist in the counseling session, having patience and calmness, designing the treatment in accordance with the couple's lifestyle, paying attention to the husband's feelings and gaining his companionship in the treatment and promoting couple's self-confidence and self-management are among the success factors of vaginismus treatment. Also, continuous follow-up and giving positive feedback to the patient in cyberspace will speed up and continue the treatment process.

The arable land in Iran is about 11 million hectares, and maize production is the second largest after wheat production. Agricultural studies in Iran lands reveal that the water use efficiency of irrigation is between 22.5% and 85.5% with an average of 56%. Drip irrigation is one of the best methods that by applying appropriate management can be used for agriculture in high salinity soils, with saline irrigating water and dry conditions, especially for maize crops. Sprinkler irrigation system has a positive effect on improving irrigation efficiency in Iran, but the main problem of this system is the water loss related to evaporation and wind. Usually, drip irrigation plan is implemented in combination with sprinkler or low-pressure irrigation plan, so that it is possible to change the irrigation network and make an optimal use of the system according to the needs of the cultivation pattern. In the most previous studies, drip irrigation tape was generally used, depending on the type of crop and the growing conditions. Also, limited studies have been conducted on the comparison of irrigation tape types, hence comprehensive studies are needed. Also, study on the interactions of different types of tapes and irrigation levels is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and yield components of forage maize under moisture stress. A pilot project was conducted in form of factorial experiment of randomized complete blocks, during one year in Isfahan province. There were 6 treatments consist of emitter tape systems of 15, 20, and 30 cm, and drip tape of 10, 20, and 30 cm with distance of 0.7 m. The treatments of irrigation included 5 levels of 100, 90, 80, 70 and 60% of soil moisture depletion, with 3 replications. The cultivated maize cultivar was Single Cross 704, which was cultivated at 0.7 m intervals. For each treatment repetition of three rows of the same irrigation strip with the length of 50 m was performed. The crops were harvested from the middle row. During the growing season, irrigation was carried out for 22 times based on the measurement of moisture in the root zone and the supply of moisture deficiency to the level of crop capacity in terms of programmed water shortage. For each treatment-repetition, amounts of total product weight, total weight of maize, average plant height, average height of maize, product productivity index and maize productivity index per hectare were calculated at the end of the cultivation season after sampling. The results showed that the main and interaction effects of irrigation tape type and irrigation rate on yield components were significant at 1% probability level. Based on the performance indicators, the best treatment was the emitter tape strip with the 20 cm nozzle-distance, the total crop yield and maize yield of 70112 and 14593 kg/ha, respectively. According to the product performance index, the emitter tape with the diameter of 30 cm and the drip-tape of 30 cm, were the weakest treatments in terms of maize's performance. Wetting widths in heavy-textured soils are wider than in the light-textured soils. Despite the relatively heavy texture in this study, the 30-cm distance between the nozzles in the irrigation strip did not provide adequate overlap in the development of moisture within the plant root zone. Therefore, the irrigation tape with the nozzle distance of 30 cm is not recommended for the cultivation of forage maize in similar conditions of the present field. In terms of irrigation levels, the best result obtained in the treatment of 100% depletion of the moisture capacity of the root area with crop yield and maize yield was 66.5 tons per hectare and 11.3 tons per hectare, respectively. According to the two indicators of plant and maize height, the drip-tape irrigation strip next to the seam with the nozzle distance of 20 cm (with plant and maize height of 19.15 and 19.4 cm, respectively) as well as the 15-cm emitter tape were in the top group. The weakest treatment according to these two indicators was the 30-cm drip tape and then the 30-cm emitter tape treatment. A comparison based on irrigation levels showed that the treatment supply of 100% depletion of moisture capacity of root zone was the superior treatment with the plant and maize height of 179.3 and 15.3 cm, respectively. Also, in terms of maize's height, there is no significant difference between the treatments of 80%, 90% and 100. In terms of water efficiency indicators, the 20-cm drip tape was the best option with crop and crop water productivity of 13.4 and 2.8 kg/m3, respectively. The highest water productivity for the total product and maize occurred in the treatment of 100% and the lowest in the treatment of 60%. Based on the interaction of irrigation tape types and irrigation levels, the superior treatments was that in which the drip tape by 20 cm was applied, 100% of soil moisture was provided, forage yield and water productivity of 81279 kg / ha and 14.2 kg / m3 were obtained, respectively.

Cavitation is one of the hydraulic phenomena that its occurrence caucus destroying the hydraulic structures. Chute spillway is an example of hydraulic structures that cavitation may be occurred. In this work, cavitation in chute spillway of Surk dam, which it have a rapidly change slope in chute path, has been studied using physical modeling. The physical model was made by plexiglass with scale of 1:50 and dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype was considered based on Froude number. The experiments were conducted in 5 different flow rates and pressure, velocity and flow depth were measured in the central axis and side of the wall. In this study, Falvey criterion (1990) was used for commenting of cavitation index. The results showed that the calculated cavitation index was in range of 0.25 to 1.8. In this range Falvey recommended to prevent the risk of cavitation, it is required the concrete surface of the chute spillway should be lining with a smooth materials.

Many factors affect runoff and erosion. However, rainfall and soil characteristics are the two main factors affecting runoff and soil erosion. Among the rainfall characteristics, intensity and duration of precipitation are the two dominant factors that control the hydrological responses. Changes in rainfall intensity have major effects on soil erosion. In this study, thirty minute rainfall intensity (I30) is considered as a rain erodible index based on the kinetic energy of rainfall intensity, which is a well-known indicator in different parts of Iran. Soil hydrophobicity (SWR) is a soil feature that affects the hydraulics and hydrologic features of soils. When soil particles are coated with hydrophobic materials, water penetration is severely delayed, which reduces soil moisture capability. Studies have shown that under conditions of soil hydrophobicity, infiltration and runoff production time will be shorter. In the case of high rainfall, the effect of SWR will also be intensified. According to the studies, it cannot be concluded that there is less sediment or more sediment in hydrophobic soils. Considering Iran's location in arid and semi-arid climates and the importance of studying hydrological phenomena in this climate, simulating the effect of different probability of precipitation intensity on volume and coefficient of runoff and sedimentation directly using physical model and also effect. These probabilities on hydrophilic agricultural soils and different degrees of hydrophobic soils are essential both in research and practical projects. To create the homogeneous hydrophobic conditions in the soil with definite physical specifications, the soil is made hydrophobic artificially by the use of stearic acid. The texture of the tested soil was sandy loam. The soil hydrophobicity is done in 5 degrees (hydrophilic as the control sample, slight repellency, strong repellency, severe repellency, and extreme repellency). The amount of the required stearic acid estimated for different hydrophobic levels was determined by WPDT empirical test, together with trial and error considerations. Using a physical model the amount of sediment and runoff was simulated on five soil treatments under five rainfall intensities with a probability of occurrence of 0 (probability of occurrence), ±10% and ±20% relative to the 30-minute rainfall with a return period of 1000 year of Shahr-e-Kord rain gauge station (base rainfall intensity: 1.41 mm / min) . The physical model of a special equipment is named “Advanced Hydrological Investigations”. The driving force of the equipment includes an electric pump with the power equal to 0.55 KW. There are eight nozzles that provide sprinkler irrigation with square spraying pattern. The spraying flow is adjusted up to max. 1500 l. /hr., by a rotameter underneath the equipment. The required water for spraying is stored in a 220-Litre tank. Working with the equipment is easy. The equipment consists of a soil tray with 2 m length, 1.2 m width, and 20 cm depth. Due to the 20-cm depth of the tray, the upper 5 cm is considered as the free board space. Five cm of the bottom of the tray was filled by sand in order to facilitate and accelerate the drainage of water. A galvanized mesh is placed on the sand. The upper 5 cm of the 10-cm of soil was considered as the surface soil. Runoff was volumetrically measured and sampled continuously for sediment concentration. The sediment concentration was determined as the ratio of the dry sediment mass to the sampled runoff volume. In control treatment, the rainfall duration depends only on the rainfall intensity and the maximum rainfall time is 53 minutes (related to the lowest rainfall level (-20% Probability of the base rainfall) and the minimum rainfall time is also 47 minutes (related to the highest rainfall level (+ 20% Probability of the base rainfall). In the hydrophilic soil treatments in addition to rainfall intensity, the degree of soil hydrophobicity affects also the rainfall time. Since the water absorption is negligible, the rainfall duration is shorter than the control sample. The higher the water hydrophobicity, the less rainfall duration. The less hydrophobicity degree, the less runoff generated. In hydrophobic treatment, due to water repellency, the runoff occurs rapidly, and (hydrophilic soil). The highest observed runoff was 7000cc in severe repellency treatment and the rainfall with +20% Probability, means 120lph. However, the minimum volume of runoff observed in control sample in probability level of -20%, 720 cc. On the other hand, the higher hydrophobicity level, the higher runoff coefficient was observed. Runoff coefficient has been observed in hydrophilic soil from 0.000 to 0.0011 and in hydrophobic treatments 0.05 to 0.94. Severe and extremely severe hydrophobic treatments worked quite imperviously. The rate of sedimentation exited along with runoff is decreases by increasing the hydrophobic level. The highest observed sedimentation was 12gr in hydrophilic treatment and the rainfall with +20% Probability. However, the minimum volume of sedimentation is 2 gr which is observed in extreme soil repellency treatment in probability level of -20%. The observed deep percolation in the control treatment (hydrophilic soil) is 17.5 to 23.8 liters. The deep percolation amount was observed only in low and moderate hydrophilic levels (380 to 950 cubic centimeters). No significant deep percolation, was observed in severe and extreme severe hydrophobic treatments.

Infertility is a stressful condition, which could adversely affect the mental health of couples. Although the diagnosis and treatment fertility may be a frustrating crisis affecting both spouses and causing mental distress, a sense of loneliness, disappointment, and lack of control, it seems that these issues are more apparent in women than men since the physical and mental burden of infertility and the consequences of the possible failure mostly falls on women. Women (especially in eastern communities and Iranian women) live in a culture in which having a child and fertility are revered more than other communities. Even when a woman is fertile and has an infertile spouse, infertility stress is experienced similarly since regardless of the cause of infertility, the outcome is eventually is childlessness. The social stigmas experienced by infertile women become more intense when they do not enjoy familial support, causing depression in these women. Therefore, the social support of these individuals could play a key role in their adaptation process to the issue of infertility. In Iran, several studies have been focused on the quality of life and psychological issues of infertile individuals, while most of these studies have investigated the psychological issues of infertile women without much regard for the spouses of infertile men. The present study aimed to compare infertility stress and perceived social support in infertile women and the spouses of the infertile men referring to Akbar Abadi Teaching Hospital in Tehran, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 infertile women and 93 spouses of infertile men referring to the infertility clinic of Akbar Abadi hospital in Tehran during 2015-2016. After obtaining the required permit from Iran University of Medical Sciences by the researcher and co-researcher, they visited the clinic on working days for sampling. After providing the necessary explanations to the hospital authorities and conforming to ethical principles (e.g., obtaining written consent), continuous sampling was performed until the completion of the sample size. The inclusion criteria were the Iranian nationality of the couples, infertility in only one spouse, willingness to participate in the study, absence of chronic physical diseases or known mental disorders, and no consumption of the medications affecting the nervous system by the couples. The subjects were allowed to withdraw from the study at any stages. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Newton infertility stress inventory, and the functional social support questionnaire, which were completed in a self-report manner or with the help of the researcher, enquiring the subjects, and review of their medical records. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square and independent t-test at the significance level of P<0.05.

No significant differences were observed between the two study groups in terms of age (infertile women: 31.24±5.68 years; spouses of infertile men: 30.79±5.19 years), duration of marriage (infertile women: 7.29±4.81 years; spouses of infertile men: 7.54±4.13 years), duration of infertility (infertile women: 4.52±4.01 years; spouses of infertile men: 4.66±3.45 years), education level, occupation status, and economic status. In addition, 63.6% of the infertile women and 77.3% of the spouses of infertile men had primary infertility, while no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. No significant differences were denoted between the groups in terms of the scores of the subscales of infertility stress, including social concerns, sexual concerns, communicational concerns, and concerns regarding the lifestyle without a child, with the exception of the subscale of the need for parenthood (P=0.038). In addition, the total score of infertility stress had no significant difference between the study groups (P=0.043). The comparison of the mean perceived social support in the infertile women and spouses of infertile men indicated no significant difference in this regard. 

Although it seems that regardless of the male or female cause of infertility, women experience stress in case of infertility, the overall stress and stress induced by the need for parenthood were higher in the infertile women compared to the spouses of the infertile men. According to the results, the spouses of the infertile men were as stressed as the infertile women in many subscales of infertility. This could be due to the fact that even when the male gender is the cause of infertility, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are often imposed on women, which increases their concerns compared to their spouses. In the face of infertility stress, women react through anxiety, stress, depression, and grief. One of the major causes of such stress in these women is the fear of divorce and loss of the ability of motherhood. Since pregnancy and the motherhood role are exclusive to women, social expectations are higher in the case of women compared to men, and the fear of the stigma of infertility is more severe in women. It could be stated that due to cultural components and the pre-defined social expectations, the foremost expectation and predicted role for married men and women is to have a child, and lack thereof is frowned upon in the Iranian culture. This shows that in the Iranian culture, the inability to have a child is synonymous with the absence of a fruitful life. Although social support could diminish the stress of infertile individuals, they may still feel the emptiness of their childless life in private, which in turn adversely affects marital relations. Furthermore, it seems that having a child is more important to women than men, and men are able to cope with a childless life more easily than women. Regardless of the cause of infertility, the findings of this study indicated that social support in both the infertile women and spouses of infertile men was similar.

The operation of fish ponds washing increases the risk of using these wastewater in drip irrigation by raising the amount of suspended solids and organic matter in the wastewater. In this paper, three drip irrigation treatments were performed. For each treatment, Netafim and Microflapper emitters were used with 4, 8 and 12 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were conducted with conventional water (as control) and fish farming effluent (with depletion and without depletion of tubes). Several samples were collected from wastewater, in the usual mode and in washing the fish ponds, in three replicates. The physical, chemical and biological properties of all samples were measured and compared. The filtered materials by sand and grid filters of the control and wastewater systems were analyzed by Master Sizer device. The results showed that washing has a significant effect on the concentration of suspended solids (P<1%) and the concentration of organic matter (P<5%). But the effect of washing on the concentration of nitrate and the number of bacteria in the wastewater is small and negligible. The results also showed that the discharge of 8 L/h Microflopper emitters had a significant correlation (P<1%) with pond washing in both effluent treatments, and the discharge rate of Microflapper emitters was more correlated with the washing operations compared to the Netafim emitters. The results also showed that the efficiency of grid filters are more than sand filters when fish farm effluent is using, and the presence of these filters is more necessary.

Groundwater is the main source of potable water for more than 1.5 billion people throughout the world, including arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Literature review showed that there is no use of the dimensional similitude and physical modelling for estimating seepage from channels and its effect on the groundwater, yet. Thus, in order to better understand this phenomenon, the current study aimed at investigating the effects of infiltration and seepage on the groundwater recharge at different water level depths. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the groundwater recharge, such as Yin et al. (2011) that utilized some methods such as the water table fluctuation method and the Darcian flux and water balance method in China. Similarly, using data from some irrigation projects and piezometric level data, Ochoa et al. (2013) evaluated the effects of seepage on the groundwater recharge in New Mexico. Moreover, Demlie (2015) compared the water balance method and the chloride mass balance method to quantify and investigate the groundwater recharge in Ethiopia. In the current research, the earth channel of Boldaji with loamy soil, located in Borujen city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was chosen as the prototype. The dimensions of such a channel were transmitted to laboratory models at soil mechanics lab at Shahrekord University. Using dimensional similitude equations, 9 discharges (40-161 l/s) and 4 water-table depths (0.75, 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9 m from soil surface) were converted to the applicable discharges of the model. The results of the laboratory physical model showed that the infiltrated water raised the groundwater 3.5-11 cm. The values of recharged groundwater were, in turn, calculated by means of water balance method and the results showed no suitable estimates of such a method for the trapezoid and triangle cross-sections.

Soil water content is the most effective factor associated with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic changes in a soil. Water repellency in soils, is not a permanent feature; it can be reached in the dry season and reduced or eliminated in the wet season It can be said that in terms of moisture, there is a critical region that is defined as the threshold moisture content, where in lower moisture, the soil is repellent and in higher moisture, the soil is wet able. The purpose of this study was to investigate soil moisture variations on degree of hydrophobicity and determine the amount of threshold water content in soil samples of wetland around Shahr-e-Kord. In this study, some samples of Shahr- e-Kord wetland were investigated. After determining the initial moisture content of the soil, the soil hydrophobicity conditions were determined by determining the time of water droplet penetration (WDPT). Soil moisture variations were carried out using soil wetting and drying method, and in each step the soil hydrophobicity conditions were tested. Reducing water content in soil samples, led to a change in the degree of hydrophobicity in hydrophobic samples, in one soil hydrophilic soil sample, Reducing water content changed hydrophilic soil to hydrophobic soil. The threshold water content was also observed up to a maximum of 54% volumetric water content at a given point. Based on this, the higher moisture content of the threshold at this point indicates the higher soil potential for runoff generation. Soil analysis showed that soil organic matter had a positive correlation with threshold water content.

This research has been conducted on infertility and subsequently the sense of insecurity and possible divorce. Infertility can lead to sense of social insecurity, social anxiety, worry about the future of the family, and domestic violence. The purpose of this study was to identify the problems that threaten the stability of cohabitation in infertile couples in Iranian society.

This qualitative study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with 40 infertile persons referring to Ibn Sina Infertility Center during the years 2017-2019. The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin coding paradigm.

The findings of the present study revealed that infertility and its treatment process in itself lead to ambiguity in life, followed by personal, family and social stress and feelings of failure, sadness, loss and anger. These things lead to lower quality of life for people and create a crisis as a result of which people feel insecure in marital life. Unless the crisis is resolved and continued, infertility is considered a serious threat to marital stability and shared realities.

In fact, infertility, as an unforeseen disorder, disrupts the normal way of life and drives them to the negative margin of the normal curve. This negative margin can lead to a crisis and a lack of security. Establishing security in the lives of infertile couples depends on being free of threats and enjoying possible opportunities.

Introduction Considering the vital importance of water in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, conservation and optimal use of water resources is necessary. In this regard, increasing conveyance efficiency and reducing water losses in distribution canals are very imperative. Low water conveyance efficiency in distribution canals is mainly due to seepage losses in channels. However, since infiltration and seepage cause groundwater recharge, it is sometimes beneficial. Reviewing the literature revealed that some specialists believe lining channels is not justified, technically and economically. Other experts do not reject lining at all, however, suggested that since seepage could help groundwater recharge indirectly, in regions which there is no ponding problem, channel lining should justify from the economic point of view. Additionally, another group of researchers found that although construction costs of lining seems very high, considering its long term benefits for countries with vital need to water in future, such as Pakistan and Iran, is economic. Meanwhile, according to some studies, concrete lining is not economically justified. Based on numerous different and sometimes opposite opinions regarding economic justification of lining, it seems necessary to investigate this issue on regional scale. Thus, the current study aimed at economic analysis of infiltrating water from unlined canal to groundwater and pumping again through wells to surface, in comparison with lining canals and not allowing to seep. Method In order to do this research, the concrete canal of modern Irrigation and Drainage network of Gandoman and Boldaji, Borujen city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, with 1.3 m width, 1.8 m depth and 6.5 m top width, was chosen as prototype. In order to analyze the lining, this channel was compared with an earth canal, having the same dimensions. Soil texture was determined using hydrometer method, which was obtained as loam that was constant to the depth of water table (6.79 m from soil surface). In order to estimate the amount of seepage in the earth channel, using physical modelling and dimensional similitude relations and considering 0.13 as scale ratio, dimensions and discharges of lined canal have converted to laboratory dimensions at soil mechanics lab of Shahrekord University. Lining lifetime was selected10, 20 and 40 years, and the interest rates were 12, 15 and 18 percent. Results Based on the results, the measured seepage loss in experimental flume of laboratory for the unlined and lined canal was 26 and 11 %, respectively. According to calculations, the price of groundwater in the study region is nearly 0.24 cents per cubic meter. Bearing in mind the low depth of groundwater in the study area (6.79 m), this small value in comparison with the price of surface water (0.31 cents per cubic meter), will justify. According to ‘base unit price index for irrigation and drainage works’, the costs of earth and lined canal construction with length 30000, top width 6.5 and bottom width 1.3 m, was calculated and obtained as 10768 and 91060 M.Rials respectively. It has been noticeable that for construction of both type of canals, half of cutting practices have considered in stony lands and the remaining in earth lands. Furthermore, renovation and maintenance costs for unlined channel were taken into consideration, which have been applied from year 1 to 10, 20, and 40 years. These costs have increased by 15% increase per year (according to the inflation rate). Results showed that increasing the interest rate from 12 to 18% has been resulted in decreasing both NPV and B/C values (except for B/C in concrete-lined canal, 40 years). On the other hand, increasing the lifetime of lining from 10 to 40 (constant interest rate), the NPV and B/C values were increased at first and then were decreased. Investigating the calculations showed that after 30 years, with maximizing the maintenance costs of lined canal, its costs exceed its benefits. Therefore, lining canal with the mentioned properties will not be economical after 30 years. Consequently, with all lifetime values, the earth canal is more economic than the lined one, considering both economic indices and for all interest rates. Therefore, it could be concluded that when the water table depth is 6/79 m and it is possible to pumpage the infiltrated water from well (while the canal is unlined with a loam soil), which are the properties of Borujen region in the current study, lining with concrete is not justified economically.

Kohrange sub-catchment is one of the main sources of North Karoun River. Climate variables, such as precipitation and temperature might have considerable impact on discharge of North Karoun River. To evaluate the impact of these variables, 27 years climate data were used. For this purpose, the mean of last ten years of 8 variables including, annual mean, max and min temperatures, number of snowy and rainy days, amount of annual rainfall, max daily rainfall intensity at Kohrang station and discharge of Dezak hydrometric station over mean previous years were evaluated and analyzed using Mann-Candall and Sen’s estimator methods. The above statistical methods showed that the mean annual temperature has increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to mean of previous years at the level of 95 percent confidence interval, but the max and min annual temperatures did not show a statistically significant trend. Although, the max daily rainfall intensity and the number of snowy and rainy days have reduced annually, but these tests did not show a statistically significant trend either. The above mentioned statistical tests confirmed decreasing trends in annual precipitation by 11 percent (155.4 mm/year) and 19.7 percent in discharge at Dezak hydrometric station.

One of the important issues in the design of chute spillway is to study the flow characteristics in the chute path because the flow is supercritical. In this study, the hydraulic characteristic of flow in the chute spillway of Surk dam has been investigated using both physical and numerical modeling. The plexiglass physical model was made with a geometry scale of 1:50 and FLUENT software was used for mathematical modeling. The experiments were carried out at 5 different discharges and the parameters of pressure, velocity and depth of flow were measured in the central axis and at the side of the wall. The results showed that among the measured parameters of FLUENT model, the velocity parameter was simulated with the lowest average error rate (4.3%) and the depth parameter with the highest average error rate (16.9%). Also, the Nash-Sutcliff coefficient and the correlation coefficient for the parameters, indicated that FLUENT software has a good ability to simulate flow characteristics over the chute spillway with a suddenly change slope. Regarding the RMSE and NRMSE criteria, FLUENT model have had the highest accuracy in calculating the flow parameters by using finite volume numerical method, turbulent model k-e, RNG, SIMPLE pressure correction method and VOF two-phase method.

Due to the severe water deficit in recent years, and according to agricultural sector policies, drip irrigation has been carried out in most plants of Iran. Subsurface irrigation and deficit irrigation were not studied. In arid and semiarid regions where water resources are scarce, in order to Protection of soil and water resources, irrigation water use efficiency and soil salinity is an important issue. In order to evaluate and resolve drip irrigation system problems, water management in the field, subsurface irrigation and deficit irrigation a lot of research has not been done in South Kerman. Although surface drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation method, it has had relatively limited expansion due to several disadvantages such as soil surface evaporation and lose of water. Recently, subsurface irrigation method that is able to avoid most of the aforementioned drawbacks has been introduced in the world. Due to high sunlight and high soil surface evaporation in many regions of Iran, subsurface irrigation can be very useful in decreasing evaporation. On the other hand, by applying regulated deficit irrigation, it can be optimized by improving the quality of the product and Saving Water. The objective of this work is to assess the performance of subsurface irrigation and to compare it to a surface drip irrigation system. In this study, which was carried out at the Research Station of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2015-2016, the effect of different deficit irrigation methods (Irrigation with 80%, 60-100% and 100% water requirement) under three methods of surface drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation and Deep subsurface irrigation were investigated on vegetative development(length of the main branch, length of the sub branches, Number of buds, Trunk diameter, Tree height and Canopy volume) and yield of citrus (oranges). The results showed that deficit irrigation with 80% water requirement under deep subsurface irrigation, in addition to 33.65% water saving, was not significantly different in terms of vegetative characteristics and yield compared to full irrigation under surface drip irrigation. However, deficit irrigation under surface drip irrigation due to higher losses of water causes the plant to withstand and reduce the yield of the product. Intermittent deficit irrigation with 60-100% water requirement had better vegetative characteristics and weaker yields than uniform deficit irrigation with 80% water requirement. deep subsurface irrigation showed the best performance by preventing water evaporation and proper distribution of moisture in the root zone with 20% more canopy volume and 28% higher yield than the other two methods of irrigation.

Since the regulated deficit irrigation and subsurface irrigation cause to increase high water use efficiency and water saving, a field factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2014-2016. In this study, two factors including deficit irrigation (100 percent ETc in total growing stages, 60-100 percent and 80 percent ETc except in the flowering and fruit-filling stages) and irrigation method (deep subsurface, subsurface drip and surface drip irrigation) were evaluated. Vegetative traits, yield and water use efficiency were measured during growing period of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis var. Mars Early) grafted on Citrus aurantium. The results showed that the regulated deficit irrigation practices save water compared to complete irrigation of about 17 percent and reduce vegetative growth, although there were no statistically significant differences in yield. Subsurface irrigation saved water compared to surface drip irrigation of about 10 percent, improved vegetative growth and water use efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that regulated deficit irrigation and subsurface irrigation are very effective for improving the water use efficiency and water saving.

Although moving sprinkler systems such as traveling rain-gun are usually designed, so that the instantaneous water application rate which is associated with low pressure is less than the soil final infiltration rate to avoid runoff; there are a growing number of sprinkler systems where potential runoff increases so much causing soil erosion. Moving sprinkler systems such as travelling rain-gun and center pivot can have excessively high water application rates and are prone to runoff problems. This is exacerbated by the trend to low pressure operation, for the reason of saving energy which adds to the problem. The purpose of this paper is to assess, compare and simulate a more fundamentally based approach to predict runoff from sprinkler irrigation systems under moving rain gun conditions on coarse and fine soil textures practiced on both simple plane and ridge and furrow. Experiments were carried out on both simple plane and ridge and furrow plots sloped 0.67 percent with three replications. A travelling rain-gun with length of 200 m was employed to generate rainfall at three different speeds. Results showed no runoff with runoff coefficient of zero on coarse soil. However, a remarkable runoff with coefficient of 0.162 was considered from the fine soil texture on both simple plane and ridge and furrow practices plots, as machine run with the speed of 10 m/hr. Therefore, one of the approaches to overcome runoff problem and increasing irrigation coefficient is using this system over fine soil textures. On the hand, as much as the machine speed is lower, the potential for runoff is larger. In addition to field experiments, there was a good relationship between observed and predicted runoff using EUROSEM. This is because of a high regression coefficient (R > %90) and minimum Residual Mean Square Error (RMSE < 0.2) between them

Infertility is a painful emotional experience that is associated with stress. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between percieved social support and infertility stress in the wives of infertile men.
Material & In this cross-sectional study performed on 83 wives of infertile men in 2016-2017, using the Newton Fertility Problem Inventory, infertiliy stress and its subscales, including social concern, sexual concern, relationshiop concern; rejection of childfree lifestyle; and, need for parenthood were determined. The information about percived social support was also collected using FSSQ. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.
The results of this study showed that infertility stress was at a high level in most wives of infertile men, and percieved social support also had significant negative relationship with all subscales, including social concern (P It seems that women are pron to stress in case of infertility, regardless of male or female factor. However, the level of this stress decreases with increasing perceived social support in the wives of infertile men. Thus, it may be possible to decrease the stress and concerns of these women by providing them more social support.

Water scarcity is a serious problem for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid. Furthermore, development of new water resources in these areas is too expensive. Now, treated wastewater (TWW) is commonly used as an alternative source for irrigating to alleviate freshwater use. One of the most nutrient-rich wastewaters for plants is aquaculture effluent which contains appropriate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The aquaculture effluent which is often drained to rivers causes both an environmental challenge and an agricultural opportunity. The integration of aquaculture with agricultural systems has been identified as a way to increase food production, protect the environment and enhance food security. On the other hand, emitter clogging is the main problem with use of wastewaters in drip irrigation systems which reduces the emitter discharge, emission uniformity, irrigation efficiency and increases maintenance costs. Time and location of partial clogging of emitters, under wastewater using conditions, is an important issue. Thus, in the present study, the mentioned problem was investigated particularly about aquaculture effluents.
For this purpose, three separate drip irrigation systems were established. Netafim and Micro-flopper emitters were used in each treatment, with both 4 and 8 l/h discharges. During a season, 42 irrigation events were done using fresh water (as a control), and aquaculture effluent (with and without ending drainage of pipes). Emitter discharges was measured for each emitter type by volumetric method, through all irrigation events for the all study treatments. Then, clogging percentages were calculated. To perform statistical analysis of data, all the laterals were divided into three hypothetical of elementary, middle and ending one-third parts. Each of these parts included four loops of lateral pipe. The emitter location (on the lateral pipe) factor, along with others (time, type of water, emitter type and emitter discharge) considered in the analysis. Emitter's clogging percentage data were analyzed in the form of combined analysis, based on randomized complete block design with the mentioned factors. MSTAT-C and SAS software was used for statistical analyses.
The results of present study showed that the clogging of Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters has increased sharply over the time in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval in this study. Therefore, use of these emitters is unsuitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. Also, , clogging in Micro flopper 8 l/h emitters has increased passing time in all treatments, and it has even passed the critical point at the fourth time interval; But, in the third and fourth time periods, the role of ending drainage of pipes was obvious and positive. Therefore, using these emitters for irrigation with aquaculture effluent will be more appropriate compared with Micro flopper 4 l/h emitters, if the proper management is applied, such as ending drainage or full washing of lateral pipes. Clogging percentages of Netafim 4 l/h emitters have not any significant differences between three treatments in all of the time intervals. It means that these emitters had the least dependent on water quality and irrigation management compared to the other experienced emitters in this study. Also, the clogging percentages for these emitters never reached the critical levels during the irrigation season, both in the case of fresh water and wastewater usage. Therefore, use of these emitters is very suitable for irrigation with aquaculture effluent. The results showed that for all studied emitters, using aquaculture effluent caused emitter clogging mostly in the ending one-third of lateral pipes. This problem was more acute in the emitters with 8 liters per hour discharges. Therefore, using these emitters with application of aquaculture effluent, ending drainage of lateral pipes or full washing of them is more necessary.
The results of present study showed that the effect of elapsing time on the emitter clogging was in acceptable range in Netafim emitters but not in Micro flopper emitters, when aquaculture effluent was used in drip irrigation. And in both effluent treatments (with and without ending drainage of pipes), Netafim emitter's performance was significantly (P

Efficiency of a trickle irrigation system depends on the hydraulic performance of drippers and the design criteria. Lack of attention to drippers problems may cause reduction in water distribution uniformity, increasing time of system working, permanent drippers replacing, increasing the cost of system and even system failure and returning to traditional systems. So, in this study, the performances of drippers at three fields including Oman Samani, Fadak and Emamieh at the sides of Zayandehroud river in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province were evaluated.The results showed that indices the of uniformity distribution ofthe Omman Samani, Fadak and Emamiehwere 56.8, 95 and 69.3 percents respectively. The discharge variations of drippers of Omman Samani, Emamieh fields were mainly due to undesirable pressure, clogging of drippers and replacing existing drippers by non-expertized farmers. The hydraulic coefficients of variations of drippers at Omman Samani, Emamieh andFadak fields were obtained with the values of 43.7, 28.2 and 6.3, respectively that showed an unsuitable hydraulic design of the first two fields and a proper design of the last one. overall, the performances of Micro Flapper and Dripper emitters at the Omman Samani and Emamieh fields were undesirable and the Netafim one at the Fadak field had an excellent performance.

Increasing conveyance efficiency and reducing water loss in distribution canals are very important. The current study aimed at investigating and comparing empirical equations and SEEP/W model for estimating seepage of earth channels. For this study, the earth canal of Boldaji, constructed in loamy soil and located downstream of modern irrigation and drainage network of Gandoman and Boldaji, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, was chosen. Using dimensional similitude equations and considering 0.13 as scale ratio, the dimensions and discharges of the mentioned channel were applied to the laboratory model. In this study, 9 discharges (40-161 L/s) were converted to the applicable discharges of the model. Experiments carried out for 4 different water table depths and trapezoidal and triangular cross sections with 3 replications. Furthermore, by employing modified empirical models of Moritz, Ingham, India, Molesworth and Yennidumia, Offengenden, and Davis-Wilson, besides SEEP/W model, the amounts of seepage in the lab model were estimated. The results showed that for all investigated conditions and considering R2, r, RMSE, and MAE, Moritz presented the closest and the most accurate estimates of seepage (R2=0.992, r=0.996, RMSE=0.48 and MAE=0.44 lit/m2/min). Moreover, due to poor results of Molesworth and Yennidumia and Indian equations, they are not suggested for the study area.Although SEEP/W demonstrated appropriate performance for trapezoidal cross section, it did not show promising results for the triangular one. Considering the lower costs and shorter time as the results of utilizing dimensional analysis, it is recommended for controlled laboratory conditions in other similar regions.